高二英语高二英语暑假Unit 4 Part 2阅读理解体裁——议论文（教师版）.pdf
Unit 4 Part 2 Reading Comprehension1 1 Part Two Reading Comprehension 阅读理解体裁议论文 目标层级图 掌握阅读理解议论文体裁相关内容 LV.6 综合 LV.5掌握阅读理解议论文特征和论点论据LV.6掌握阅读理解相关词汇和词性变换高二英语暑假2 Unit 4 Part 2 Reading Comprehension3 3 课中讲解 议论文 一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。抓住了论点，就把握了中心，再结合诸多事例和理由之间的内在联系以及它们和观点、结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论点。【典型例题讲解 1】Retirement AgeRetirement Age P1 Retirement is the point where a person stops employment completely.The“standard”retirement age varies from country to country,but it is generally between 50 and 70,according to the latest statistics,2011.However,for a long time,people have got into an argument about whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.P2 There are several arguments for allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able.Many people think that older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire.Besides,older employees are often extremely faithful employees to and are more willing to implement company policies than the young.A more important point is regarding the attitudes in society to old people.To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over.P3 Allowing old people to work indefinitely（无限地）,however,is not always a good policy.Some people took the strong view that age alone is no guarantee of ability.Many young employees have more experience or skills than older staff,who may have been stuck in one area for most of their working lives.Having compulsory retirement allows new ideas in an organization.On the other hand,older people should be rewarded by society for their lifes labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure.They can have time to do whatever they like,that is,they can have their own plans or roles and achieve their retirement goals.P4 With many young people unemployed or frustrated in low-level positions,there are often calls to compulsorily retire older workers.However,this can affect the older individuals freedomand rightto work.In my opinion,giving workers more choices over their retirement age will benefit society and the individual.1.对文章进行结构框架/段落分析（1）写出每个段落的主旨。P1 针对退休年龄进行背景描述，引出中心论点，即退休年龄应该增加还是减少 P2 提出第一个观点，议论了应该让老人继续工作，列举了三个论据来支撑观点 P3 提出了第二个观点，议论了不应该让老人无限工作，列举了两个论据来支撑观点 P4 高二英语暑假4提出作者的观点，针对退休年龄应该给更多选择 （2）选出本文的文章结构并写出对应的论点和论据。（实际上课过程中可以选择让学生说一说，不一定要写出来）Tips:结构题，通常文章中的要点分为 CP（central point）、P（point）、SP（sub-point）、C（conclusion）。解题时需要关注每个段落主旨大意，进行段落功能划分，同时还要关注一段当中是否存在次要点。（次要点常借助逻辑连词来划定）。A.B.C.D.答案 A.中心论点：Whether the age of retirement should be increased or reduced in their own countries.论点：_ 论据：_ _ 答案 P1：allowing older people to continue working as long as they are able SP1：older employees have a large amount of knowledge and experience which can be lost to a business or organization if they are made to retire SP2：older employees are often extremely faithful employees to and are more willing to implement company policies than the young SP3：To force someone to resign or retire at 60 or 65 indicates that the society does not value the input of these people and that effectively their useful life is over P2：Allowing old people to work indefinitely is not always a good policy SP1：age alone is no guarantee of ability SP2：older people should be rewarded by society for their lifes labor by being given generous pensions and the freedom to enjoy leisure （3）细节理解。Q:Q:According to the passage,older people should go on with work because _.A.they will help the business not to fail quickly B.they have grasped much practical experience C.they need to have a sense of achievement D.they want to learn more knowledge Unit 4 Part 2 Reading Comprehension5 5 Q:Q:The third paragraph is mainly to tell us that _.A.older people cant do their work well B.young people usually have new ideas C.it is better for older people to retire on time D.older people would like to do something else 【典型例题讲解 2】Early or Later Day CareEarly or Later Day Care P1 Many young parents are confused about whether their children should have early day care,and there have always been different views on this subject.P2 The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby believes that separation from parents during the sensitive“attachment”period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and lead to psychological problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlbys work that children should not be subjected to day care before three because of the parental separation it causes,and many people do believe this.P3 According to Bowlby,a great deal of psychological harm can occur when young children are separated from their parents.If they are left without touch for a while,they will have a higher stress level.Parents influence on their childrens well-being may never be greater than during the earliest years of life,when a childs brain is developing rapidly and when nearly all of her or his experiences are shaped by parents and the family environment.P4 However,there are critics.Some anthropologists（人类学家）point out that the love affair between children and parents found in modern societies does not usually exist in traditional societies.There has been a long history of the fact that father and mother did not bring up their children alone.Plato,around 394 B.C.,argued that a system of early childcare would free women to participate in society.Results from Israeli and Dutch studies show that child-raising duties are more evenly distributed among a broader group of people.P5 Besides,studies have reported that early day care has a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development.They learn the benefits of being socially smart,understanding the concept of sharing and caring.They promote concentration skills,which is very important in their learning.There are games where children are taught basic language and mathematical skills through stories and everyday examples.P6 Common sense tells us that early day care would not be so widespread if children had problems with it.But Bowlbys analysis raises the possibility that it has delayed effects.The possibility that such care might lead to more mental illness 15 or 20 years later can only be explored by the use of statistics.Whatever the long-term effects,parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with.Children under three dislike leaving their parents and show unhappiness.At the age of three almost all children find it easy to go to the nursery.The matter,then,is far from being clearly known,though experience and available evidence indicate that early day care is reasonable for young children.1.对文章进行结构框架/段落分析（1）写出每个段落的主旨。P1 引出中心论点，即孩子是否应该接受日托的问题 P2 阐述了 John Bowlby 的观点，日托会给孩子带来伤害的观点：会对其现在和将来的身心发展产生很大的负面影响，包括心理创伤、发育迟缓等。高二英语暑假6P3 进一步阐述不应该接受早教，日托会给孩子带来伤害的观点 P4 表明日托持支持态度，从传统养育方法的角度，说明把孩子交给日托并无不妥，而且可以有利于分摊育儿责任，让女性参与社交。P5 对日托持支持态度，阐述了日托对孩子成长也好处多多，如有利于培养孩子的社交能力，专注力等，P6 总结孩子是否需要日托还需要有待遇观察 （2）选出本文的文章结构并写出对应的论点和论据。A.B.C.D.答案 B 中心论点：Whether children should have early day care.论点：_ 论据：_ _ 论点 1：separation from parents during the sensitive“attachment”period from birth to three may scar a childs personality and lead to psychological problems in later life 论点 2：However,there are critics.论据 1：There has been a long history of the fact that father and mother did not bring up their children alone.论据 2：Besides,studies have reported that early day care has a neutral or slightly positive effect on childrens development.（3）细节理解。Q:Q:The passage mainly argues whether _.A.children over three will accept school education B.children under three should be sent to nursery schools C.the family relationship is different in traditional societies D.early day care should be widely spread in modern societies Unit 4 Part 2 Reading Comprehension7 7 Q:Q:Which of the following supports Bowlbys theory?A.Early day care wouldnt be so popular if it had negative effects.B.Separation from parents for young children is common in history.C.Parents find the immediate effects of early day care difficult to deal with.D.Studies show early day care has a positive effect on childrens development.Q:Q:The authors attitude towards early day care is that _.A.children under three should stay with their parents B.it has potential benefits for both children and parents C.the bad effect of it on children will disappear as they grow up D.it is controversial and the settlement calls for the use of statistics 【过关检测】Passage A Peer PressurePeer Pressure P1 People who are at your age,like your classmates,are called peers.When they influence you on your decision or action,its called peer pressure.All of us,at some point in our lives,have had to deal with peer pressure.The need to follow the crowd and do what majority of us are doing forces us to take up activities which we wouldnt otherwise.P2 Recent studies have shown that peer pressure might cause an upside to you.It can make you reflect on your actions and make changes to your ways to become a better one.Observing others working hard to reach their goals will definitely encourage you to make a great effort to achieve something positive.When a teen knows that his teammates are practicing hard to become better players then it will directly affect his own performance.He will put in twice the time and energy to raise the level of his game and ensure he has a place on the team.P3 Having a group that brings positive peer pressure can also help you pick up healthy habits that can shape both your personality and your future.The motivation to do well because of pressure from your peers can actually become inspiration.For example,when a child knows that some of his friends regularly read storybooks,he may get into the habit of reading.Seeing that his friends exercise daily,even he may take up the habit and adopt it in life.P4 Just as some influences can be positive,some can be negative too.Peer pressure sometimes can make a dip in your self-confidence.Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked,or because they worry that others might make fun of them if they dont go along with the group.Others go along because they are curious to try something new.The idea that“everyones doing it”can influence them to leave their better judgment behind.Besides,peer pressure can distance you from your family and friends.It is common for teenagers to think that nobody understands them and that the whole world is against them.The influence of peer pressure is such that it draws them completely away from their family and friends who mean well.They just shut themselves off and fall into bad company.P5 Its likely that youve experienced the effect of peer pressure in different areas,ranging from the clothes you wear to the music you listen to.Sometimes it can be hard to resist and you may feel forced to do something youre uncomfortable with.So being aware of and carefully choosing the influence of peers that will lead to healthy and happy experiences is a lifelong process.对文章进行结构框架/段落分析（1）写出每个段落的主旨。P1 明确讨论的问题：同龄人压力 高二英语暑假8P2 同龄人压力的益处 P3 同龄人压力的益处 P4 同龄人压力的负面影响 P5 需要了解并正确处理同龄人对自己的影响才能过上健康快乐的生活。(2)选出本文的文章结构并写出对应的论点和论据。A.B.C.D.答案：D 中心论点：How to deal with peer pressure.论点：_ 论据：_ _ 论点 1：peer pressure might cause an upside to you 论据 1：It can make you reflect on your actions and make changes to your ways to become a better one.论据 2：Having a group that brings positive peer pressure can also help you pick up healthy habits that can shape both your personality and your future.论点 3：Just as some influences can be positive,some can be negative too.论据 1：Peer pressure sometimes can make a dip in your self-confidence.论据 2：Besides,peer pressure can distance you from your family and friends.（3）细节理解。Q:Q:According to the author,peer pressure can get teenagers to _.A.become less self-confident B.provide a model for teammates C.identify characteristics of different habits D.improve relationship with family members Q:Q:What does the author think of peer pressure?Unit 4 Part 2 Reading Comprehension9 9 A.It makes no difference to teens judgment.B.It influences teens to fit into various lifestyles.C.It helps teens to relieve the uncomfortable feeling.D.It seems like a common phenomenon among teens.Passage B Is Technology Moving too fast?Is Technology Moving too fast?P1 Differing fundamentally from the prior technologies such as telephone,television and automobile,which are better known as lock-in,the new technologies computers,biotechnology and nanotech（纳米技术）are self-accelerating.This means that the products of their own processes enable them to develop even more rapidly.Since they drive almost whole sectors of society,creating unstable,unpredictable and unreliable conditions,there is a growing public concern that perhaps what civilization needs is a NOT-SO-FAST button.P2 Supporters of technological determinism make a strong case for letting self-accelerating technologies follow their own life cycle.Rapid development in computer technology,they point out,has separated robotics and the Internet to the great benefit of industry and human communications.Besides,it isnt so easy for a free society to put the brakes on technology.Even if one country decided to abandon the next technology revolution,another country would gladly take it up.P3 However,there are comforting situations in which technology may brake itself.In the aging population of the developed world,many people are already tried of trying to keep up with the latest cool new tech.Youth-driven tech acceleration could be interpreted as simple youthful stupidityshort-sighted and short-lived.The market for change could dry up,and lock-in might again become the norm.Stress and great tiredness make powerful decelerators.P4 Change that is too rapid can be deeply divisive.If only elite（精英）can keep up,the rest of us will grow increasingly puzzled about how the world works.We can understand natural biology,complex as it is,because it holds still.But how will we ever be able to understand quantum computing（量子计算）or nanotechnology if its complexity accelerating away from us?P5 Constant technological revolution makes planning difficult,and a society that stops planning for the future is likely to become a fragile society.It could experience violent economic unrest.It could slip into wars fought with cruel new weapons.Its widespread new technologies could fail in massive or horrible ways.All these constant,worrying small failures could weaken the whole social progress.P6 With so many powerful forces in play,technology could hyper-accelerate to the stars with astonishing rapidity,or it could stop completely.My expectation is that it will do both,with various technologies proceeding at various rates.The new technologies may be self-accelerating,but they are not self-determining.They are the result of ever renegotiated agreement with society.Because
