高中英语复合句总结.docx
英语基础概念：主句+从句=复合句1有关概念由一个主句和一个或一个以上从句构成的句子叫做复合句。所谓主句，就是在复合句中起统领作用的句子，它是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；而从句则是复合句的一个句子成分，不能独立存在。如：Youll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。The police learned that he wasnt there at that time. 警察获知他那时不在场。这两句都是复合句，第一句的主句是Youll feel better，从句是after you take the pills，由after引导，在整个复合句中用作状语，表示时间；第二句的主句是The police learned是主句，that he wasnt there at that time是从句，由that引导，在整个复合句中用作宾语。注意，英语的复合句不是简单句的反面，不要将它误解为“复杂句”。事实上，英语的简单句有时也可以比较“复杂”，而复合句也可以比较“简单”。如：He stopped because he was tired. 他停下来是因为他累了。这个句子比较“简单”，却是一个典型的复合句，其中的he stopped是主句，because he was tired是从句，在复合句中用作状语，表示原因。 2从句的分类前面我们说到从句是整个复合句的一个句子成分，它可以用作主语、宾语、定语、状语等。一般说来，一个从句在复合句充当什么成分我们就叫它为什么从句从句在复合句用作主语，我们就叫它为主语从句；从句在复合句用作宾语，我们就叫它为宾语从句；从句在复合句用作状语，我们就叫它为状语从句；等等。如：He answered that he knew nothing about it. 他回答说他不知情。The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。He was rather pleased when he won that prize. 他获奖后相当高兴。She was not in the train that arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列车上。第一句中的that he knew nothing about it为宾语从句，因为它在复合句中用作动词answered的宾语；第二句中的that I have lost his address为表语从句，因为它在复合句中用在连系动词is后作表语；第三句中的when he won that prize为状语从句，因为它在复合句中用状语，表示时间，所以也叫时间状语从句；第四句中的that arrived just now为定语从句，因为它在复合句中用作定语，修饰名词the train。判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如： This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。语法小知识：主将从现的标志词主将从现是一种出现在状语从句中的语法现象，多指在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，当主句是一般将来时态，则从句要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。因为主将从现出现在状语从句中，在这里我们就以状语从句的几个类别为根据来列举主将从现的标志性词语。时间状语从句when, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as, while, as, before, after如：I will be a math teacher when I grow up.条件状语从句if, unless, as(so)long as如：If I have extra money, I will pay the bill for you.原因状语从句because, since, as, for, now that如：The tutor will leave here now that you have no problems.让步状语从句though, although, even if, even though, however如：Though you have advantages in this match, I will not give up.目的状语从句in order that, so that, that如：In order that Lily can get the prize, we will have a planin detail.在条件状语从句中，如果主语是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。一个句子的中心意思体现在主句中，所以判断是否使用主将从现首先要做的是区分主从句。当找到主句，分析其时态为一般将来时或借助某些结构表达将来含义时，则从句使用一般现在时态。1.用“连词分词”来替代从句当主句和从句的主语一致，谓语的时态又是同时段发生，可以把从句的主语省去，变谓语动词为现在分词或过去分词。如果分词的逻辑或时间意义不明确，还可以保留连词。Guests mingle while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.客人们一边吃蛋糕、喝饮料以及享用其它的食品，一边却在一起聊天。While speaking out against Hitlers atrocities, the American people generally favored isolationist policies and neutrality. 虽然美国人谴责希特勒的暴行，但是他们却一惯奉行孤立政策和中立态度。Plastics are materials which are softened by heat and set into lasting form when shaped in a mold.注：如果从句的谓语是系动词be，在简化句型时应该把be动词改成being，但是由于being语义意义，所以可以省略，这样就造成了形容词作状语了。These apples, when ripe, are picked. 这些苹果一旦熟了就要被摘下来。She knows all the hazards of smoking while pregnant. 她知道怀孕时吸烟的一切危害性。2. 用“介词分词”来替代从句一般说来，用on和at表示“as soon as, once”。on后面常接“来、去”之类的词，at后面常接“听到、看到”之类的词。in后面接其他带动作的词，相对于从属连词“while”。On removing them he was stunned to see that the plates were fogged where the crystals had covered them. 当他把晶体揭开时，发现盘子上方雾蒙蒙，他吃了一惊。In running down the stairs, I heard the clock struck twelve.我在跑下楼的时候，听见钟敲了十二下。He jumped with joy at hearing the news. 他一听到这个消息就高兴得跳了起来。3. 用“介词动作性名词”来替代从句同上面一样，At基本上后接sound，sight“听到、看到”之类的词；on接“回来、到达”之类的词；用in，during表示“when, while”；用over表示“while”之意。当然，这一切都是相对的分类。The little girl passed out at sight of a snake. 小女孩一看到蛇就昏过去了。In our hurry to get from one place to another, we failed to see anything on the way. 当我们急急忙忙从这儿到那儿的时候，一路上什么也没有看见。On arrival at the railway station, he found the train had already left. 当他到达火车站的时候，他发现火车已经开走了。He had intended to go, but on second thoughts, he gave up the idea.他本来想去，但进一步考虑后,打消了这个念头。During my absence, would you please take care of my cat?在我不在的时候，请帮我照看一下猫，好吗？He fell asleep over a book. 他看书的时候睡着了。After reelection he announces that he will not help. 经过一番考虑后，他宣布将不提供任何帮助。After graduation, he went to America for his PhD studies.毕业之后，他去了美国攻读博士。4. 用“并列句”代替Two other poses were tried and I emerged from the booth to find a lot people waiting for my signatures.又试了两个其他的姿势后，我从拍照亭里出来，发现很多人在那里等待我的签名。名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句在复合句中的充当的成分和其名称相同，分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。上述这四种从句均被称为名词性从句。所有的名词性从句均不能用逗号分开，并且它们都用相同的关联词，关联词如下： 主从连词：that (无意义), whether (是否), if (是否)（在句子中不充当任何成分） 连接代词：who (谁), whom (谁), whose (谁的), what (什么), which (哪一个) 连接副词：when (什么时候), where (什么地方), how (怎样), why (为什么)主从连词只起连接作用，连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当从句某一个成分。另外，可以用whatever, whichever, whoever, who(m)ever等连接代词引导名词性从句，来加强语气。 （一）主语从句（subject clause）在主句中用作主语的主谓结构称之为主语从句。例如：That he will come to the discussion is certain.他来参加讨论是确定的。That the moon moves round the earth is well known to all of us.月球绕地球转动，这是我们大家都熟知的。When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decide. 会议什么时候召开还没有决定。主语从句放在句首，句子常常显得比较笨重，因此通常可以把it放在句首，作形式主语，而将主语从句放在后面。例如上面的句子可以分别改写为：It is certain that he will come to the discussion.It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.It has not yet been decide when the meeting is to be held. （二）宾语从句（object clause）在主句中作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语的主谓结构称之为宾语从句。在引导宾语从句时，从属连词that在口语中和非正式文本中常省略。 （1）动词后的宾语从句We know that a parrot cant really speak.我们知道鹦鹉不会真的说话。He wants to tell us what he thinks.他想告诉我们他所想的事情。Knowing that it was going to rain, they decided to work inside the house.知道要下雨了，于是他们决定在室内工作。(现在分词knowing的宾语从句)I want to know whether/if you still work in the factory.我想知道你是否还在工厂工作。（不定式to know的宾语从句）The club will give whoever wins a prize. 获胜者俱乐部将颁奖。Up to now we cant say whether his theory can stand the test.到目前为止我们还不能说他的理论是否经得住考验。（2）形容词的宾语从句有些形容词可以用that引导宾语从句，表示说话人对某一事物的态度并带有感情色彩。常见的这类形容词有：afraid, amazed, astonished, aware, certain, confident, delighted, glad, grateful, happy, proud, sad, sorry, sure, surprised等。 I am glad that you have come. 你来了，我真高兴。I am afraid that you are wrong on this point.恐怕你在这点上是错误的。He is quite confident that he will pass the examination.他很有信心通过这个考试。 （三）表语从句（predicative clause）在主句中担当表语的主谓结构称之为表语从句。One idea is that fish is the best brain food.有一种看法认为鱼是最好的补脑食品。The problem is where we can hold our meeting.问题是我们可以在哪儿举行会议。My question is how information is stored in the long-term memory.我的问题是信息是怎样储存在长期记忆中的。That is what he really wants.那就是他真想要的东西。It seems that everything goes smoothly.似乎一切都进行得很顺利。（四）同位语从句同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether,who,when,where,what,why,how等引导。常见的先行名词有：fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。如：She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.The news came that their team had won the championship.名词性从句的用法及定义1that 引导主语从句时，that 没有意义，但不能省略。It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的头发正在变白，这使她很不安。that引导主语从句，it作形式主语，that不能省略。 That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 众所周知，她是个富有的女人。这是that 引导主语从句，that 不能省略。这句话可以改为用it 作形式主语的句型。2从句作主语时，多数情况下由 it 作形式主语，而把主语从句放在后面，尤其是谓语部分（包括宾语）较短的情况下。 例It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按时来是很重要的。It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左边那个人是本地的一位著名作家，这是真的。这里，第一个that 引导主语从句，是单纯的连词，无词义，不作句子成分。第二个that 是指示代词，作句子成分，是man 的定语。3whether 既可以引导主语从句也可以引导宾语从句，但if不能引导主语从句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能与or not 连用。作介词宾语时不用if.如：Whether I knew John doesnt matter. = It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否认识约翰没有关系。Whether or not shell come isnt clear. = Whether shell come or not isnt clear. = It isnt clear whether . 她是否来还不清楚。It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 这是主语从句还是宾语从句？it 是形式主语吗？it 是代词，whether 引导的是宾语从句，作介词on 的宾语，不能用if引导。请翻译这句话。这完全取决于我们是否能得到他们的合作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 宾语从句，介词宾语，不能用if 引导。请翻译这句话。She asked me whether/if you were married. 宾语从句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引导。注意时态的对应。请翻译这句话。We havent decided whether/if we shall give them aid.Im not sure whether/if the report is believable.Now lets do some translation:现在还很难预测谁会赢得下一届总统选举。It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.对于多数公民来说，谁当选总统无关紧要。Who will become the president doesnt matter much to most citizens.这位前总统是否会被判处死刑还有待观察。形式主语中名词性从句作真正主语的情况与汉语习惯不同，英语习惯将较重要的信息放在句子后半段，为避免头重脚轻，就产生了一个逻辑主语it，同时也就产生了一种新的的语法现象形式主语。It +动词+从句seem,appear,happen,look,matter,make,strike,occurIt appeared that he had a happy childhood.看来他有一段幸福的童年。It made us very happy that she was saved.她能化险为夷令我们大家很高兴。It is +形容词+从句true,strange,necessary,important,certain,wonderful,possible,likely,probableIt is certain that free medical care will be given to mostpeople in our city. 我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗，这是一定的。It is obvious that he has been treated.很明显他已经被款待了。It is +名词+从句fact,surprise,pity,honor,common knowledgeIt is common knowledge that the moon cannot give out light. 月亮不会发光，这是常识。It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question. 你对这个问题作了这样的回答，令人吃惊。It+be+分词+从句said,reported,believed,known,decided,thought,expected,announcedIt is said that Jack has been to Europe.据说Jack去过欧洲。It was reported that a new park will be built.据报道将要建造一个新的公园。需要注意的是，作为形式主语的it并无实际意义，只是为了满足语法上的需要，避免句子头重脚轻，它代替的是句子的逻辑主语，而真正主语由从句或不定式充当。形式主语一直都是高频考点，同学们需要多多练习。从句：定语从句的简化规律（一）改用“不定式”或“不定式短语”如果定语从句的时态与主句的时态具有同时性（包括谓语有情态动词）或之后性，则可以用“关系代词或关系副词不定式”来简化，或直接用“不定式”来修饰先行词。要注意的是，此时的不定式一定要是及物动词，如果是不及物，则需要在动词后面加上相应的介词，使之成为及物动词短语。这个结尾的介词可以提前到关系代词前面，也可以继续留在句尾。前者是正式说法，后者是非正式说法。We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which they could play in.我们搬到了乡下，好让孩子们有个花园在里面玩。改为：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden in which to play.或者：We moved to the country so that the children would have a garden to play in.（二）改用“介词短语”介词短语替代定语从句有两种方式：（1）省略“关系副词主语be动词”，或“关系代词be动词”；（2）根据从句的意思改编。We have never forgotten the days (when we were) at college.我们从来没有忘记在大学对书的日子。I dont know the person (who is) in your office.在你办公司的那个人我不认识。He is not a person who likes to haggle over every ounce.改为：He is a person above personal interests. 他不是一个斤斤计较的人。（三）改用“现在分词短语”和“过去分词短语”“现在分词短语”作后置定语此项要明白三点：（1）“现在分词短语”与前面的名词一定是主谓关系；（2）它隐含的时态为与谓语动词同一阶段的时态。例如：谓语是一般现在时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的是现在时、现在正在继续时；如果谓语动词为一般过去时或将来时，现在分词所隐含的时态为过去时、过去正在进行时；（3）being-ed表示“正在进行时的被动语态”。如果信息的中心在什么时候可以用现在分词呢？当被修饰的名词为“不定代词”、“泛指意义的名词”或“专有名词”，可用现在分句短语作后置定语由于主语是泛指，句子的意思往往表达的是一条“道理”或一件“事实”，所以它们的隐含时为“一般现在时”，此时就可以用分词短语作后置定语。为了看清分词所隐含的时态，配上定语。为了大家看得明白，配上定语从句，把分词所替代的时间展示出来Anyone touching that wire will get an electric stock. 任何人碰到那根电线就会触电。 Anyone who touches that wire will get an electric stock.The only real and lasting solution is to convince people that driving is a skilled taskrequiring （which requires） constant care and concentration.唯一一个有效、持久的方法是说法人们相信，开车是一种技术活，需要不断的小心，思想不能开小差。Charles and Sydney, looking （who look）so much like each other, are often considered to be twins.查尔斯和悉尼两个人的相貌非常相似，经常被人误解为双胞胎。注：虽然被修饰的词是泛指意义的词，但是如果从句里的时态不是同步，则不可以用“现在分词”去作后置定语，只能用“定语从句”。Do you know anybody who has lost a dog? 你知道有谁丢了一只猫？定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。限制性定语从句限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,whose,which,that等。who,whom,whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。如：The computers and cables which make up the Internet are owned by people and organizations.Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.1)当先行词是all,anything,everything,something,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,last,any,few,much,some,no,only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。如：That is all that I've heard from him.He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.2)关系代词的省略在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。如：This is one of those things with which we have to put up.This is one of those things (which hat) we have to put up with.3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。如：Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed through the drawings.No one knows the reason why(=for which) he was so angry that day.*非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。如：Every object has a gravitational pull,which is rather like magnetism. *“介词+whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句“介词+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。如：This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.*as引导的定语从句as引导的定语从句主要用于“such.as”及“the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。如：These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语）关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
