unit-5-正反译法及练习1剖析.docx

Unit Five Terms in Technical Contract教学目标：1 .驾驭概念：Terms in Technical Contract （技 术合同条款）及相关术语表达2 . 了解技术引进合同的语篇特点及翻译技巧3 .驾驭英汉翻译中的正反译法教学重点与难点.教学重百：技术省进合同中买卖双方检验、测 试时的权利和义务；课后所列短语 的运用及课文中专业术语的理解； 翻译技巧及练习：正反译法教学难点：技术引进合同中的用词及句式特点教学方法：讲解、练习与探讨Section I Method and Technique 正反译法英语和汉语中往往均可用确定形式或否定 形式表达同一概念。但由于讲英语国家的历史、 地理、社会文化背景和生活习性与我国不同，因 此这些国家人们的思维方式与我们有时存在很 大差异。这种差别体现在语言习惯上，便产生了 两种语言各自独特的表达形式O汉语的确定与否定意义是干脆表达出来的， 这取决于汉语的表达习惯。而英语句中的否定意 义可通过多种形式的否定句来表达。因此，在表示否定意义时，这种差异显得尤为突出。英语的否定表达是一个常见而又比较困 There is no evil without compensation. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.We can't be too careful in doing experiments.当然，有的双重否定句也可以译成汉语的双重否 定结构，如：There is no story without coincidence.上文所谈的正说反译法和反说正译法仅是在翻译英语否定结构时所接受的一般原则。在翻 译实践中，对具体状况还要进行具体分析，切不 行机械地套用这些规则，而要依据上下文具体的 语言环境接受合乎汉语习惯的译法。Practice正说反译(1) While trade is good, money is very tight at present.(2) The rocket traveling in space is free from the earth's gravity.(3) In the absence of a settlement through negotiation, the case under dispute can be submitted to arbitration.(4) Such a chance was denied (to) me.(5) It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.(6) Nowadays, the proportion of investment into economically affordable housing only accounts for 5% of the total, which is far short of the increasing demand for new houses from middle- and low-income families.(7) I am new to the work.(8) Before I could get in a word, he had measured me and was giving orders for morning suits, evening suits, shirts and all sorts of things.(9) When Jack missed the last bus, he was at a loss as to what to do.(10) The criminal is still at large.(11) This is the last contract I would sign.(12) He is the last man for such a job.(13) While the grass grows the horse starves.(14) If you fail to settle the payment in two weeks, well have to pass the matter to our legal department.(15) They were deaf to the customers9 complaints.(16) Her husband hates to see her stony face.反说正译(17) There is nothing like jogging as a means of exercise.(18) Suddenly he heard a sound behind him, and realized he was not alone in the garage.(19) The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him then.(20) There is no rule that has no exception.(21) When we read we may visit the most beautiful parts of the earth, without fatigue, inconvenience and expense.(22) Don't lose time in selling out your stock.难的问题。有的英语句子形式上是否定的而实质 上确定的，有的形式上是确定的而实质上是否定 的。鉴于此，我们在翻译某些含有否定意义的英 文句子时，应当特别留意两点：一是英语里有些 从正面表达的词语或句子，汉译时可以从反面来 表达，即正说反译法；二是英语里有些从反面表 达的词语或句子，汉译时可从正面来表达，即反 说正译法。英语正面表达指的是不带否定词no, not, never等的句子，或不带含否定前蝮non、in-, im, ir-9 dis.和否定后蝮Jess等的句?，汉语定面表法 是指不带“不、没、非、未、否、无、莫、勿、 别”等否定词的句子，否则则是反面表达。翻译时，原则上首选对应译法，但亦应视具体状况而灵敏接受正说反译或反说正译法来处 理。例如:1) Only five customers remained in the bar.)2) I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.)3) A radar screen is not unlike a television.)4) The machine is far from being complicated.下面从正说反译和反说正译这两个方面来探讨英语否定结构汉译的一般原则1 正说反译法英语中的有些否定概念是通过含有否定意 义或近似否定意义的词来表达的。这类词从形态上看都不是由否定词缀构成, 是确定式；从词义上讲，它们大多数是某些词的反义词，通过长期的历史演化，这些曾完全作为 反义词用的词义又引申出其它否定的词义。一些 语言学家称之为“含蓄否定词”，另一些语言学家 则称之为“暗指否定词”。运用含蓄否定词表达否 定概念常常具有某种独特的修辞效果，它有时会 使语言生动活泼或增加含蓄、耐人寻味的效果。英语中的含蓄否定词或含蓄否定短语一般 都要译成汉语的否定词组。下面按词性列举它们 的翻译方法。(1)名词There was a complete absence of information on the oil deposit in that area.Her child was in a terrible state of neglect.( )(3) All international disputes must be settled through negotiations and the avoidance of any armed conflicts.作为名词用的含蓄否定词还有：de行ance （不 顾，无视），denial （否认，否定），exclusion懈除）, freedom （不,免除）,lack （无，缺乏）,failure （不 成功，不足，不履彳亍）,refusal （不愿，不允用b loss （失去）馨。（2）动词 He hates going to work late. The doctor lost his patient.(3)The motor refused to start.类似的动词还有faiKto do）（未能、没做到）, lack （缺乏，没有），deny （不承认，不给），defy（不听从，不遵从，不让），differ （不同，不同 意，不合），miss （未打中，未见到，未达到）， forbid （不许），stop （不准），ignore （不理，不 愿考虑）等。（3）形容词或形容词短语She was deaf to all advice.These elements are shielded so that they are free from the influence of magnetic field.He would be the last man to say such things.类似的形容词及其短语有absent （不在，不 到），awkward （木嫡熟，木灵敏,运用起来木 便利），bad （令人不快乐的，不受欢迎的，不舒 适的），blind （看不到、不留意），dead （无生命的、无感觉的、不毛的），difficult （不简洁的）， foreign to （不适合于，与无关），short of （不够），poor （不好的,不幸的5, ignorant of （不如 道）等。（4）介词或介词短语 What you said is beside the question. The Theory of Relativity put forward by Einstein is now above many people's understanding.类似这样的介词还有below （与不相称， 不足，不值得）,beneath （不值得,与不相 称），beyond （为所不及），under （未满足，不足），without （无,木,没有，毫不）,except（不包括）,within （不超出,不出），instead of （而不是）等。（5）副词 She said idly, “well, what does it matter?” The soldiers blazed away until they had no ammunition left.（3）Slowly he pulled the letter out of the envelope, and unfolded it.（6）连接词及其短语 I511 do it now before I forget it. Life may well turn out to be the true, rather than exception.（3）She is too careful not to have noticed it.（7）某些含有否定意义的谚语和警句英语中有些谚语和警句在结构形式上是确定 的，但却表示某种否定寓意。在翻译时，也可接 受正说反译法，尽可能用简练的汉语或相应的汉 语成语来表达。例如： Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. Seeing is believing.(3) Bite off more than one can chew.Let sleeping dogs lie.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bushoCall a spade a spadeA dog in the manger.(8) He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick.2 反说正译法.有些英语否定句，用汉语的确定词和确定句 来译更能符合汉语的习惯。还有英语中的双重否 定句，除了可以译成汉语的双重否定句外，也可 以译成确定句。不论怎样去译，都要尽力把英语 双重否定句所含有的各种确定的语气和修辞效 果表现出来。下面分类列举它们的翻译方法。(1)名词The machine has two serious disadvantages.The dishonesty of the city officials was exposed by the newspaper.(2)动词(D By a sudden attack we uncovered the enemy's right flank.The cannons were dismounted for shipping.(3)形容词 He gave me an indefinite answer. He was in an uncomfortable predicament (逆 境).(3)It was inconsiderate of him to mention the matter in her hearing.(4)副词 “I don't know if I ought to have come J she said breathlessly, grasping Sandy's arm. This country is now unprecedentedly expanding its industry.(5)短语To be or not to be, that is the question.Don't lose time in cleaning this machine.AH men between 18 and 45 without exception are expected to serve in the army during the war.Sir Anderson's spies were not going to lose sight of me.(6)双重否定句(D There is no grammatical rule that has no exception.The charging of a condenser from a battery is not unlike the filling of a tank from an oil reservoir.(3)It is none other than aluminum.