原版英语RAZ 教案The Mongol Empire.pdf

www.readinga-The Mongol EmpireA Reading AZ Level X Leveled BookWord Count:2,352The Mongol EmpireVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by David L.DreierLEVELED BOOK XWritten by David L.DreierThe Mongol Empire The Mongol EmpireLevel X Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David L.DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy;back cover,7,11,14,15,16,17,18:The Granger Collection,New York;title page:JAMES L.STANFIELD/National Geographic Image Collection;page 4:Bridgeman Art Library;page 5:NGS Images/Map Collection(used as reference);page 6:Genghis Khan in his tent by Rashid al-Din(1247-1318),Islamic School,(14th century)/Bibliotheque Nationale,Paris,France/The Bridgeman Art Library;page 8:Liu Liqun/Corbis;page 9:Pauline Taylor/Alamy;page 10:Hakbong Kwon/Alamy;page 13:Dean Conger/CORBIS;page 20(top):Visual Arts Library(London)/Alamy;page 20(bottom):Andy Crawford/Dorling Kindersley;page 20(middle):Hamid Sardar/Corbis;page 21:Ng Han Guan/AP Images;page 22:Liu Liqun/Corbiswww.readinga-Front cover:Genghis Khan from a woodcut made in the 1800sBack cover:A Persian manuscript from the 1300s shows the Mongol siege of Baghdad,Iraq,in 1258.Title page:Various kinds of arrowheads that the Mongols usedCorrelationLEVEL XS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34T able of ContentsBrutal Conquerors from Asia .4Horsemen and Warriors.5Genghis Khan .6The Mongols Attack China .8The Mongol Armies .9The Use of Terror.11Establishing an Empire.12The Death of Genghis Khan .13New Leaders,New Conquests .14Kublai Khan.16Division of the Empire .19The End of Mongol Rule .21The Influence of the Mongols .22Seeking Genghiss Burial Place.23Glossary .24Brutal Conquerors from AsiaFew episodes in history have been as astonishing as the conquests of the Mongols.During the 1200s,these horsemen from Asia established the largest land empire ever created.Traditionally,the Mongols have been viewed as brutal conquerors because as they expanded their empire,their armies often leveled entire cities,massacring the people who dwelled in them.However,much of this brutality happened under the leadership of Genghis(JEHNG-gihs)Khan and his children.This shows what it might have looked like when the Mongols rode into battle.The Mongol Empire Level X56Horsemen and WarriorsThe Mongols were a nomadic people,numbering perhaps two million.They lived in felt tents called yurts on the enormous steppes,or grasslands,of eastern Asia,which today is known as Mongolia.The people were divided into groups called tribes with a leader called a khan.The Mongols were expert horsemen and warriors;their lives consisted of endless rounds of hunting and feuding.When the Mongols needed thingshorses,food,or matesthey often organized raiding parties and stole them from other tribes.Because they were not united,the Mongols posed no threat to anyone outside of Mongolia.But with their fighting skills,they had the potential to become a powerful army.All they needed was a leader to knit all the groups into one nation.Genghis KhanIn 1162,the wife of a minor Mongol leader gave birth to a boy named Temujin.When he was nine,Temujins father was murdered by members of another tribe.Most of Temujins youth was spent helping his fatherless family survive in the harsh environment of the Asian steppes.By the time he was in his teens,Temujin was demonstrating great intelligence and leadership abilities.He was also ruthless in defeating his enemies.In adulthood,Temujin became the khan of his tribe.As khan,he made alliances with other Mongol tribes.Then,he built up an army and trained it to be a disciplined war machine.Finally,he used his army to defeat every one of the Mongol tribes that would not join him.Genghis Khan in his tentCaspian SeaAral SeaLake BaikalLake BalkhaslPresent-day boundary of MongoliaYellow SeaLiaoyangZhongdu(Beijing)DatongBalasaghunKashgarSamarkandSouthern Sung EmpireMongols Then and NowMongol HomelandThe Mongol Empire Level X78By 1206,all the Mongols recognized their leader as Temujin.At a meeting that year,the leaders of the Mongol tribes proclaimed him Genghis Khan,which meant“Universal Ruler.”In one of his first actions as ruler,Genghis issued a set of laws designed to make the Mongols stop feuding and become a unified nation.Genghis Khan dreamed of the unified Mongols conquering other lands and taking their peoples wealth.And so,in 1209,he led his forces toward China.The Mongols Attack ChinaAt the time of Genghis Khans rise to power,China was divided into three major parts:the Xi Xia(SHEE SHEE-yuh)Empire of the west,the Jin Empire of the north,and the Sung Empire of the south.Genghis Khan conquered Xi Xia in 1209.He then attacked Jin.In 1215,after ferocious battles that left countless Chinese dead,the Mongols entered the Jin capital,Zhongdu(present-day Beijing).They plundered it and left it a smoking ruin.All of China except the Sung Empire was now under Mongol control.But Genghis Khan decided that the conquest of the Sung could wait.Instead,he turned his eyes toward the vast lands west of China.In a relentless pursuit of wealth,his armies would soon create havoc in that part of the world.What Was His Title?The leader of the Mongols is usually called Genghis Khan.However the first part of the title has long been spelled several ways,including Genghiz and Jenghis.In recent years,a number of historians have insisted that none of these spellings give the correct pronunciation of the name.They say a better spelling is Chingis or Chinngis.The meaning of the title has also been debated.Although many scholars think the name meant“Universal Ruler,”others disagree.They have suggested other meanings,such as“Invincible Prince”and“Spirit of Light.”A Chinese artists woodcut of Genghis KhanSome Mongolians still live in tentlike houses,called yurts,on the Asian steppes,which are like the Great Plains of North America.The Mongol Empire Level X910The Mongol ArmiesIn the following years,the Mongols defeated every army they faced.They broke into every city that tried to defend against them,conquering enormous territories.So what made the Mongol armies so overwhelming?It wasnt the numbers.Although the Mongol armies were big,they werent gigantic.They usually totaled around 100,000.The maximum size of the armies has been estimated at 250,000.But for most battles,the Mongol forces were often divided,attacking widely separated enemies,which caused them to be greatly outnumberedbut they always won.Historians believe the Mongols were unbeatable because they were the most highly trained and highly disciplined soldiers the world had seen for a thousand years.They fought in organized units that coordinated their movements with flags,drums,and other signals.In open combat,the Mongols fought on horseback.They wore leather armor and helmets made of leather and metal.One of their main weapons was a small,powerful bow that could fire arrows with great force and accuracy.For close combat,they used lances,battle axes,and short curved swords called scimitars(SIM-ih-tahrs).They also used gunpowder weapons,such as simple grenades and firelancesbamboo tubes that spewed flames and sparks.The Mongols not only learned how to make gunpowder from the Chinese,but they also learned how to smash down the walls of cities.They hired Chinese engineers who built and operated large machines called siege engines.These devices included catapults for hurling heavy rocks and ballistas that fired huge arrows.No city was able to withstand the pounding it got from the Mongols siege engines.Modern Mongolians show pride in their history by re-enacting important battles.The Mongols were probably the first to use this kind of bow in battle.The Mongol Empire Level X1112The Use of T errorGenghis Khan always tried to make a deal with his enemies.This was his offer:Surrender and you will be spared.Resist and you will be wiped out.A city that opened its gates to the Mongols was left unharmed.It was simply required to pay the Mongols tribute.Wealth was what Genghis wanted most.If he could get it without a fight,that suited him fine.Cities that tried to hold out behind their walls,or that sent soldiers out to fight,soon regretted it.The Mongols never failed to take a city.After they broke in,they pillaged the city and then burned it to the ground.The Mongols took captive any inhabitants they thought might be useful to them.They killed everyone else.This policy created widespread terror.As a result,many cities surrendered to the Mongols at once.Establishing an EmpireFor a dozen years after the China campaign,the Mongols conquered everything in their path.Mongol armies were led not only by Genghis Khan,but also by his four sons.By 1227,when Genghis Khan turned 65,the Mongols had established an empire.It stretched from the east coast of northern China to the Persian Gulf,the western boundary of present-day Iran.That was a distance of about 5,600 kilometers(3,500 mi).Throughout that vast area,vassal states paid annual tribute to the Mongols.There would be more conquests,making the empire even larger.But Genghis Khan would not take part in them.His days were coming to an end.An older Genghis Khan in a gardenCaspian SeaAral SeaLake BaikalLake BalkhaslYellow SeaZhongdu(Beijing)DatongBalasaghunLiaoyangHeratBamianPeshawarKashgarBukharaUrgenchMervNingxiaLocation of Genghis Khans deathEMPIRE OF KHWARIZMMultanSOUTHERN SUNG EMPIREConquered by Mongols,1221SamarkandKARAKHITAI EMPIREASIAEUROPEMongol Empire 1227Mongol HomelandGenghis Khans empireMongol military routesThe Mongol Empire Level X1314The Death of Genghis KhanGenghis Khan died in the summer of 1227 while leading another attack against Xi Xia.That Chinese vassal state was being punished for refusing to supply troops for a recent Mongol campaign.The cause of Genghiss death is uncertain.Many historians think he died from internal injuries received when he fell from a horse.Soldiers placed the khans body in a felt coffin fastened with three golden straps.Then they transported it back to Mongolia.There,the great leader was buried in a secret place.According to Mongol accounts,800 men on horseback rode back and forth over the gravesite to obscure it.Then they,and all others who had any knowledge of the gravesite,were killed.Thus,no one would ever be able to reveal where Genghis Khan was buried.New Leaders,New ConquestsGenghis Khan left his empire to his four sons.They each received a large area to rule as a khan.However,it was Genghis Khans wish that his third son,Ogadei(oh-GAH-day-ee),be the overall ruler.The Mongols officially gave Ogadei the title of Great Khan in 1229.Ogadei established a Mongol capital on the steppes and built a palace with strong walls made of black stone.Ogadei called the capital Karakorum,which meant either“Black Stones”or“Black Walls.”Ogadei launched a new series of conquests.Mongol armies brought Russia and other parts of eastern Europe under their control.In 1241,they were about to invade western Europe,but then Ogadei died.The invasion was called off until a new Great Khan was chosen.This tortoise marks a corner of the ancient Mongol capital city Karakorum.OgadeiThe Mongol Empire Level X1516By the time Ogadei died,his three brothers were also dead.Genghis Khans grandsons competed bitterly for the position of Great Khan.For ten years,the Mongol world was in turmoil.Finally,in 1251,order was restored.That year,a grandson named Mongke was proclaimed Great Khan.Mongke resumed the Mongol conquests.He sent his brother Hulegu to subdue the Middle East.In 1258,Hulegu attacked the Muslim capital of Baghdad,in what is now the country of Iraq.When the city fell,Hulegu ordered one of the most terrible slaughters ever carried out by a Mongol army.By some estimates,800,000 people were killed.While Hulegus army was in the Middle East,another army was in China.Mongke was determined to finally destroy the Sung Empire,the empire Genghis never defeated.Kublai KhanThe leader of the attack on China was another brother of Mongkes named Kublai.The campaign was not going well,so Mongke joined the fight.But in 1259 he died suddenly.A small assembly of Mongols then proclaimed Kublai the new Great Khan.He became known as Kublai Khan.But most Mongols never accepted him as their supreme leader.They thought he was becoming less Mongolian and more like the Chinese.The Mongol world was beginning to lose its unity.To make matters worse,the Mongols finally suffered a defeat.In 1260,a Mongol army lost a battle in what is now the country of Israel.That ended the Mongol conquests in the West.The people of western Europe,who had feared that they would be the next victims of these terrifying invaders from Asia,were now safe.KublaiA Persian manuscript from the 1300s shows the Mongol siege of Bagdad,Iraq,in 1258.The Mongol Empire Level X1718Kublai Khan settled in as the ruler of China.Although he was khan of all the Mongols,he no longer had much interest in the rest of the empire.He devoted all of his time to the Yuan Dynasty.His government mostly excluded the native Chinese.All the best jobs were filled with Mongols and other foreigners.Kublai Khan,though,still had a taste for conquest.He extended his rule over some areas south of China,but he failed to conquer the island nation of Japan.Twice he sent large fleets of ships to Japan,but both fleets were destroyed by terrible storms.Kublai gave up annexing Japan into the empire.But in the East,Kublai Khan continued the effort to conquer the Sung.And in 1264,he turned his back on the Mongolian capital,Karakorum,and settled permanently in China.He established a new Mongol capital in northern China on the site of Zhongdu,the destroyed Jin capital.He called it Khanbalik,meaning“City of the Khan.”He built an enormous palace there.In 1279,Kublai Khan won a final victory over the Sung Empire.That year,he established a new dynasty to rule China,the Yuan(yoo-WAHN)Dynasty.All of China was now under Mongol rule.Marco PoloThe famous Italian merchant and traveler Marco Polo spent seventeen years in China(12751292)during the reign of Kublai Khan.He marveled at the capital of Khanbalik(also spelled Cambaluc).He was especially impressed by the Great Khans palace.He said it was“the greatest palace that ever was.”Marco Polo traveled to Khanbalik on what was known as the Silk Road,a trade route leading from Europe to China.Kublai Khans Mongolian army attacks Japanese ships.The Mongol conquestsboth east and westwere finally coming to an end.The Mongol empire was now bigger than the present areas of the United States,Canada,Mexico,and Central America combined.For a while,under Mongol rule,the world was at peace.The Mongol Empire Level X1920Division of the EmpireKublai Khan died in 1294,yet even before his death,the Mongol Empire had been fragmenting.It was simply too huge to be governed from a single location.With Kublais death,the division became complete.The empire split into four large parts called khanates,each ruled by