英语第二部分 题型突破 17 书面表达 第3讲 议论文的写作.ppt

题型专题突破第二部分第二部分专题十七书面表达专题十七书面表达第第3讲议论文的写作讲议论文的写作1议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。2议论文往往结合社会热点话题。议论文的写作观点鲜明，层次分明，即一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。最后一段总结，得出结论。多使用一般现在时，语言应简洁有力，一般不采用口语。名师点拨3议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分：(1)引言(introduction)。由于作文受时间、词数的限制。因此，审清题意之后在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么、支持什么、反对什么。(2)主体段(main body)。主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据(adequate proofs)来论证自己的观点。一般可提出一个或两个论据，并对此用一、两句话分别进行阐述。(3)结论(conclusion)。结论段可以用一、两句话来结束文章。同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话。4议论文常见高考话题可以分为下面3种：(1)看图(表)作文通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法。(2)“一分为二”的观点从两方面去分析一个问题，然后阐述自己的观点。(3)“两者选”的观点分析两种事物的优劣势，阐述自己的观点。(2015福建卷)请阅读下面图画，按要求用英语写一篇词数为120左右的短文。内容要求：1.描述画面；2概述其含义；3谈谈个人感想。注意：1.短文开头已给出，不计入总词数；2可适当发挥，使文章内容充实、行文连贯；3文中不能出现考生的具体信息。典题在线In the picture，_【写作指导】项目内容“三定”体裁：议论文时态：一般现在时人称：第一人称确定结构描述画面解释图画含义谈感想确定要点画面含义：勤奋学习，家庭贫困的男孩凿壁偷光的故事。个人的感想。【参考范文】In the picture，we can see a boy in worn clothes，sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of bamboo books on it.The dim light came in through a small hole in the wall and he was absorbed in his reading.This is a wellknown story from an ancient Chinese idiom.The boy,being poor,couldnt afford even a candle，so he bored a hole in the wall to“steal”light from his neighbors house to read at night.The moral of the story is:spare no effort to acquire knowledge and never get discouraged easily no matter how difficult the situation may be.Of course,things are totally different today.It is not the story itself but what is reflected in the story that counts.Hard work pays off.We should take pains to improve ourselves through learning and get prepared for the future.(2014福建卷)如何理解“成功”，不同的人有不同的看法。请认真阅读下面的引语(quotation)，按要求用英语写一篇短文。“Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.”Sir Winston Churchill内容要求：1.你对该引语的理解；2你的相关经历；3恰当的结尾。注意：1.短文开头已给出，不计入总词数；2文中不能出现考生的具体信息；3词数：120左右。This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that _【写作指导】项目内容“三定”体裁：议论文时态：一般现在时和一般过去时(讲述个人经历)人称：第一人称确定结构三段论：阐释名言事例论证得出结论确定要点名言含义：面对失败，我们不应该泄气，而是应该鼓足勇气，充满热情地继续坚持下去个人经历：学习骑自行车的例子名言启迪：如果我们不尝试，我们就不可能成功，最重要的是学会坚持【参考范文】This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldnt get discouraged right after failures.Rather，we should keep trying with enthusiasm.Success consists in the ability to continue making efforts through failures.At the age of twelve,I got a nice bike as a birthday gift.So excited was I that I couldnt wait to try my hand at riding it.However,it was harder than expected.The bike seemed too heavy and difficult to control.Worse still,I took many falls off the bike.I was about to give up when my father came and encouraged me to keep going.With more practice,I did better and better.Looking back,I feel I wouldnt be able to ride a bike had I lost heart.From my experience of learning to ride a bike，I came to realize that success belongs to those who do not give up despite mistakes or failures.一、高考评分原则在历年的高考评卷过程中，阅卷老师是如何评判一份试卷的，阅卷人最注重的是什么，是每个考生迫切想知道的。笔者结合多年的高考阅卷经验，告诉大家阅卷老师赋分时最注重的因素，以帮助考生有效地抓住提分点，得到高分。归纳总结高考书面表达的评分细则要求考生在写作时“应用较多的语法结构和词汇”“有效地使用语句间的连接成分”。所以，阅卷老师在评阅中都会遵循“语言第一(语言高级)，内容第二(要点齐全)，结构第三(段落分明)”的原则，也就是说，阅卷老师最注重的是语言表达。因此，考生在书面表达中得高分的关键是抓住4个亮点：一是高级词汇和短语；二是多样化的句式；三是亮丽的修辞手法；四是恰当的过渡语。二、作文失分原因每位考生应该学会仔细探究和分析考场上得低分的原因。笔者从平时考生的作文中不难发现，该部分试题常见的失分原因有以下几个方面：1层次不清，结构松散一篇文章要写得精彩，仔细审题、巧妙布局是至关重要的。在做书面表达试题时，有些考生对主题思想把握不准，没有弄清楚要点，偏离主题；有些考生不注意使用关联词，使文章读起来很生硬，结果影响了得分档次。因此考生在写作前应认真审题，明确中心和写作要点，围绕主题句展开，恰当使用连接性词语，使文章前后连贯、结构紧凑。2要点遗漏，词不达意阅卷老师在评分时，往往首先要做的就是判断文章的要点是否表述全面。事实上，有的考生洋洋洒洒下笔千言，书写特别漂亮，可是因为要点不全，词语使用不当，也拿不到高分。3不遵习俗，中式表达写作时不少考生不遵从英语语言表达习惯，常用汉语思维模式来取代英语思维模式，会写出一些闹笑话的中国式英语(Chinglish)。这种汉语式表达显然不符合英语表达习惯，是广大考生应坚决摒弃的。4语法错误，时常混用书面表达中常见的语法错误有：人称代词混用、时态错用、单复数错用、句型混用、非谓语动词形式错用、词性混淆等。这些语法错误的出现影响了阅卷老师对写作内容的理解，进而影响了书面表达得分。5开篇瑕疵，不堪入目好的开头会给阅卷老师留下良好的印象。因此，考生应该努力施展才华写好开头。作文的开头表达方式欠巧妙，或出现语法、拼写错误势必会影响作文的得分档次。6结尾乏力，如食鸡肋文章的好坏，不仅仅应关注开篇，结尾也同样重要，它能使阅卷老师最大限度地忽略文中不足之处。因此，考生在千方百计写好开头的同时，也要收尾有力，前后呼应，切不可虎头蛇尾。7亮点不亮，闪光不闪写作时，尽可能多地运用高级词汇、复杂句式以增加亮点。重复使用普通的词汇，千篇一律地使用简单句、陈述句等，这样的文章根本无亮点可言，读起来单调乏味。8书写潦草，乱涂乱改爱美之心，人皆有之。一篇文章映入眼帘，给人的第一印象就是书写和布局。很多考生语言功底不错，行文内容写得好，但是因为书写潦草、乱涂乱改而降低了得分档次。三、高分作文秘诀在平时的备考练习中，考生若注意了以下六大原则，则写出高分甚至满分作文不是不可能。1长短句结合原则书面表达的句子并非越长越好，有时，一个短小精辟的句子也可以起到画龙点睛的作用，因此书面表达的写作讲究一张一弛，不宜一味强调写长句，应该“长枪短炮两相宜”，既要有复杂的句式结构，也要有简洁的句式结构。比如，在文章开头用一长一短，尤其是先长后短；文章的主体部分先用一个短句解释意思，再用几个长句阐述要点；文章的结尾则用一长一短。2主题句原则一篇文章必须要有一个主题，考生在写作时也要有主题句，这个主题句一般放在文章的开头或者结尾，让读者一目了然。3一二三原则所谓“一二三原则”，就是在叙述中要有条理，一步一步地叙述。可以采用一些高级的连接或过渡结构，如：to begin/start with，next/then，furthermore/in addition,finally，first and foremost，besides，last but not least 等。4短语优先原则在写作中，考生要注意词语的魅力，坚持短语优先的原则。在写作时使用短语有两个好处：一是能增加句子的亮点；二是在汉语提示少、关键时刻思维短路时，短语可以补救。此外，在写作时，考生应该学会恰当地运用介词、副词、形容词短语等，为写作增加亮点。5多变句式原则在写作时，考生一定要注意使用多种句式，避免采用单一的句子结构，特别要注意不要让 there be，and 等泛滥。6挑战极限原则既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但不是高不可攀的。在考生的习作中，最常见的是使用一些动词不定式，而很少看见使用现在分词完成式、不定式的完成式这些结构，至于非谓语动词的“最高境界”独立主格结构，那就更少见。其实，在书面表达的写作中，考生若能适时正确使用这样的结构，必然能得高分！一、语法错误1介词使用错误非常感谢你来机场接我。(误)It was awfully good for you to come and meet me at the airport.(正)It was awfully good of you to come and meet me at the airport.【点拨】在Itbeadj.forsb.to do sth.句型中，介词 for 前面的形容词通常是对不定式所指的事给予评论。如：It isnt right for you to gossip about your boss.(你说你老板的闲话是不对的)。但在 Itbeadj.ofsb.to do sth.句型中，介词 of 前面的形容词通常是表示某人的特质或性格等主观的东西。错例分析2形容词前、后置错误出席的代表都同意他的提议。(误)The present representatives agreed to his motion.(正)The representatives present agreed to his motion.【点拨】在英语中有些形容词可置于名词中心词的前或后，其意义不变，但有的就不同。present 置于名词前时，意为“目前的”“现在的”。如：You cant use it in its present condition.只有当它置于名词后时，才解释为“出席的”“在座的”。3时态使用错误收到你的信我很高兴。(误)I am very glad to receive your letter.(正)I was very glad to receive your letter.【点拨】虽然有些情况发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去某时发生的，应当用过去时态。汉语动词无时态变化，但英语中动词的时态变化却很重要。4动词非谓语形式使用错误天气很热，我们决定去游泳。(误)Being a hot day,we decided to go for a swim.(正)It being a hot day,we decided to go for a swim.【点拨】作状语的分词短语逻辑上的主语要与主句的主语一致，当它们不一致时，分词短语应有自己独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构，多用来表示时间、原因、条件或伴随情况。如：Later that autumn,his work finished,he prepared to return to his institute.5词性使用错误多数学生反对这项提议。(误)Most students against the proposal.(正)Most students were against the proposal.【点拨】汉语中“反对”可作动词用，而against在英语中只是个介词，不能单独作谓语，需要和动词结合使用。二、句子之间的逻辑关系不清 修改前：It hit the old man down but the driver,a woman,didnt stop her car.Finding she had caused an accident,the woman sped her car to flee away.The old man and I saw the cars number.Its BC8888.The old man couldnt move,I decided to help him.修改后：It hit the old man down but the driver，who was a woman,didnt stop her car.Finding she had caused an accident,the woman sped her car to flee away.Fortunately,I saw the cars number.Its BC8888.Noticing the old man couldnt move,I decided to help him.【点拨】在写作前，句子之间的先后顺序和逻辑关系一定要提前考虑好，不要在正式的书写后又改又补，这样就严重影响了书写的质量。三、画蛇添足、语言不简洁 修改前：Nowadays,some people are still cutting down trees without permission.The air pollution is becoming more and more serious which is caused by buses and cars.Whats more,so many rivers are polluted by dirty water which is from factories.In addition，sandstorms struck us now and then,from which we suffered a lot.修改后：Nowadays,some people are still cutting down trees without permission.As a result，people have to suffer sandstorms now and then.Whats more,as buses and cars give off a lot of poisonous gases,the air is getting dirtier and dirtier.Moreover,there are many rivers polluted by dirty water from factories.The situation is becoming more and more serious.【点拨】尽量使用一些简单明了的句子，不要啰嗦和拖沓冗长。否则，会引起阅卷人的反感，降低试卷分数。四、语言平乏，词汇档次欠高，不会使用一些复杂句式 他就是我昨天见的那个人。修改前：He is a man,I saw him yesterday.修改后：He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.【点拨】不少考生大脑记忆库词汇量储存不够，难以灵活运用语言，导致语言平乏，同一种表达重复较多；同时对一些复杂句式不能真正掌握和灵活运用。过于简单的句子使文章缺少逻辑性、可读性，不能使阅卷人产生兴趣。这就要求学生平常要注重词汇量和一些短语、表达的积累，尽量使用一些高级词汇；同时在一篇文章中要运用几个复合句来彰显文章的亮点。五、文章缺乏连贯性修改前：Suddenly,a car ran quickly from the third street and turned to the west.The car didnt stop and hit the old man.The driver didnt stop and have a look.The car ran away quickly.The car was yellow and the driver was a woman.修改后：Suddenly,a car turned west from the 3rd Street to the Park Road.It hit the old man,but it didnt stop and ran away quickly.I noticed the car was yellow and the driver was a woman.【点拨】有些考生在词汇的运用和内容的表达上都基本达到要求，但由于句与句、段与段之间没有添加恰当的连接成分，使句子之间和段落之间缺乏必要的过渡和衔接，影响了表达的效果。1使用高级词汇写作时，如能贴切自然地运用高级词汇与高级句式，便会为作文增添色彩。使用高级词汇有三大技巧：状元策略(1)标新立异写作时要恰当得体地使用一些蕴含感情色彩，别人有可能想不到的词汇，恰当地求新求异。I received your email last week,but I am busy preparing for my final exam,which is important for me,so I didnt reply to you without delay.I received your email last week,but I am busy preparing for my final exam,which is vital for me,so I didnt reply to you without delay.(2)短语优先多使用词组、习语来代替一些单词，以增加文采。Developing a good habit is also of great importance.养成良好的习惯也相当重要。On behalf of our school，I would like to express our warm welcome to you.我代表我们学校，想表达一下对你们的热烈欢迎。(3)避免重复尽量避免过多地使用某一个单词，必要时选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替。I like reading while my brother likes watching football matches.I like reading while my brother enjoys watching football matches.2活用高级结构(1)使用非谓语动词I value this book because it shows me how to keep the balance of friendship in a positive way.我很珍惜这本书，因为它向我展示了如何用积极的方式保持友谊的平衡。(2)使用被动语态I remember we planned to visit Yunnan in July but now because my left foot was injured,I cannot go with you as planned.我记得我们计划7月份去云南旅行，但是现在由于我的左脚受伤了，我无法按计划与你一同前往。(3)使用强调句As a saying goes,the little thing matters most.As a saying goes,it is the little thing that matters most.俗话说，细节决定成败。(4)使用倒装结构In short，not only has the inclusion poisoned Chinese，it may also bring about distance between the Chinese people.简言之，这种收录不仅污染了汉语，而且也可能引发中国人之间的隔阂。(5)使用感叹句It is a very splendid moment.How splendid a moment it is!(6)使用 with 复合结构With English words getting popular in both media and daily life,a Chinese dictionary has included 239 of them，leaving the public divided into two opposing groups：“For”and“Against”随着英语词汇在媒体以及日常生活中的普及，一本汉语词典里收录了239个英文单词，这一现象使公众分成了对立的两派：支持派和反对派。(7)使用虚拟语气Besides,I wish there would not be too many students in a class.此外，我希望班内学生别太多。(8)使用形式主语或形式宾语As the number of English learners is on the rise，its not difficult for them to understand these words in Chinese contexts.因为英语学习者的数量在不断增加，对他们来说在中文语境中理解这些词并不困难。(9)使用名词性从句I strongly recommend you to read it and share what you gain with me in your reply.我强烈推荐你读一读，并把你的收获在你的来信中与我分享一下。That is why I recommend another category of books，literary books.这就是我推荐另一类书文学书籍的原因。(10)使用定语从句The best gift Ive ever received is a book from my English teacher，which she brought to me when she returned from her holiday.我收到的最好的礼物就是我的英语老师度假归来带给我的一本书。(11)使用状语从句The important thing is to learn to control your temper so that you may not do or say anything youll regret.为了不说和不做你将来会后悔的事情，重要的一点就是学会控制你的脾气。3巧用衔接过渡词衔接与过渡性词语的使用是语言连贯性得以实现的最常用手段。在句与句之间，段与段之间恰当地使用一些承上启下的过渡性词语是非常必要的。高考作文中常用到的过渡性词语归纳如下：(1)表示罗列递进first,second,third;first,then/next,after that,finally;for one thing，for another；on(the)one hand，on the other hand；besides/whats more/in addition/furthermore/moreover；especially/in particular 等。Firstly，I collected all the books，newspapers and other things scattered in the rooms and put them in place.Then I wiped the dust off all the furniture.After that,I swept and mopped the floors.首先，我把所有的书籍、报纸和其他的散落在屋子里的东西收集起来放好，接着我扫去所有家具上的灰尘，然后我扫地、拖地。(2)表示时间的过渡词now,at present,recently,after,afterward,after that,after a while,in a few days,at first,in the beginning,to begin with,later，next,finally,immediately,soon,suddenly,all of a sudden,at that moment,as soon as,the moment,from now on,from then on,at the same time,meanwhile,till,notuntil,when,while,as,during等。Soon afterward,a second entrance was opened for us to the parking place.从那之后不久，(学校)又为我们在停车的地方开了一个入口。(3)表示转折关系but,however,while,or,otherwise,on the contrary,on the other hand,instead等。Some people support it while others do not.有人支持，然而其他的人反对。(4)表示并列关系or,and,not onlybut(also)，as well as,bothand，eitheror，neithernor等。Our teachers are kind to us and treat us as their friends.我们的老师对我们很好并把我们当朋友对待。(5)表示因果关系because，therefore，because of，since，now that，as，thanks to,owing to,due to,therefore,as a result(of),sothat,such that 等。Besides listening to teachers carefully in class，we often study deep into the night.Therefore，I believe I can succeed.除了课上认真听老师讲课之外，我们经常学习到深夜。因此，我相信我能成功。(6)表示条件关系as/so long as,on condition that,if,unless 等。As long as we stick to our dreams,we will become a winner sooner or later.只要我们坚持梦想，我们迟早会成为赢家。(7)表示举例for example,for instance,such as,takefor example 等。They are of different shapes,such as diamonds,butterflies,flowers and birds.它们形状各异，诸如像钻石、蝴蝶、花和鸟。(8)表示概括归纳in short,in brief,in conclusion,in a/one word,to sum up,all in all,on the whole,in general,generally speaking 等。In a word,being able to win their friendship in a very short time is what I am most proud of in my life.总之，能够在短时间内赢得他们的友谊是我一生最自豪的事。专题对点特训专题对点特训书面表达书面表达(一一)专题对点特训专题对点特训书面表达书面表达(二二)