英语7下-第4讲 Unit 2 话题作文及综合题型 （精英学案）-2020-2021学年七年级英语下册同步培优教案（译林牛津版）.docx

主 题7B Unit2 话题作文及综合题型学习目标1. 话题：互帮互助；2. 阅读理解+完型填空。教学内容【课堂导学】1、 上次课后巩固作业复习； 2、 互动探索What do they do?Dear students, Remember your task? Lets share your form.JobsWork placeThings they doIStudentSchoolStudy!.我是一名学生，我爸爸是老师，在家教育我，在学校还是教育我。【知识点梳理】话题：互帮互助【知识梳理】初一英语作文写作方法和技巧一、充分准备，打好基础。为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。 二、认真审题，明确要求。在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素；最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。三、遣词造句、表达规范。初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。四、认真撰写，卷面整洁。初一英语考试中，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题；之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当；最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。【例题精讲】假如你叫尼尔Neil生活在一个小区，拥有一社区中心。周末时，一些义工、医生及工程师总是来你们小区帮助解决居民常见的一些困难。请以My community centre 为题写一篇80词左右的短文，要求如下： 1） 不要出现自己的真实姓名及相关信息： 2） 可适当发挥。 _ 阅读理解【知识梳理1】阅读理解概述阅读是增长知识获取信息的主要途径，阅读能力是英语教学的重点。近年来，注重对初中生阅读理解能力的考核已成为中考的一大趋势。随着信息时代的到来，阅读内容更趋于信息化、时代化，突破了单一的故事、寓言等题材，内容涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等，文章的体裁也从记叙扩大到产品说明、逻辑推理及实际应用等文体。不同的文体阅读的要求与方法不尽相同。记叙文阅读主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系、表现，从中分析他们思想品质、性格特征等；议论文是阐明作者对人或事的好坏的立场观点，因此在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据，理清论证思路，再进行逻辑推理得出结论；应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简历，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格、地址、网址等，对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章内容。阅读理解是对整个文章的目的、意图、观点、立场、态度以及内在的逻辑关系的理解，而不是断章取义的一孔之见，所以统览全篇和问题是很有必要的，这些问题会给你提供信息或暗示文章中的一些重要细节。【知识梳理2】英语阅读理解七类题型的解题技巧一、例证题 1. 例证题的标记：从for example , such as 等关键入手，找出细节出处。2. 例证题的解题方法：（1）返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。（2）搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。（3）例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。（4）找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。（5）例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。【例题精讲】Different people have different hobbies. For example, some people like reading, some people like swimming and some people like collecting something and so on. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. I used to read books in my free time. I like reading because I could learn much by reading. At that time, reading was part of my life. Every day, I spent most of my free time reading books, newspapers and magazines. At night, I could hardly get to sleep without a novel in my hand.But later I found I could only learn from books by reading. I couldnt get knowledge from others. I needed a change. Traveling is my hobby now. I can visit many different places by traveling. I can learn a lot about people, geography and history. Its very interesting.I have many good friends. They all have their hobbies. Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working with her hands, and his hobby is gardening. He usually plants flowers and trees in his yard. Judy is a quiet girl. She likes knitting(编织). She always knits sweaters for her dolls. We have different hobbies, but we are all good friends.Question: is not the writers hobby according to the passage.A. Reading B. Swimming C. Skating D. Traveling 二、指代题 指代题的解题方法：（1）返回原文，找出出题的指代词。（2）向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。（3） 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。（4）将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。【例题精讲】Betty,I hope youre well. Im on holiday in London with my friend Jenny. We arrived（到达）by plane on Monday and took a taxi to our hotel. I went for a walk in Hyde Park but Jenny didnt come with me because she was tired.Then on Tuesday we saw the clock, Big Ben, and Buckingham Palace. Queen Elizabeth lives in the Palace, but we didnt see her! I bought some presents but Jenny didnt buy anything!The next day we visited the British Museum and had dinner in a Chinese restaurant.On Thursday morning we had a rest. Then we went to Tower Bridge on the River Thames and looked at the city. Its very big!Finally today I did some shopping and Jenny listened to a concert(音乐会) in the park. I came back to the hotel and read the newspapers. Then I wrote some postcards and sent some emails. I took lots of photos and Im sending them with this email to you!Tomorrow were going to fly home. It was a short holiday, but it was great! Say hello to your Mum and Dad.Love,GranQuestion: What does the underlined word “them” refer to（指的是）?A. Presents. B. Postcards. C. Photos D. Newspapers.三、词汇题 词汇题的解题方法：“搜索代入”法（1）返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。（2）确定该词汇的词性。（3）从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适。（4）找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案。【例题精讲】“Well, were in our new house. Lets get a new pet,” Mrs. Brown says to her husband.“Thats a pretty good idea,” he answers. “Do you want to see the advertisement (广告) in the newspaper?”“No. Lets go to the animal shelter. Many pets there need homes. Tomorrow is Saturday, we can both go,” she says.Next morning the Browns meet Mr. Snow at the animal shelter. “We want to be sure that the pets here go to good homes,” Mr. Snow says, “so I need to ask you some questions.”After they talk for a while, the Browns decide (决定) to get a dog. It wouldnt need a big house or a big yard. A dog would bark and warn (警告) them if someone tries to break into their house. After Mr. Snow gives the Browns a book on pet care, they choose (挑选) a dog and want to take it home right away. But the animal doctor hasnt checked her yet. So Mr. Snow tells them to come on Sunday. On Sunday afternoon the Browns go to the animal shelter. The animal doctor says, “Your dog Shadow has had all of the shots (预防针). And I have checked her. She is healthy.” The Browns thank the doctor and take Shadow home.Question: “Lets go to the animal shelter.” The word “shelter” means a place to _.A. buy animalsB. watch animalsC. keep animalsD. raise animals四、句子理解题 句子理解题的解题方法：（1）返回原文找到原句。（2）对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析（找主干），应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定，则依据上下文进行判断。注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。（3）一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。（4）句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握好度。【例题精讲】“Well, were in our new house. Lets get a new pet,” Mrs. Brown says to her husband.“Thats a pretty good idea,” he answers. “Do you want to see the advertisement (广告) in the newspaper?”“No. Lets go to the animal shelter. Many pets there need homes. Tomorrow is Saturday, we can both go,” she says.Next morning the Browns meet Mr. Snow at the animal shelter. “We want to be sure that the pets here go to good homes,” Mr. Snow says, “so I need to ask you some questions.”After they talk for a while, the Browns decide (决定) to get a dog. It wouldnt need a big house or a big yard. A dog would bark and warn (警告) them if someone tries to break into their house. After Mr. Snow gives the Browns a book on pet care, they choose (挑选) a dog and want to take it home right away. But the animal doctor hasnt checked her yet. So Mr. Snow tells them to come on Sunday. On Sunday afternoon the Browns go to the animal shelter. The animal doctor says, “Your dog Shadow has had all of the shots (预防针). And I have checked her. She is healthy.” The Browns thank the doctor and take Shadow home.Question: Which of the following is TRUE?A. Shadow will not be easy to get ill. B. Mr. Snow knows the Browns quite well.C. The doctor gives the Browns a book on pet care. D. The Browns know the shelter from the newspaper.五、推理题 1. 推理题的标志：learn, infer, imply, inform2. 推理题的解题方法：“最近原则”（1） 看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。（2）依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某几个点，如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好；推的近的比推的远的要好。（3） 推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)【例题精讲】When we buy a house, we all want to have nice neighbours, because most of us think that it is helpful to live with some good neighbours. But what kind of neighbour is good? The answers are different from people to people. Here are my answers.      First, it is very important to respect(尊敬) each other. If our neighbours try to know more about our life, what will we feel? He or she may also talk with others about our life. Do you want to live with him or her any more? The answer is “No”. We will feel very sad to have this kind of neighbour and move away quickly.      Next, a good neighbour is always ready to give us a hand when we need him or her. For example, if we are not at home, our good neighbours will watch our house for us.      Finally, a good neighbour should love the environment(环境). He or she never puts rubbish here and there. Good neighbours should keep the place clean, because the good environment can make us comfortable and happy.      I think we all should learn to be good neighbours, and I also hope everyone will have good neighbours and live a happy life.Question: What can we learn from the passage?A. Good neighbours are special. B. People should learn to be good neidhbours.C. People all know how to be good neighbours. D. Good neighbours like to talk about others life.六、主旨题 1. 主旨题的标志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title2. 主旨题的解题方法：“串线摘帽”（1）串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的）（2）小心首段陷阱。（3） 主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容。（4）逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。【例题精讲】 Do you like eating chocolate? Companies spend millions of dollars on tools and machines to make chocolate. With a little ingredients, however, you can turn your kitchen into a chocolate factory. Today we will teach the Cocoa Powder(可可粉) Method(方法), it is easier for beginners. Try it and make your own homemade chocolate. Here are the ingredients (原料) you need: cocoa powder 2 cups (220g) ; butter 3/4 cup (170g); sugar 3/4 cup (100g); milk 2/3 cup (150ml); salt a little bit ; water 1 cup (235ml). Now, please follow these steps. First, mix the cocoa powder and butter in a bowl until you have a smooth paste (酱). Then , add the cocoa powder mixture (混合物) to the hot water and stir(搅拌). Allow the temperature to rise back up. Put the hot mixture into a bowl, stir the sugar mixture into the hot cocoa mix. Add milk, stir until smooth. At last, put the mixture into different containers(容器). The chocolate will take the shape of the container. You can put it in the fridge to harden(使变硬)it. We hope you can enjoy your homemade chocolate.Question:Whats the best title(标题) of this passage?A. How to Build a Chocolate Factory. B. The Ways to Eat Chocolate.C. How to Make Chocolate at Home. D. The Cocoa Bean Method.七、作者态度题 1. 作者态度题的标志：attitude2. 作者态度题的解题方法：（1）应精确理解四个选项的含义。（2）不要掺杂自己的观点。（3）可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：too many。（4）举例的方式。（5）抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。（6）做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。【例题精讲】 Several years ago, cell phones were very expensive. Only important people and people with a lot of money had them. These days, the prices（价格）have been greatly falling（下降）, and they come in small sizes and different colors. So more and more people, even（甚至）high school students, have one in the hands. It is true that its an easy way to keep in touch with（与保持联系）friends at any time and in any place. But in places like classrooms, movie theatres, and museums, where everyone should be quiet or talk in a low voice, we can also hear the ringing. Some drivers have accidents（事故）for using cell phones when driving. Worst of all, some students who cant pay their phone bills do something illegal to get money. So, are cell phones really a help?Question: How does the writer feel about cell phones?A. They are really a help.B. They harm peoples health.C. He wants very much to know if（是否）they do people good.D. Its all right to use them in theatre. 完形填空【知识梳理1】完形填空概述完型填空是初中考试中必考的题型，主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括基础知识的掌握和运用，对整个文章逻辑关系的理解，在情景中辨析词义的能力以及词组短语搭配的使用能力，这是大部分考生认为难度最大的考查项目。【知识梳理2】解题步骤1.浏览全文, 把握大意, 理清各种角色和人物之间的关系 浏览全文能获得更多的上下文提供的信息，并根据文章的内在逻辑意义、贯穿文章始终的主线以及作者行文的走向，把握文脉，调整并定位自己的解题思路，从而做出最终的判断。如在Computer一文中，作者贯穿文章始终的主线为Computers are important for human beings.但到了最后，作者笔锋一转，提出Are you afraid if computers can really think one day? 作者的行文走向是一种担心和忧虑，所以读者既要善于听话听音，也要把握准文脉，及时调整、定位自己的思路，就会发现上述问题的正确回答应该是Yes, we are afraid. 2.利用上下文，注意固定搭配，运用语法理顺关系语法知识是指导完型填空的法宝，词汇是根据语法规则确定各自的位置，有了语法规则文章才能有条不紊、顺理成章。完型填空题实际上是"形断意不断，貌离神不离"，正如藕断而丝连，语法规则起到"牵动荷花带出藕"的功效。如介词后的代词必然是宾格；物质名词一般不用复数；形容词必须放在不定代词后；行为动词的否定和疑问句应由助动词do构成；情态动词只能与不带to的动词连用等。如某试卷中的完型填空题有一题：I was the happiest boy in the world.填入的词逻辑根据为happy，语法根据为最高级，因为前一个词是the，后面是in the world短语，即在一个范围内进行比较，应用形容词的最高级，因而推断出该词为happiest；再如还有一题，挖空处为dont，因为行为动词的否定式应由助动词构成，而且主语是I，因此得出该词为dont。3.遇到难词反复默念有时会遇到这样的情况，大部分词都填出来了，只有一、两个难词绞尽脑汁仍不得要领，如果考试时间允许，不要轻易放弃，要穷追不舍，先从语法角度考虑，再从逻辑角度考虑是否有隐含意思、作者的情感以及背景文化和习俗等。有时句子好像什么也不缺，读上去很完整，就必须考虑，很可能缺的就是连词and，副词then、always、sometimes等，如果还未填出，应反复默念几遍，有些词就会悄然而至，在你的记忆中浮现出来。 4.细心检查避免疏漏完成填空后最关键的一点是要细心检查每一个填空处是否有笔误或疏漏的地方。有些考生因为自己全部做完了而沾沾自喜，根本没想到不是用错了时态，就是忘了用宾格，这是很可惜的，因为从意思上他是理解了、看懂了题目，但因粗心而大意失荆州。5.选项中有两个为同义词，则两个都错完形填空中的一种排除其他选项的方法：观察选项，若其中有两个意思相近，或者感情色彩相同，则可以断定这两个选项都不对。如若选项中A为glad，D为happy，因为A、D为同义词，所以A、D都不正确。【知识梳理3】完形填空的命题角度 1）词语搭配（1）由搭配关系而产生的一般性词汇。如：see a film，watch TV；a glass of water, a cup of tea等。 （2）词序或意义相对固定的复合词或动词短语。如：long black hair (长黑头发)等。（3）由于英美文化习俗的差异而导致不同的理解。如：black tea（红茶），brown bread（黑面包）等。（4）由构词法产生的词语。如：act 加上-or变成actor，visit加上-or变成visitor，write加上-er变成writer表示相应的“的人”。但是，cook加上-er，应理解为“炊具”，而不是“厨师”；hard加上-ly变成hardly意为“几乎不”，而不是 “努力地”；friend加上-ly变成friendly应理解为形容词“友好的”，而不是副词。 （5）区别形异而意义相联系的词组。如：say往往加说话的内容，say something，say a word等；speak往往加English，Chinese，Japanese等表示语言的单词；tell 往往构成tell a story/ lie 等；而talk通常构成词组talk with/to somebody或talk about something等。 2）语法判定 （1）在完形填空题中出现的词通常包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词和冠词等。 a.名词通常考查的是名词的所有格，可数名词和不可数名词（也包含可数名词的不规则变化）等方面内容。在名词的所有格当中，分别占有或共同占有的物品和复合名词的所有格的考查是难点。如Lily and Lucys room 表示“Lucy 和Lily 共同占有房间”， Lilys and Lucys rooms 则表示“Lucy 和Lily 都拥有自己的房间”；又如Chinese, sheep, deer等单复数同形；再如a two-hour walk 相当于 two hourswalk, 二者要加以辨别。 b.动词通常考查动词的各种形式构成以及相类似动词的区别（say, talk, tell, speak）等。如不规则动词的过去式的构成，尤其是以e结尾的不规则动词，take- took，come-came，give-gave都是经常考查的内容。 c.介词主要考查其与动词的固定搭配等。如：turn on与turn off，turn up与turn down，get on与get off，do well in与be good at，in front of与in the front of 的区别。d.代词更多的是考查人称代词、物主代词和不定代词等的用法，也有可能考查人称代词中主格的排序等方面内容。具体包括：主格与宾格，名词性物主代词