-从刻板印象理论看电影《撞车》中的种族形象-定稿.docx

ContentsChinese Abstract2English Abstract31. Introduction41.1 Research Background41.2 A Brief Introduction to Paul Haggis and the Movie Crash51.3 Outline62. Literature Review62.1. Studies Abroad62.2. Studies at Home73. Stereotype Theory93.1 The Definition and Classification of Stereotype93.2 Stereotype Models103.2.1 The Content Model of Stereotype103.2.2 The Cognitive Model of Stereotype103.2.3 The Representation Model of Stereotype114. Analysis of Stereotypes in the Movie124.1 The Stereotypes Between Blacks and Whites124.2 The Stereotypes of the Colored by Whites144.3 The Stereotypes among the Colored145. Causes of Stereotypes in the Film155.1 Inner Fear155.2 Language165.3 Ethnocentrism176. Intent Passed by Stereotypes in the Film176.1 Torn Society Caused by Culture Conflict176.2 Desire for Healing Social Pain187. Conclusion20References21从刻板印象理论看电影撞车中的种族形象摘 要撞车是一部关于文化冲突的影片，曾获得第78届奥斯卡最佳影片奖，是研究美国种族问题的绝佳素材。影片以独特的“冲突”视角审视了美国社会的种族问题，将不同种族之间形成的刻板印象作为种族冲突问题产生的关键因素。因此，利用刻板印象理论分析影片成为解构电影中反映的种族冲突问题的重要途径。文章通过分析白种人与黑种人之间、白种人对有色人种、有色人种之间等的存在的根深蒂固的刻板印象，揭示出不同种族之间形成刻板印象的原因是由于人们内心对异族人或他们的行为产生的恐惧，不同的语言交流存在障碍和种族中心主义造成的各民族之间的互相蔑视，并在此基础上分析出影片的创作目的在于向观众展示因文化冲突带来的社会撕裂，以及对治疗这种社会病的渴望。关键词：种族形象；刻板印象理论；文化冲突Stereotypes in Crash from the Perspective of Stereotype TheoryAbstractCrash, winning the 78th Academy Award for Best Picture, is a film about cultural conflict and it is an excellent material for studying American race. The film examines racial issues in American society from a unique “conflict” perspective, using stereotypes between different races as a key factor in racial conflict. Therefore, using stereotype theory to analyze the film has become an important way to deconstruct the problem of racial conflict in the film.By analyzing the inveterate stereotypes between whites and blacks, the colored by whites, and among the colored, this paper reveals that the reasons for the stereotypes between different races are the internal fear of aliens or their behavior, different language communication barriers and the mutual contempt among different ethnic groups caused by ethnocentrism, then it displays the purpose of the film is to show the audience the social tear caused by cultural conflicts and the desire for healing social pain. Key words: Stereotypes; Stereotype Theory; Cultural conflicts1. Introduction1.1 Research Background Movies have always been loved by people as a form of entertainment. It not only gives people visual and psychological relaxation, the content of the film is also closer to peoples lives, reflecting a certain social phenomenon or culture that has drawn peoples general attention and thinking. The film conveys culture and values to people in a more intuitive, accurate and shocking way, and changes with the development of times and history. Therefore, one scholar points out that “movies are visual evidence left by history” (叶英, 2009: 105). Moreover, the best and fastest way for a person to learn about foreign culture is to watch and research movies about the country. Hollywood films have played a significant role in describing American culture and have had an extraordinary impact in the world.America is an immigrant country, and a gathering place of different nationalities and cultures. The 2018 census data show that the total US population is about 327 million. American officials categorize races based on skin color, ancestry, and place of origin: White Europeans account for 62.1% of the total population; Hispanics account for 17.4%; African Americans account for 13.2%; Asians account for 5.4%; and mixed races account for 2.5%. It can be seen that whites are regarded as the main race in the United States, and that other ethnic groups, including Hispanic whites, are called minorities. Because people of all skin colors play different important roles in the nation-building and historical development of the United States, they have different expectations for society and others. Especially with the passage and precipitation of time, the racial discrimination has not been completely eradicated, until today, it still affects the lives of American citizens. A report issued by the U.S. State Department on September 21, 2000 acknowledged that although the law on the elimination of racial discrimination has been enacted for decades, racial discrimination still plagues American society. “While most white people dont think there is too much racial discrimination in the United States today, most minorities feel the opposite in real life”, the report claimed (Net. 1).Racial discrimination in the United States has a long history. It has existed since the United States declared its independence in 1776. After centuries of efforts, undoubtedly, great results have been achieved today. It can be seen from the huge repercussions of Obama's election in the United States, the black and the colored worlds. But the United States still has a long way to go to thoroughly eliminate racial discrimination. As Martin Luther King said, eliminating racial discrimination is still a dream.Social phenomena and ethnic conflicts caused by racial issues have always been the favorite themes in film realm. The story of the Hollywood movie Crash happened in Los Angeles, a big city multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, telling about the various contradictions and reconciliations between people of different backgrounds. The film examines racial issues in American society from a unique “conflict” perspective, using stereotypes between different races as a key factor in racial conflict.This article is conducive to further digging into the deeper meaning of the movie Crash, revealing the superb technique shown in the film about racial issues, and displaying the values held by Americans in the most intuitive way, in order to further clarify the conflict values of contemporary American society; it is helpful to further understand the many social problems and dilemmas American society are facing; it contributes to a deep understanding of the divided state of American society, and forming an objective impression of the real United States.