英语：动名词课件.pptx

English gerund coursewareThe definition and characteristics of gerundsComposition of gerundsThe Tense and Voice of GerundsThe syntactic function of gerundsThe difference between gerunds and present participlesSpecial usage of gerunds01The definition and characteristics of gerunds Gerunds are verbs that are used as nouns.They usually end in-ing and are formed from the present participle of a verb.Gerunds function as nouns and can be used as the subject,object,or complement in a sentence.definitionFunctionGerundsForm Gerunds are usually formed by adding-ing to the present participle of a verb.Meaning Gerunds express an action or process,similar to a noun,but retain some of the meaning of the verb,indicating the nature of the action.characteristic Gerunds can be used as the subject of a sentence,replacing a noun.Subject Gerunds can be used as the object of a verb,preposition,or infinitive verb.Object Gerunds can be used as a complement in a sentence to complete the meaning of a subject or object.ComplementThe usage of gerunds02Composition of gerundsVerb prototype+-ingSummary:This type of gerund is formed by adding-ing to the verb prototype.It typically represents an action or process that is ongoing or in progress.Composition of gerunds running(from run)Example The-ing form can also be used as a present participle in complex sentences,such as He was running when he fell.Other FormsComposition of gerundsVerb prototype+-d/-edSummary:This type of gerund is formed by adding-d or-ed to the verb prototype.It typically represents a completed action or a past event.Composition of gerundsExample walked(from walk)Other Forms The-d or-ed form can also be used as the past participle in complex sentences,such as He has walked a long distance.Composition of gerundsVerb prototype+-n/-enSummary:This type of gerund is formed by adding-n or-en to the verb prototype.It typically represents a state or condition resulting from the action.Composition of gerunds written(from write)Example The-n or-en form can also be used as the past participle in complex sentences,such as The letter was written in pencil.Other FormsComposition of gerundsVSVerb prototype+-t/-itSummary:This type of gerund is formed by adding-t or-it to the verb prototype.It typically represents a completed action that results in a specific outcome or product.Composition of gerundsComposition of gerundsExamplebuilt(from build)Other FormsThe-t or-it form can also be used as the past participle in complex sentences,such as The house was built of brick.03The Tense and Voice of GerundsPresent Tense01 The gerund in the present tense expresses actions or states that are ongoing or habitual.For example,Walking to the park is my daily exercise.Past Tense02 The gerund in the past tense indicates actions that occurred in the past.For instance,Having finished his homework,he went to bed.Future Tense03 The gerund in the future tense represents actions that will occur in the future.As an example,Visiting Paris is on my bucket list.TenseActive Voice The active voice of the gerund is when the subject performs the action.For instance,Johns running in the marathon.Passive Voice In the passive voice of the gerund,the subject undergoes the action.An example is,The book was written by John.Voice04The syntactic function of gerundsGerunds can be used as the subject of a sentence,indicating the action or process that is being described.For example,Hiking is a fun activity.When used as the subject,gerunds function as a noun,referring to the action or process itself rather than a person or thing performing the action.As the subjectGerunds can also be used as the object of a verb,typically when the verb represents an action that is part of the subjects experience or involvement.For example,She enjoys hiking.In this context,the gerund functions as a direct object,receiving the action of the verb and completing its meaning.As the object of a verbGerunds can be used as an attribute,modifying a noun or pronoun to provide additional information about it.For example,The climb was difficult.In this case,the gerund climb modifies the noun difficult to describe the specific instance or type of difficulty.As an attributeAs a complementGerunds can also be used as a complement in a sentence,completing the meaning of a verb or modifying its action.For example,She finished her run.The gerund run functions as a complement,completing the meaning of the verb finished to indicate what she had been doing.05The difference between gerunds and present participlesFormation Gerunds are usually formed by adding-ing to the present participle,while present participles are formed by adding-ing to the base form of the verb.Inflection Gerunds can be modified by adjectives,articles,and possessive pronouns,while present participles cannot.Number Gerunds can be either singular or plural,depending on the subject of the gerund,while present participles are always singular.Formal differencesFunction Gerunds function as nouns and can be used as the subject,object,or complement of a sentence,while present participles function as adverbs and modify verbs,adjectives,or other adverbs.Tense Gerunds are not associated with any specific tense,while present participles are always in the present tense.Voice Gerunds can be active or passive,while present participles are always active.Differences in usage06Special usage of gerundsGerunds in phrasal verbs Phrasal verbs are a combination of a verb and a preposition that form a single unit of meaning.Gerunds can be used in phrasal verbs to describe the action or state that is being described by the verb.For example,I enjoy taking a walk(gerund:walking).要点一要点二Gerunds in fixed expressions Gerunds can also be found in fixed expressions,which are groups of words that have a specific meaning and cannot be changed or rearranged.Gerunds in fixed expressions usually serve as the subject or object of the sentence.For example,Do you mind closing the door?(gerund:closing).Gerunds in fixed collocationsPrepositions are used to show the relationship between words in a sentence,such as time,place,or manner.When a gerund is followed by a preposition,it usually serves as the object of the preposition.For example,I like reading books(preposition:of,gerund:reading).Preposition followed by gerundVerbs are the action words in a sentence that express what is happening or being done.When a gerund is followed by a verb,it usually serves as the subject of the verb.For example,Reading books is my favorite hobby(verb:is,gerund:reading).Verb followed by gerund感谢观看THANKS