高三英语一轮复习阅读拓展训练阅读拓展训练（五）.docx

阅读拓展训练（五）1The question of how trucki n 2 cpacitLis growing or decliningis common in industryr but the reality is that demand fluctuations are far more irnportant to monitor as they swing much x/WWWWWWWWWWC/WWWWWWWWWWWWWVWWWWWXA/WWWWWWWWWWX/VWVWWWWWWWVXAA/VWWWXTVWWWWWA/WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWVWWWWWWWVWWWWXA/VWWWWVX/WWWWWWW more violently.v/WWWWWWWVWWVWA/WWWV'ZSince December of 2018, the total tractor count from for-hire fleets (non-private) has grown 18%, according to the FMCSA, but has never shown a monthly change of over 2%. By contrast, the Outbound Tender Volume Index (OTVI), a measure of total truckload demand, has grown 12% over the same period, but monthly fluctuations topped 20% at times.Even before the pandemic, the OTVI had 5-7% monthly swings in demand. Given the OTVI measures total tenders and is not a pure proxy (指标)for shipments, it is reflective of how fast demand-side conditions change in trucking.The point is that capacity shifts are slow and stable, while demand changes much more raoidly and is very unpredictable over time. This is the consummate struggle of supply chains ZSZSZZKZ</XZZV/KZZZXZZZ1/ZZZZXZZZZKZZKZ>>/KZS/1ZlZ«>/SZ*>ZZXZ/RZ<Z/Z<Z/XZKZZ/ZXZ/XZ/XZZ'ZZZXZZZKZZZXZ*>ZZXZ*>Z/XZZX/SZKZ/SZ/Z1Z/ZXZ/XZXZ/1/ZZ1ZZ,and transportation companies across the globe - how much infrastructure (capacity) is needed to be able to flex up but not have too much overhead when demand softens?The process of ordering and seating a truck takes close to a year. That truck can haul roughly seven 500-mile loads per week, or 360 loads per year. This only occurs if shipping patterns are consistent and drivers are readily available, and neither are true. So it isn't a pure question of how much capacity is available in aggregate, but are those trucks available in the right places at the right times in general ? This metric is extremely difficult to attain.Since demand is uneven and spread unevenly throughout the country, trucks and drivers need to exceed the number of shipments available. So even if capacity grows by 1%, it just increases the chances that loads will be covered marginally.Probablvjmore important than any of tho_pieyiPllSpoints is that there are alreadyIt was widely believed that, in order to get the first languages off the ground, our ancestors first needed a way to create novel signals that could be understood by others, relying on visual signs whose form was directly similar to the intended meaning. Some gestures can be understood almost anywhere: pointing to direct someone's attention, for instance.However, an international research team, led by experts from the University of Birmingham and the Leibniz-Centre General Linguistics (ZAS), Berlin, have discovered that certain vocalizations (发声法)can also be iconic and recognizable to people around the world even when a speaker is not simply imitating a well-known sound. These findings, published in Scientific Reports, may help explain the rise of modern spoken language.In 2015, language researchers challenged some English speakers to make up sounds representing various basic concepts ("sleep", "child”, "meat", “rock”, and more). When other English speakers listened to these sounds and tried matching them to concepts, they were largely successful. But “we wanted to be able to show that these vocalizations are understandable across cultures/5 says study co-author and University of Birmingham cognitive scientist Marcus Perlman.So Perlman and his colleagues conducted online and in-person experiments in seven countries, from Morocco to Brazil. They recruited more than 900 participants, who spoke a total of 28 languages, to listen to the best-understood vocalizations from the 2015 investigation and select matching concepts from a set of words or images. Vocalizations that called forth well-known sounds 一 for example, dripping water - performed best. But many others were also understood at rates significantly above chance across all languages tested, the team found. "There is a notable degree of success outside of just onomatopoeia (象声词) Perlman says.This is likely because certain patterns related to sound are universal, the team suggests. For example, short and basic sounds often convey the concept of "one" and repeated sounds are typically associated with "many”. Likewise, low-pitched sounds accompany something big, and high-pitched sounds convey small size. These findings of "iconic” sounds could help scientists understand how human ancestors started using rich acoustic （传音的） rcommunication, says co-author Aleksandra Cwiek, a linguist at the Leibniz-Center General Linguistics in Berlin. The human voice, she says, might “afford enough iconicity to get language off the ground.”University of Tubingen linguist Matthias Urban, who was not involved in the research, agrees. “It's unclear how words came into being in the first place he says. Iconic vocalizations are "potentially one pathway that could have been involved.”12 What does the underlined word "iconic” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A Symbolic.B Comic. C Magic.D Classic.13 The finding of Perlman's research may.A - well explain the rise of English cultureB - throw light on the origin of spoken languageC - demonstrate that onomatopoeia may be popularD - show how our ancestors imitate unknown sounds14 What can we learn from the experiments in this passage?A - The English language is universally understood.B Sound patterns may be related to their meanings.C - Sign language appeared earlier than spoken language.D - Words were evolved from vocalizations in ancient times.15 Which might be the best title for the passage?A - From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of LanguageB Iconic Vocalizations are Created for CommunicationC - Made-up Sounds Convey Meanings across CulturesD - How Language Began: Gesture and Speech in EvolutionSome people prefer to have a bite to eat before hitting the gym, known as a fed workout. Others would like to wait until after exercising to refuel their bodies, called a fasted workout. 16 Many experts say there's no easy answer because it depends on the person.If you want energy and strength for an ideal workout, you need fuel. A fed workout will provide your body with power. Eating before exercise may help you sustain longer sessions and lift heavier weights. 17 Muscle preservation is also an essential component of strengthening your body. Nitrogen （氮）is critical for processing protein that builds healthy muscles. People tend to lose less nitrogen during a fed workout than a fasted one.Many fitness enthusiasts are not on board with this idea. They report feeling sick and inactive while trying to exercise after eating. With a fasted workout, you may not get the usual indigestion. Experts for fasted workouts further claim that eating afterwards makes your body use its fat reserves for energy, meaning you will burn more fat. 18 It can cause a sudden drop in your blood glucose （葡萄糖）levels, and you may feel dizzy. You may even be more likely to overeat.19 Not all foods are created equal. For example, if you choose a fed workout, you'll probably lose a lot of water during an intense training, so you should consider drinking some beforehand. With a fasted workout, it would help if you had some nutrition right after your session is complete. Drink some water. Then, have a light meal or nutritional snack.Deciding when to eat for an ideal workout is a personal choice. Both fasted workouts and fed activities have their benefits and shortcomings. 20A However, a fasted workout might not work for you.B - How your body will respond is based on your workout intensity.C These benefits can result in burning more fat and shaping a slimmer body.D - To eat or not to eat, that is the question on many fitness enthusiasts9 minds.E Think thoroughly and discuss with your fitness instructor before taking a choice.F Knowing what to eat for an ideal workout is just as important as knowing when to eat.G - A person doing a 30-minute session a day may not have a problem with fasted workouts.【重点词汇】enthusiastreservecritical【认知词汇】workoutsessionindigestioncomponent【中译英翻译】1 .无论遇到什么挑战，我们都需要对生活充满热情，这对于我们的未来是很关键的。2 .我建议我们应该努力建立更多的自然保护区，这有利于保护更多的濒危动物免于灭绝。（extinction 灭绝）We have all been guilty of being over optimistic when predicting how long a task will take because of the planning fallacy. First identified in 1977, the planning fallacy was defined as: “the tendency to underestimate the amount of time needed to complete a future task, due in part to the reliance on overly optimistic performance scenarios （预测）It is extremely common.21 For instance, a study conducted with psychologystudents found that only 30% of them managed to complete their senior papers in the amount of time they predicted.What's more, the planning fallacy is an incredibly stubborn problem.22 Whilewe are able to recognise past predictions where we have been over-optimistic, we often keep on insisting that our current predictions are realistic.The planning fallacy is such a deep-rooted behavior. However, there are a few systematic strategies you can use to start building the habit of double-checking your time estimates. For instance, you can take the outside view.23 Make sure to consult experts andpeople who have attempted to complete similar projects in the past. If you're a student, talk to senior students; if you're writing a book join a network of writers.24 You need to differentiate between tasks that are urgent and important,important but not urgent, urgent but not important, neither urgent nor important.Once you have an objective estimate of the time it will take to complete a project, you need to make sure you have the time and resources to carry out your plan.25 Breakdown big tasks into smaller, manageable chunks. Don't wait until the last minute to let people know you may need their help in the near future.A - Defining your priorities also helps.B We don't learn from our previous mistakes.C - Do not base your estimates on your own criteria.D Focusing on fine details is the recommended practice.E We can see many failed or late projects, which lead to timewasting.F There have been lots of studies confirming the existence of the planning fallacy.G - Block time in your calendar, and make sure the resources you need are available.参考答案:1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D5. A 6. C 7. B8. C 9. C 10. D 11. A12. A 13. B 14. B 15. D16. D 17. C18. A 19. F 20. E21. F 22. B23. C 24. A 25. Gmeasures of the relationship between supply and demand in trucking. Tender rejection rates (OTRI) and spot rates (NTI) measure when capacity is meeting demand in the contract and spot markets, respectively.There is little use for knowing how much capacity is available in the for-hire freight market other than being interesting. But there is exceptional value in knowing how well capacity and demand are lining up and in what direction they are trending. Since December 2021 tender rejection rates have fallen from over 20% to under 4%, while spot rates are down 27%.Demand-side indicators are probably the most crucial to getting the earliest signs of market shifts, while rejection rates and spot rates answer the two most important questions that companies want answered: Can I get a truck and how much will it cost me?1 - The Outbound Tender Volume Index.A is a proxy for shipments onlyB - is a measure to track truckload demandC - can tell the current trucking capacity in the USD can tell the relationship between supply and demand in trucking2 - What problem do supply chains and transportation companies face commonly?A - How capacity can meet the changing demand.B - How capacity and demand can be predicted.C What facilities are needed to ship the goods.D What trucks can function the best.3 - What can we tell about OTRI and NTI?A - They are both measures in the contract and spot markets.B - They are of little use to know the capacity and demand.C They can change the uneven demand situation in the US.D They can help to tell the companies how market might change.4 - Where can we probably find this passage?B - In a book.D - In a magazine.A - In a school newspaper.C - In a biography.【重点词汇】capacity swing violently reflective struggle consistent available aggregate exceed rejection crucial【认知词汇】fluctuationcontrast pandemicinfrastructure【中译英翻译】如果你有时间，请积极参加各种课外活动，这对你的全面发展发挥着关键作用。Fungi Can Help Concrete Heal Its Own CracksCracks are very common in concrete structures due to various chemical and physical phenomena that occur during everyday use. And tiny cracks can be quite harmful because they provide an easy route in for liquids and gasses 一 and the harmful substances they might contain. For instance, micro-cracks can allow water and oxygen to infiltrate and then corrode the steel, leading to structural failure.But continuous maintenance and repair work is difficult because it usually requires an enormous amount of labor and investment.Scientists have been trying to figure out how these harmful cracks could heal themselves without human intervention. The idea was originally inspired by the amazing ability of the human body to heal itself of cuts, bruises and broken bones. A person takes in nutrients which the body uses to produce new substitutes to heal damaged tissues. In the same way, can we provide necessary products to concrete to fill in cracks when damage happens?Through long time research, scientists have found an unusual candidate to help concrete heal itself: a fungus called T. reesei. It is found that as calcium hydroxide from concrete dissolved in water, the pH of the fungal growth medium increased from a close-to-neutral original value of 6.5 all the way to a very alkaline 13.0. Of all the fungi tested, onyjr reesei could survive this environment. Despite the drastic pH increase, its spores germinated into threadlike hyphal mycelium and grew equally well with or without concrete.Scientists propose including fungal spores, together with nutrients, during the initial mixing process when building a new concrete structure. When the inevitable cracking occurs and water finds its way in, the dormant fungal spores will germinate. As they grow, they'll work as a catalyst within the calcium-rich conditions of the concrete to promote precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals. These mineral deposits can fill in the cracks. When the cracks are completely caulked and no more water can enter, the fungi will again form spores. If cracks form again and environmental conditions become favorable, the spores could wake up and repeat the process.T. reesei is eco-friendly, posing no known risk to human health.cellulase, which plays an important role in fe