2023新人教版高中英语选择性必修四unit1知识点归纳总结.docx

Unit 1 Science Fiction®目标导航重点词汇阅读单词1. ridiculous.愚蠢的；荒谬的；荒唐的2. absurd她.荒谬的;荒唐的3. ladder 72.梯子；阶梯4. whereas c、。喉然而；但是；尽管5. rumourn.谣言;传闻6. presume5.假定；假设7. faren.车费；船费；飞机票价8. alien加外星人（生物）；外国人。切陌生的；外星的；外国的9. blurred画.模糊不清的；难以区分的10. inaction n.无行动；不采取措施11. bonus n.意外收获；奖金；红利12. nail n.指甲；趾甲；钉子”（用钉子）钉牢；固定13. suspend近.悬；挂；暂停；暂缓14. gramme n.克（重量单位）15. venue .活动场地（如音乐厅、会场等）16. panel .控制板；仪表盘；专家咨询组17. inch az.英寸（长度单位，等于2.54厘米）18. handkerchiefn.手帕；纸巾19. lever 77.操纵杆；杠杆20. grip vL&H.紧握；抓紧21. hazyc.模糊的；朦胧的；困惑的22. （烟、气等的）一缕；少量；喘息23. jolt上 震动;摇晃；颠簸W.&让（使）震动；摇晃24. flip -&历（使）快速翻转；（用手指）轻抛25.stun遍使震惊,使昏迷26. overstatement n. 夸大； 夸张27. Isaac Asimov艾萨克阿西莫夫28. Braille （also braille）布拉耶目文（凸点符号）29. The Three-Body Problem 三体(4)be to blame常用主动表示被动。Who is to blame for starting the fire?谁应为放火受责备？即学即练4用所给动词的适当形式填空The chair is comfortable (sit) on.(2)The driver is (blame) for the accident happening just now.The old man found the computer was hard (operate).©We have four reading passages (complete) in the coming holiday.【答案】l.to sit2.to blame3.to operate4.to complete四、动词ing的被动形式动词-ing形式所表示的动作是一个被动动作时，要用动词-ing的被动形式。包括其一般形式和完成形式。（一）动词ing被动形式的构成形式用法一般式being done被动的动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生完成式having been done被动的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前The building being built will be our school library.正在建造的那座大楼将是我们学校的图书馆。Having been invited, Mr.Li went there to give a speech though he was busy. 李先生受邀去那儿做演讲，尽管很忙，但他还是去了。即学即练5用所给动词的适当形式填空(warn) about typhoon, the fishermen sailed for the nearest harbor.The question (discuss) now has something to do with nature.答案1 .Having been warned2.being discussed(二)动词ing被动形式的用法动词-ing的被动式在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、状语。She doesn't remember having ever been given a chance to go abroad.(作宾语) 她不记得曾被给过出国的机会。You'll find the topic being discussed every where.(作宾语补足语)你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。Being selected Chairman of the students1 union made him feel proud.(作主语) 被选为学生会主席，他很自豪。Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.(作状语)被告知多次了，他仍然犯同样的错误。What made his parents happy was his being admitted to a famous university.(作表语) 让他父母高兴的是他被一所名牌大学录取了。The museum being repaired will be reopened to visitors next year.(作定语)正在维修的博物馆明年将开始接待访客。名师点津在动词-ing被动式前加否定副词not便可构成其否定形式。Tony was veny unhappy for not having been invited to the party.(作宾语)托尼因未受邀请参加晚会甚为不满。Not being allowed to go out makes him very angry.(作主语)不被允许出去，他非常生气。名师点津being done, to be done 与 done 作定语的区别to be done作定语一般表示未来的动作；done表示被动完成的动作；being done表示被动的、正在进行的动 作。The problem to be discussed(=which will be discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。The problem discussed ( = which was discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上讨论过的问题非常重要。The problem being discussed(=which is being discussed) at the meeting is very important.会上正在讨论的问题非常重要。即学即练6用所给动词的适当形式填空I still remember (take) to the Great Wall and what I saw there.(hit)by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.(3)1 heard this song (sing) in English then.答案1 .being taken2.Having been hit3.being sung五、几种特殊用法1 .在deserve, need, require, want等词之后，总是用动词-ing的主动形式表达被动意义，相当于“to be+ 过去分词”。The blackboard needs cleaning.=The blackboard needs to be cleaned,黑板需要擦干净。The broken window wants repairing.=The broken window wants to be repaired.那个破窗户需要修理。2 . be worth后也常跟动词-ing的主动形式表达被动意义。The book is worth reading again.=The book is worthy of being read again.=The book is worthy to be read again.这本书值得再读一遍。3 .动词-ing被动式的复合结构当动词-ing被动式的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动词-ing形式之前加上物主代词或名词所有格(整个复合结构不作主语时，可用人称代词宾格代替物主代词，名词普通格代替名词所有格)I am veiy pleased at you/your having been honored with a medal.我很高兴你获得了一枚奖牌。The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.决定已经做出，下一个问题就是如何制订一个好的计划了。即学即练7用所给动词的适当形式填空The road is covered with some fallen trees and they require (remove) immediately.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent one (launch) at the end of last year.If a thing is worthy of(do), it is worth (do) well.【答案】1 .removing/to be removed2.having been launched3.being done, doing30. Hugo Award 雨果奖重点单词1. fiction n.小说；虚构的事2. integrity 诚实正直；完整；完好3. dignity n.庄重；庄严；尊严4. salary n.薪水；薪金5. saleswoman 72.女售货员；女推销员6. dismiss ”.让（某人）离开；解散;解雇;消除7. weekly必.每周的周刊8. chairwoman n.女主席；女董事长；女委贝长9. flour小 面粉；（谷物磨成的）粉10. salesman 售货员；推销员11. superior脸.更好的；占优势的；（在级别或重要性上）更高的12. labour劳动（者）；体力劳动应.奋斗；努力工作13. leathern.皮革；p/皮衣；皮外套14. backwards 小.向后；倒着；往回15. niece .侄女；外甥女16. fetch（去）拿来;（去）请来17. lamp/1.灯；台灯18. pace n.速度；步伐；节奏5.确定速度；调整节奏19. random 4力.随机的；不可思议的20. maximum必.最大极限的机最大里；最大限度词汇拓展1. appointment n.预约；约会；委任一appoint”任命；委派；指定；约定2. guilty /内疚的；有罪的;有过失的一guilt内疚3. declare以表明；宣称；公布一declaration .宣称；声明4. calculate 可.计算；核算；预测calculator计算器-calculations.计算5. division n.分开；分隔；差异；除（法）-divide分开；分散;分配；分享6. urge n.强烈的欲望；冲动 以催促；力劝；大力推荐一urgent,紧急的；急迫的7. explode应&泣,爆炸;爆破一explosion 爆炸；（感情）爆发；激增8. mud n.泥；泥浆muddy 泥泞的重点词组1. test out检验；测试2. more like更像是；更接近3. on a.basis根据;以的方式（基准）4. pros and cons事物的利与弊；支持与反对5. superior to tL更好;更胜一筹6. takeover占上风；取而代之；接管；接手7. conflict with与冲突或抵触8. turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是9. fall away（逐渐）减少；消失10. have an urge to有强烈的欲望做某事重点句型1. As she turned around, there stood Gladys Claffern.她一转身，就看到格拉迪丝克拉芬站在那儿。2. She heard him declare that he did not want to leave her the next day, and that he felt more than just the desire to please her.她听到他说第二天不想离开她，他感觉他不仅仅只是想取悦她。3. It was at ten o'clock today that the first of all Time Machines began its career.今天十点钟，第一台时间机器开始投入使用。4. Looking around9 I saw my laboratory exactly as before.环顾四周，我看到我的实验室和从前一模一样。5. . It felt like I was being driven fast on a winding road.这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。视知识精讲知识点01 guilty的.内疚的;有罪的；有过失的先练基础单句语法填空(l)What greatly stunned me was that he was guilty a crime and was put in prison.(2)1 felt guilty my conflict with my dear friend and I must apologize to him.【答案】l.of 2.for/at/aboutbe guilty of 犯有罪be/feel guilty for/at/about对/为感到内疚/有愧guilt n.内疚；悔恨；犯罪；罪行再提能力完美写作一句多译,背诵她说：“可是我已经欺骗了我奶奶”，脸颊上流下了内疚的泪水。“But I have cheated my grandmother, “ said she, and tears of guilt flowed down her cheeks.(并歹U句)“But I have cheated my grandmother, , said she, tears of guilt flowing down her cheeks.(独立主格结构) 知识点2 urge强烈的欲望；冲动"催促；力劝；大力推荐【先练基础】单句语法填空(l)It is strongly urged that all the lamps (turn) out during the night.(2)After I have received my bonus, I have a strong urge (buy) many science fictions.(3)My boss urged me (calculate) the salaries of all the salesmen and saleswomen.=My boss urged that I (calculate) the salaries of all the salesmen and saleswomen.答案1 .(should) be turned2to buy3, to calculate, (should) calculate have/feel an urge to do sth.有强烈的欲望做某事 urge sb.to do sth.催促某人做某事urge that.(should) do sth.极力主张/强调做某事It is urged that.(should) do sth.极力主张/强调做某事 urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的【再提能力】完美写作一句多译背诵家长应该积极督促孩子利用这个机会参加户外活动。©Parents should actively urge their children to take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge sb.to do)Parents should actively urge that their children (should) take advantage of the opportunity to participate in outdoor activities.(urge that.)知识点3 on a.basis根据；以的方式基准【先练基础】单句语法填空(1 )They test out the machine a regular basis in case there may be something wrong with it.(2)On the basis these facts, we can conclude that the ridiculous rumor was spread by my niece.【答案】Lon 2.ofon a regular basis例行地；有规律地；定期地on a daily/weekly basis 每天/每周on the basis of/that.以为基石出【再提能力】完美写作词汇升级背诵(3)(简单表达)He has formed the habit of getting up early and exercising every day, which enables him to keep physically healthy.(高级表达)He has formed the habit of getting up early and exercising on a daily basis, which enables him to keep physically healthy.知识点4 take over占上风；取而代之；接管；接手take off起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；大获成功take on呈现；雇用；承担take in包括；吸收；理解；欺骗；收留 takeup占去；占据；开始从事根据句意用take短语的正确形式完成下面语段Afterthe firm from his father, Tom some scientific ideas and some experienced and hard-working workers, which suggested that his firm would soon.Tom held the strong belief that his firm would a new look in the near future.【答案】1.taking over, took in, took on, take off ，take on知识点5 turn out关掉；熄灭；在场；使朝外；结果是【先练基础】一词多义写出下列句子中turn out的汉语意思(l)He turned out to be guilty of his mean words and tears of regret blurred his eyes.结果是(2)Keep in mind that you must turn out the lamp in your room when you leave.关掉； 熄、灭(3)The boss declared that all the staff must turn out for the meeting.出席； 在场(4)The factory turned out twice as many TV sets this year as last year.生产； 制造turn down拒绝；关小；调低turn in上交turn over翻身；移交;转变turn to求助于；转向turn up出现；调高【再提能力】完美写作完成句子/单句写作背诵(5)所有的候选人必须在截止日期前交上申请表和相关材料。All the candidates must turn in the application forms and relevant materials before the deadline.有如此多的数学难题要解决，我必须向我的老师求助。With so many difficult math problems to handle, I must turn to my teacher for help.你最好按时出现，或者比约定的时间早几分钟。You had better turn up punctually or a few minutes earlie】 than the appointed time.知识点6 more than多于，超过；不仅仅；非常【先练基础】一词多义写出下列句子中more than的汉语意思(l)She bought more than ten handkerchiefs and two pairs of leather shoes at a time, which made her mother explode with anger.多 于； 超过(2)1 am more than glad to help you analyze the pros and cons of the choice you have made.非常(3)He is more than my teacher； he is also my friend.不仅仅more than +数词，表示“超过;不止“，相当于overmore than +名词，意为“不只是；不仅仅”，相当于not onlymore than +形容词/副词，意为“非常，很"，相当于verymore A than B 与其说B不如说A【再提能力】完美写作语段填空背诵(4)1 would be more than delighted(我会非常高兴)if you could come and join in my birthday party at 7 p. m.next Friday at my home.There will be more than ten friends(将会有十几个朋友).The party is more than for fun。派对 不仅仅是为了玩)；it is also for mutual communication.So please accept my sincere invitation.知识点7修辞之明喻在读后续写中的运用It felUlke I was being driven fast on a winding road.这感觉就像我在一条蜿蜒的路上疾驰。在读后续写中可以适当采用明喻这一修辞方法，增加故事情节的生动性。明喻主要采用like,aso【能力提升】完美写作完成句子背诵当他听我们谈论丰富多彩的生活时，他的笑容灿烂得如宝石一样闪闪发光。When he heard us talking about the colorful life, the smile on his face shone like a diamond.它在温柔低语，就像一个小女孩对她的母亲私语一样。It murmured in a soft voice like a little girl whispering to her mother.汤姆病得很厉害，不能去聚会。Tom was as sick as a dog, and couldn't go to the party.能语法精讲被动语态英语中有两种语态，一种是主动语态，一种是被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者动作是由主 语完成的，要用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。观察例句1. It was going to be tested out by Larry's wife, Claire.2. All the work has been finished by now.3. Now she was being looked after by a robot that looked so human, and it was disturbing.4. You are invited to make a speech in our school.5. Larry persuaded her that the robot wouldn't harm her or allow her to be harmed.归纳用法1 .例句1中的黑体词部分为过去将来时的被动形式，其构成是was/were going to+ be+ done。2 .例句2中的黑体词部分为现在完成时的被动形式，其构成是has/have + been + done。3 .例句3中的黑体词部分为过去进行时的被动形式，其构成是was/were + being + done。4 .例句4中的黑体词部分为一般现在时的被动形式，其构成是is/are +done。5 .例句5中的黑体词部分为动词不定式一般式的被动形式，其构成是to+ be + doneo一、被动语态的基本构成和用法被动语态由“be +过去分词”构成，被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其变化 形式与系动词be的完全一样。下面以do为例列举各种时态的被动语态的形式。时态被动结构一般现在时am/is/are+done一般过去时was/were+done一般将来时shall/will/am/is/are going to+be+done过去将来时should/would/was/were going to+be + done现在进行时am/is/are+being+done过去进行时was/were+being+done现在完成时have/has + been+done过去完成时had+been+done将来完成时shall/will+have+been + done过去将来完成时should/would + have+been+doneEveryone is expected to obey the following rules.希望大家遵守以卜规定。Some volunteers will be sent to the remote village to help improve the education there.一些志愿者将被派往那个偏远的村庄来帮助提高那里的教育水平。English lessons are being broadcast on the radio.收音机上正在播英语课程。The work will have been flnished by the end of next month.到下个月底这项工作将会已经完成。即学即练1用所给动词的适当形式填空The tourists (accompany) by a guide when they travelled in Beijing.He(envy) by many men, because he has a big house, a car and a good family.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward) with success in the end.二、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题X.否定词not的位置在第一个助动词或情态动词之后。He was extremely disappointed to hear that he would not be given a doctor's degree.听到不会获得博士学位，他沮丧到了极点。2 . “get+过去分词”也表被动We got separated when we entered the big hall.我们进入大厅时被挤散了。3 .“be+过去分词”并非都是被动语态系动词be, feel, seem, look等词后面的过去分词已转化为形容词，作表语用，构成系表结构，表示某种 状态。I m interested in mathematics.我对数学感兴趣。He seems unsatisfied with his work.他似乎对自己的工作不满意。4 .某些情况用主动语态来表示被动含义有些动词如 read, write, clean, wash, iron, burn, draw, cook, keep, cut, open, blow, peeL sell, act 等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，常和副词well, easily, smoothly等连用，且通常用主动结构 表示被动含义。这些动词的主语一般是表物的词，且这些物往往具有某种内在的特点，这些句子的时态多用一般现在时或 一般将来时。The door doesn*t open easily,门不容易打开。Bikes of that kind sell well.那种自行车好卖。5 .动词短语动词短语在主动结构中是不可分割的，在被动结构中也是如此，不可去掉后面的介词或副词。The old man was often laughed at.那位老人经常受人嘲笑。(不可省掉介词at)即学即练2用所给动词的适当形式填空(DAs we all know, this pen (write) smoothly.(2)1 (take) good care of by my uncle when I was young.答案 1 l.writes2.was taken三、动词不定式的被动形式动词不定式所修饰的名词或代词与其是被动关系时，动词不定式一般使用被动形式。不定式的被动式 可分为一般式和完成式。构成意义一般式to be done表示发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生的被动动作完成式to havebeen done表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动动作1 .动词不定式被动式的句法功能(1)作主语Sometimes to be understood is not an easy job.有时被人理解并不是一件容易的事。名师点津动词不定式(短语)作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在后面。It is an honour to be invited to speak here.能被邀请在这儿讲话，真是一件荣幸的事。单个动词不定式(短语)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。To be adopted by a key university is difficult for him,对他来说，被一所重点大学录取是困难的。作表语The task is to be Hnished by next month.这项工作要到下个月才能完成。作宾语The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。作宾语补足语He wanted the boy to be punished for telling lies.他想让那个男孩因说谎而受到惩罚。(5)作定语He is not a man to be defeated easily.他不是一个容易被打败的人。(6)作状语She is sent abroad to be trained.她被送到国外培训。即学即练3用所给动词的适当形式填空It's important for the figures (update) regularly.We've had a good start, but next, more work needs (do) to achieve the final success.There are still many problems (solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.答案l.to be updated!.doing/to be done3.to be solved2 .不定式的主动形式表示被动意义动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系 时，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。(todo与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系)对比：PH go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主谓关系，只和前面的letter构成动宾关系) 在某些“形容词+不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时, 常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting 等。This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。在tooto结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。