原版英语RAZ 教案(Z2) Battling for Independence.pdf

Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Battling for IndependenceA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,090WritingImagine you are Thomas Jefferson and you have been asked to write the Declaration of Independence.Write a modern-day version and read it to your class.Social StudiesChoose one major battle of the Revolutionary War.Write a research report summarizing the battle and how a different outcome of the battle could have impacted the war.Connectionswww.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z2Part Two of The American RevolutionWritten by Terry Miller ShannonYZ1Z2Battling for Independencewww.readinga-Battling for IndependenceHow did the battles of the Revolutionary War lead to the creation of the United States of America?Focus QuestionPart Two of The American Revolution Written by Terry Miller ShannonBattling for IndependenceLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Terry Miller ShannonAll rights reserved.www.readinga-abandoned amends casualty commission conflict delegates independence Loyalists mercenaries momentum morale Patriots petition retaliated self-governing siege treaty unityWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPhoto Credits:Front cover:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Division LC-USZCN4-159;title page,pages 5,12:Bettmann/Corbis;pages 6,22:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;page 7:The National Archives/HIP/The Image Works;page 13:The Declaration Committee,published by Currier&Ives,New York(colour litho),American School,(19th century)/Private Collection/Peter Newark American Pictures/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 14:Richard Levine/Alamy;page 15:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 17:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Division LC-USZC4-4969;page 19:North Wind Picture Archives/AP Images;page 21(top):SuperStock/SuperStock;page 21(bottom):Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library/AlamyPart Two of The American RevolutionBattling for Independence tells about the major battles of the Revolutionary War.Read Seeds of Revolution to find out what events lead to the war.Then read Building a Nation to find out what happens after the war is over.3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4The Second Continental Congress .5The Patriots Take Ticonderoga .8Bunker Hill(and Breeds Hill).9Declaring Independence .13Battling for Freedom .14Southern Battles .18Major Players in the Revolutionary War .21Glossary .23Index .24 French and Indian War Boston MassacreSugar Act passedBoston Tea PartyCoercive(Intolerable)Acts passedQuartering Act and Stamp Act passedTownshend Acts passed First Continental Congress meetsApril 19,1775 Revolutionary War starts with“shot heard round the world”at Lexington and Concord1750 1755 1760 1765 1770 1775Seeds of RevolutionBattling for Independence Level Z24IntroductionAmerica was not always a country.More than 200 years ago,it was a collection of thirteen colonies ruled by Great Britain and its English king,George III.Britain began taxing the colonists and enforcing unpopular new laws,and the colonists objected,saying they wanted“no taxation without representation”in British Parliament.It seemed that Parliament was refusing to honor the 1689 Bill of Rights,which applied to all citizens of the British realmincluding the colonists.Over time,the disagreements between the two groups only increased the negative feelings and violence.King George III tried to gain control over the colonists by using harsher taxation and threats of military force.A series of events,including the Boston Tea Party,led to a confrontation on April 19,1775,between British soldiers and colonists at the towns of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts.Shots were exchanged on the village green in Lexingtonno one knows which side fired first.Thanks to a poem titled“Concord Hymn”by Ralph Waldo Emerson,that first shot became known as“the shot heard round the world,”signaling the beginning of war between Britain and the thirteen colonies.5The Second Continental CongressOn May 10,1775,the Second Continental Congress met at Independence Hall in Philadelphia,Pennsylvania.The fifty-six delegates unanimously chose George Washington,one of the delegates from Virginia and a former officer in the British army,to command the colonys troops,which until then had been called the New England militia.The Congress voted to call the troops the Continental Army to foster a feeling of unity among the colonies,and declared it would be made up of volunteer soldiers from each of the thirteen colonies.Give Me Liberty!When King George refused to repeal the taxes,it became obvious that the colonies would have to fight for their independence.After the First Continental Congress,Patrick Henry returned to Virginia and made a speech in which he cried,“Give me liberty or give me death!”During the war,“Liberty or Death!”was a Patriot battle cry.Battling for Independence Level Z26Washingtons job as commander of the Continental Army wasnt going to be easy.Washington had a ragtag group of farmers,carpenters,and blacksmiths with few weapons and little or no training,and his orders were to capture or destroy all armed enemies.These soldiers would be fighting against the powerful,well-trained,and well-supplied military might of Britain.He expected to fail,telling Patrick Henrya lawyer from Virginia“From the day I enter upon the command of the American armies,I date my fall,and the ruin of my reputation.”Although he thought his reputation would be ruined,Washington believed so strongly in the cause of American independence,he took the challenge as its commander and insisted that he not be paid for his services.George Washington accepts the surrender of troops in Trenton,New Jersey,1776.Thinking CriticallyWHAT does a unanimous vote reveal about the delegates perception of George Washington?IN YOUR MIND,how might a unanimous vote benefit the delegates?7Not every colonist wanted to be independent from Britain.So while George Washington headed to Concord and Lexington near Boston to lead his new troops,the Continental Congress continued to try to make amends with Britains Parliament.The delegates sent a petition to King George III asking him again to grant the colonists rights and to proclaim the colonists loyal English subjects.King George refused to receive the petition and declared that the colonists“had proceeded to open and avowed rebellion.”In short,the king declared those colonists who wanted independence as traitors to the crown.The Olive Branch PetitionThe petition that the Second Continental Congress sent to King George III was called the Olive Branch Petition.An olive branch is a symbolic offering of peace.Battling for Independence Level Z28The Patriots Take TiconderogaWhile the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia,the Colonist soldiers scored a victory over the British at Fort Ticonderoga in New York.A rough,tough farmer from Connecticut named Ethan Allen and his backwoods friends had formed a group called the Green Mountain Boys.The Congress requested that the Green Mountain Boys capture the British fort on Lake Champlain.Another soldier named Benedict Arnold also was ordered to attack Fort Ticonderoga.Arnold had an official commission from Connecticut to take the fort from the British.Both Arnold and Allen desired to lead the attack,so they argued all the way to Ticonderoga,but they managed to conquer the fort together on May 10,1775.The next day,another British fort,at Crown Point,was captured by Allen and Arnold.The victories gave the Patriots a morale boost and gave the colonists a northern border that was secure from the British.They also served as an announcement that war had indeed begun.Colonists were now forced to take sides either as Loyalists,those who wanted to remain part of Britain,or as Patriots,those who wanted independence from Britain.There was no middle ground.9Bunker Hill(and Breeds Hill)Following the Battle of Lexington,in which“the shot heard round the world”started the first battle of the American Revolution,the British soldiers,led by Major John Pitcairn,had retreated to Boston.The colonist soldiers camped outside Boston,gathering forces.About 16,000 Patriot troops eventually surrounded Boston,cutting off the British supply line into Boston.With Patriot troops surrounding Boston,British General Thomas Gage worried enemy troops might fortify the hills across the Charles River from BostonBunker Hill and Breeds Hill in Charlestown.NORTH AMERICALexingtonConcordBostonATLANTIC OCEANCharlestownBritish retreatMap areaBritish troops retreated to Charlestown and crossed the river to Boston after their defeat at Lexington and Concord.Battling for Independence Level Z210On the night of June 16,1775,General Artemis Ward ordered his Patriot soldiers to dig trenches into Bunker Hill.The soldiers misunderstood their orders and instead went to Breeds Hill,which was closer to the British position.By morning,soldiers and trenches blanketed the hill.The British soldiers,under General William Howe,moved by ship across the Charles River with cannons blasting.The minutemen were at a disadvantage:they werent well trained and were fighting Britains professional soldiers.The Patriots also had very little gunpowder.In order to conserve their ammunition,Patriot officers told their soldiers to make every shot count by waiting until the British were very near before firing:“Wait until you see the whites of their eyes.”The strategy worked,and as the British soldiers rushed the hill,the Americans held their fire until the last safe moment.Many British soldiers died in the attack.More British troops landed and attacked,with the Americans continuing to wait and then shoot.Finally,after the third wave of attacks,when the Americans ran out of gunpowder and had to retreat,the British captured Breeds Hill and Bunker Hill.11Bunker HillMYSTIC RIVERCharlestownBostonBreeds HillCopps HillCHARLES RIVERPosition of British soldiersPosition of Patriot soldiersThe British won control of the two hills at the cost of many British lives.More than 1,000 British soldiers were wounded or killed,while the Patriots lost 441 men.The Patriots gained a boost in morale even though they lost a battle because they could fight and win a conflict against a greater number of professional soldiers.Although most of the action was seen on Breeds Hill,the battle has come to be known as“The Battle of Bunker Hill.”Battling for Independence Level Z212General George Washington arrived in July 1775,and his troops besieged the British in Boston for nearly a year.He also sent forces to invade Canada to prevent the British from landing there and sending forces south into New York.The Patriots,led by General Richard Montgomery,were able to capture Montreal in November 1775.Benedict Arnold led an attack on the city of Quebec,but because of the severe December weather,it failed.During the winter,Patriots used cannons they captured from the British to attack British soldiers in Boston.On March 17,1776,the British soldiers and thousands of Loyalists abandoned Boston,leaving Washingtons troops to march triumphantly into the city.Thinking CriticallyHOW would seeing the Patriots using British cannons cause the British troops to react?13Declaring IndependencePatriot Thomas Paine wrote a pamphlet,Common Sense,in which he declared independence to be the only correct choice for the colonists.Paine challenged the authority of the British government using plain language that most people could easily understand.Selling 150,000 copies in a few months,Paine swayed many Loyalists to the side of independence.In June 1776,the Continental Congress selected a committee to write a statement about the colonists right to be self-governing.Thomas Jefferson,the youngest member of the Congress,was chosen as the actual writer because he was known for his writing skills.The Continental Congress approved the Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776.Once passed by each of the thirteen colonies,the Declaration of Independence created the United States of America.The colonies were no longer coloniesthey were called states.“Put your John Hancock right here.”The above saying dates back to 1776 when John Hancock boldly signed the Declaration of Independence.His large signature encouraged the other 53 signers to sign.Battling for Independence Level Z214 Battling for FreedomThere were gloomy days ahead for the Patriots,as they lost battle after battle.A month after the Declaration of Independence was signed,the British,under General William Howe,shipped 30,000 soldiers into New York Harbor.The Battle of Long Island lasted for three days until the outnumbered Patriots finally retreated south across New Jersey to Philadelphia.The British occupied New York City and won a battle in which Patriots surrendered Fort Washington.More than 2,000 Patriot soldiers died or were captured in those three days.A Spys EndNathan Hale,a 21-year-old teacher,volunteered to spy on British troops in New York City.Hale was caught and hanged.His last words were:“I regret that I have but one life to give for my country.”A statue honors Nathan Hales sacrifice.15Benedict Arnolds PlotBenedict Arnold was a brave general,but he felt Congress and the Continental Army had mistreated him.In 1779,Washington put Arnold in charge of a fort on the lower Hudson River called West Point.Arnold planned to sell the fort to the British.When his plan was revealed,he became a traitor and joined the British army.In October 1776,Patriot Benedict Arnolds gunboats were defeated at Lake Champlain in Canada.However,the Patriots fought so fiercely that the British were concerned.Conquering the rebels might not be as easy as theyd thought.On December 24,1776,George Washington and his men ferried across the Delaware River to Trenton,New Jersey,in a surprise attack against the Hessian mercenaries,who were from Germany and were allied with the British.In one night,the Patriots moved 2,400 men across the icy river in sleet and snow.The Patriots won a battle there in less than an hour!It was the first major victory of the war.A few days later,Washington defeated the British at Princeton,New Jersey.These victories rejuvenated the Patriots morale.Battling for Independence Level Z216Britain retaliated in June 1777 by moving a large army led by General John Burgoyne south from Canada.Burgoyne planned to conquer the Hudson River area at Albany,New York,cutting off New England and New York from the other colonies.On the way,Burgoyne recaptured Fort Ticonderoga.However,Patriot soldiers stopped Burgoynes momentum at the Battle of Saratoga in October,with Burgoyne surrendering approximately 6,000 men.St.ClairRiedeselBurgoynePhillipsFort TiconderogaLake ChamplainLake ChamplainBurgoynes March South from CanadaBritish troopsBritish military leaders17The Battle of Saratoga was a major turning point in the war because it proved to France and other European countries that the Patriots might win the war.In 1778,France joined the fight against its long-standing enemy Great Britain by