原版英语RAZ 教案(Z1) Petra.pdf
Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.PetraA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,714WritingResearch to learn more about what caused Petras decline.Write an essay outlining the factors and how they impacted the city.Social StudiesDiscuss different UNESCO World Heritage Sites with your class.Choose one to research.Then discuss with your class how the sites compare to Petra.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1LEVELED BOOK Z1Written by Kira FreedPetraPetraPetrawww.readinga-What features of Petra helped it become a thriving city?Focus QuestionWritten by Kira FreedCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPetraWorld Landmarks Level Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-antiquitiesaqueductsarchaeologicalarchitecturalfacadesinfrastructuremosaicsnomadsscaffoldingsedentarysolsticetopographyWords to KnowFront cover:Visitors gather outside the Treasury in the ancient city of Petra,Jordan.Title page:Visitors wind their way through the steep canyon walls of the Siq.Page 3:A mosaic from the floor of the ancient Christian church shows a spotted giraffe that resembles a camel.Historians believe the mosaic is meant to be a giraffe but was created by a person who had never seen one.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Olivia ZZ/Moment/Getty Images;title page,page 9(top right):iStock/livetalent;page 3:Aleksandar Todorovic/D;page 4:Renan Rosa/Aurora/Getty Images;page 6:Peter Adams/Photolibrary/Getty Images;page 7:Anders Blomqvist/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images;pages 8(top),9(center top right):Takepicsforfun/D;pages 8(bottom),9(center bottom left):Darren Ruane/Alamy Stock Photo;page 9(top left):Cuveland/ullstein bild/Getty Images;page 9(top center):Srgio Nogueira/Alamy Stock Photo;page 9(center top left):Rixie/D;page 9(center bottom right):robertharding/Alamy Stock Photo;page 9(bottom left):robertharding/robertharding/SuperStock;page 9(bottom center):vvoennyy/123RF;page 9(bottom right):iStock/kyolshin;page 9(background):Natalia Volkova/123RF;page 10:adoc-photos/Corbis Historical/Getty Images;page 11:Norimages/Alamy Stock Photo;page 12:Luisa Puccini/123RF;page 13:Stock Connection/REX/Shutterstock;page 15:Westend61/Westend61/SuperStock;page 16:mediacolors/Alamy Stock Photo;page 17:Westend61/Getty Images;page 18(both):Arco Images GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo;page 19:Siempreverde22/D3Table of ContentsHidden City .4Desert Treasure .5The Rose City .6A Bustling Trade Center .10Building Petra .14Visiting Petra .17More to Discover .19Glossary .20Petra Level Z14Hidden CityIn the early 1800s,Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt became fascinated after hearing about a hidden city in the Middle East.Carved out of red sandstone cliffs streaked with gray and black,the city was in a narrow mountain valley in a remote part of Jordan and was familiar only to the Bedouin,Arab nomads who lived in the area.Disguised as an Arab for his own safety,since the area had periodic conflicts with neighbors,Burckhardt arranged to be taken to the mysterious city.He was rewarded for his challenging journey in 1812 after navigating a narrow canyon and entering the secluded valley.Burckhardt became the first European since the Crusades(10951291)to gaze upon the striking stone city of Petra.British author T.E.Lawrence wrote about Petra,“Till you have seen it you have not had the glimmering of an idea how beautiful a place can be.”5PetraPetraAFRICAEUROPEASIAJORDANAmmanHMaanPetraGULF OF AQABASYRIAIRAQSAUDI ARABIAEGYPTISRAELMEDITERRANEAN SEADesert TreasurePetra is in southwestern Jordan,in a valley between the Dead Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba,a northern extension of the Red Sea.The ancient city is about 185 kilometers(115 mi.)southwest of Amman,Jordans capital,on what used to be important trade routes between the Middle East,Asia,and Africa.Petra is located in one of Earths driest deserts and is surrounded by dramatic red sandstone cliffs and gorges.The Siq(SEEK),a canyon 1.2 kilometers(0.75 mi.)long and up to 80 meters (262 ft.)high,leads to Petra from the east and is the citys main access.The nearest year-round water supply is Ain Musa(“Mosess Spring”),about 8 kilometers(5 mi.)away.A dry riverbed nearby is subject to occasional flash flooding.DEAD SEAPetra Level Z16The Rose CityPetra spans 264 square kilometers(102 sq.mi.).The city center along the Colonnaded Street measures approximately 6 square kilometers (2.3 sq.mi.).Although the stone city is mainly carved out of sandstone cliffs,some construction was also involved.Among Petras features are hundreds of tombs,many adorned with sacred writings,as well as civic buildings associated with the citys former function as an influential trade center.Many of Petras structures,which also include temples,monuments,altars,and houses,are over 30 meters(100 ft.)tall.The city of Petra gets its name from the Greek word for“rock.”Its nicknamethe Rose Citycomes from the color of the rock.7Another significant aspect of Petras infrastructure is an extensive system of water management.The citys dams,channels,aqueducts,cisterns,reservoirs,and tunnels are all evidence of highly advanced technology for the time for collecting,storing,controlling,and distributing water.The water-management system,which included a dam at the beginning of the Siq to keep floodwaters from flowing through the canyon and reaching Petra,allowed Petras inhabitants to thrive in a barren area.The technology is particularly impressive because the city supported at least twenty thousand people at its peak.In 1993,Petra was designated an archaeological park managed by Jordans Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.The park includes ancient trade roads surrounding the city.Rock-cut channels along both sides of the Siq held pipes that carried water to Petras inhabitants.Petra Level Z18Street of FacadesTheatreThe most notable structures in Petras city center include the following:The Treasury(al-Khazneh in Arabic)is Petras most famous monument and the first one visitors see when they emerge from the Siq.The Street of Facades,which leads into the city center,is lined by tall tombs with large facades as well as some smaller tombs.The Theatre,which was cut from solid rock,has sustained extensive damage.The Royal Tombs,some of which are very ornate,are where kings were buried.The Colonnaded Street runs through the center of the city.Petra Museum,founded in 1994,contains more than six hundred artifacts that trace Petras history from various eras.The Monastery(al-Deir)is among Petras largest monuments.9A Journey Through PetraA Journey Through PetraWalking east to west from the Visitor Centre to the Monastery takes about twenty minutes at a normal pace.Most visitors take much longer,though,as they stop to examine each new location.Treasury4Petra Museum9Path through the Siq3Visitor Centre1Royal Tombs7Monastery108Colonnaded Street6Theatre5Street of Facades2Entrance to the Siq12348756910Petra Level Z110A Bustling Trade CenterThe Petra area has been occupied since at least 7000 bce.The rock city was founded by the Nabataeans(nab-uh-TEE-uns),a nomadic Arabian tribe of camel,goat,and sheep herders whose stature in the ancient world grew during the first millennium bce.They slowly became successful traders who gained control of trade routes that linked various parts of the Middle East with Asia and Africa.Trading included incense from Arabia,spices from India,and silks from China.The Nabataeans provided water and shelter to traders transporting goods across the desert and charged tolls to foreigners.The Nabataeans were tent-dwelling nomads for hundreds of years before they began carving dwellings out of stone.11Over time,the Nabataean traders grew wealthy,built Petra,and settled down,although no one knows why they abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and became sedentary.Petra,their capital city,which they called Raqmu,is thought to have been founded around 300 bce and flourished starting in the first century bce.In addition to becoming a hub for people,goods,and money,the city also became a cultural center.At its peak,the Nabataean empire grew to include parts of modern-day Jordan,Syria,Saudi Arabia,Egypt,and Israel.Not much is known about the Nabataeans apart from the fact that they worshipped the Sun.On the winter solstice and at certain other times of the year,the Sun illuminates or aligns with 80 percent of Petras main structures.At sunset on the winter solstice,sunlight illuminates the Monasterys central podium.Petra Level Z112The Colonnaded StreetThe Colonnaded StreetWhile Petra was thriving,the Roman Empire was expanding eastward into the Middle East.In 106 ce,the Romans peacefully took control of Petra.Evidence suggests that life in Petra continued much as it had previously.However,Roman rule influenced the city in numerous ways,including architectural design and new roads lined with columns.The Romans ruled Petra for three hundred years before moving the focus of their trading north and converting much of it to water routes.Those changes caused Petra to become less important as a trade center.The Colonnaded Street,whose columns exhibit Roman influence,has sustained extensive flood damage over the centuries.13In 330 ce,Roman emperor Constantine I,a Christian,moved the Roman Empires capital from Rome to Byzantium(later Constantinople,now Istanbul)with the goal of spreading Christianity.Petras inhabitants slowly adopted Christianity,and the change was reflected in their city.Petra Church was built around 450 and remodeled in 500550,and large mosaics were installed.During that time,some tombs were converted to churches.An enormous earthquake in 363 ce damaged much of Petras water-management system as well as nearly half the city.The earthquake was likely a significant cause of Petras decline.Another large earthquake occurred in 551.Arabs took over the region in the early 600s.By the end of that century,Petras last residents had left the city.The mosaics on the floor of the church depict many kinds of animals as well as figures representing the seasons,ocean,Earth,and wisdom.Petra Level Z114Building PetraPetras structures can be divided into two main types:freestanding structures and rock-cut monuments.Each type had its own set of construction challenges,but the rock-cut monuments,which were carved into Petras cliffs,no doubt presented the greater challenge and yielded by far the more impressive results.These architectural masterpieces were remarkable not only for their sheer sizethe towering Monastery is 45 meters(148 ft.)tallbut also for their striking beauty and elaborate designs.Freestanding structures were constructed from the bottom up,while the opposite was true of rock-cut monuments.The top-down approach to carving monuments is confirmed by the citys unfinished monuments,which are carved only on top.Because of Petras topography and geology,sandstone was the only abundant raw material for constructing buildings.No one is certain exactly how the Nabataeans carved the rock-cut monuments,although the shortage of trees in the area rules out the possibility of a plentiful supply of wood for scaffolding.15One theory is that they removed large blocks of sandstone one level at a time,leaving a huge step and providing rock for constructing the freestanding structures.Carvers presumably would have used the rock step as a platform on which to stand as they worked on the highest level.Once that level was completed,removing another layer of raw material would have given carvers access to a lower level.The unfinished monuments have played an important role in helping scientists understand carving methods at Petra.Petra Level Z116Little PetraLittle PetraA second theory is that carvers placed strong rods into the rock and used them to support a wooden board that they stood on while working.After completing a level,they would have placed the rods lower in the rock face and then moved the board.Scientists continue to look for clues in hopes of learning more about construction methods at Petra.Tools used by the Nabataeans included picks,chisels,mallets,and hammers.The use of claw chisels,which have teeth,could explain the coarse diagonal lines that are visible in many places in Petras stonework.Many stairways,water channels,and other features were also hand-carved into the natural shapes of the areas cliffs and canyons.Little Petra is a smaller archaeological site located 8 kilometers(5 mi.)north of Petra.Like Petra,it can only be entered by traveling through a narrow canyon and was created by Nabataeans who carved the buildings directly into the sandstone rocks.Many historians believe ancient traders stayed in Little Petra when they visited its larger and more famous neighbor to the south.17Petras ArchitecturePetras ArchitectureVisiting PetraPetra is Jordans most popular tourist attraction.Over four hundred thousand visitors made the trip in 2015.The Rose City gained a great deal of publicity in 2007 when it was recognized as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World.Petra was also included on Smithsonian magazines 2008 list of“28 Places to See Before You Die.”Travelers buy tickets at the Visitor Centre and enter through the Siq by horse cart,on foot,or on a horse,donkey,or camel,as no motorized vehicles are allowed in the ancient city.People mainly explore Petra on their own,starting with the Treasury and moving on to tombs,the museum,and other sights.Nabataean architecture is a synthesis of many different styles that reflect the regions cultural influences,including those of Mesopotamia,Greece,Rome,India,and Egypt.The Treasurys design elements reflect many different influences.Petra Level Z118Its possible to see Petra in two days,but locals say five days are ideal.They advise tourists to be prepared to walk a lot,wear sturdy shoes,and bring sunblock,sunglasses,a hat,and a camera.Water is another necessity,as the desert can get extremely hot in summer.Petra is vulnerable to wind and water erosion as well as weathering caused by salt carried by wind from the Red Sea.The salt can enter small pores in the stone and then crystallize,causing damage.Tourists wear down surfaces by touching,sitting,and walking on structures.In 1985,the Rose City was awarded the status of a UNESCO World Heritage Site,which ensures its protection and conservation.Hundreds of artifacts are on display in Petra Museum,but many others have been lost to thieves over the centuries.19More to DiscoverPetra is among the worlds greatest archaeological sites.Researchers estimate that at least 90 percent of Petra has not yet been excavated.New discoveries are being made all the time,many thanks to state-of-the-art technology.Satellite imagery and photos taken by aerial drones recently helped archaeologists find a huge open platform likely used for public or other ceremonies,and ground-penetrating radar located a network of water channels under the Great Temples courtyard.Other recent discoveries have included fountains and once-lush gardens.More
