汉语英语十大差异省公共课一等奖全国赛课获奖课件.pptx
英汉十大差异Differences between Chinese and English 1第1页What are the differences between Chinese and English?2第2页lEtymologylEnglish-Indo-European FamilylChinese-Sino-Tibetan Family3第3页1.英语重形合,汉语重意合.l跑得了和尚,跑不了庙.lThe monks may run away,but the temple cannot run away with him.l一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行.lAn Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.l那太阳,整天躲在云层里,现在又光芒四射了.lThe sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in full splendor.4第4页英语重形合,汉语重意合.l他不去我去.lId like to go if he wouldnt.l他不去我也去.lId go there even if he wouldnt to with me.l他不去我才去.lId go there only if he wont.l人穷志短lWhen a man is poor his ambition is not far-reaching.(Poverty stifles ambition.)l人穷志不短.lThough one is poor,he has high apiration.l人有脸,树有皮.lThe face is as important to a man as the bark to a tree.5第5页2.英语:前重心;汉语:后重心l英汉句子重心,就逻辑而言,普通均落在结论,断言,结果以及实际上,但细究之下,其”异在于重心位置所在,即“英前汉后”.l生活中现有悲剧,文学作品就能够写悲剧.l这是一个“因果”句,汉语普通是先因后果.如此排列可见“因”轻“果”重.对应英语表示是:lTragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.(先果后因)l小国人民勇于起来斗争,勇于拿起武器,掌握自己国家命运,就一定能够战胜大国侵略.l本句所用句式为:条件-断言,即”假如怎样,结果就怎样”.前者”条件”为轻,后者”断言”为重.其对应英语表示为:lThe people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country,if only they dare to rise in struggle,dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.(先“断言”后“条件”)6第6页3.英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言l英语有少用(谓语)动词,或使用其它伎俩表示动作意义自然倾向;而汉语则有动辄使用动词固有习惯.l英语静态特征表现主要有句法方式或词汇方式两种.前者如使用非谓语或非限定动词,省略动词以及将动词名词化等;后者如使用动词同源名词,同源形容词,介词及副词等.相对而言,汉语动词因为无英语动词那样形态改变,若要表示动作意义,往往别无他法,只能起用动词本身.7第7页lThe isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.l9 nouns,5 preps,1 verb英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言8第8页l因为距离远远，交通工具缺乏，使农村社会与外界隔绝。这种隔绝，又因为通讯工具不足，而变得愈加严重。l回译lBecause there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities,the rural world is isolated.This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.英语英语:静态语言静态语言;汉语汉语:动态语言动态语言9第9页英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言l我疯狂地爱上了她,她也疯狂地爱上了我.lI fell madly in love with her,and she with me.(英语可省略后半句动词,汉语却不可.)l他往返晃着脑袋,欲望在膨胀,意志在萎缩.lBack and forth his head swiveled,desire waxing,resolution waning.(英语用独立结构,汉语则用动词.)l我担心你误解了我.lI am afraid of you misunderstanding me.(英语用动名词复合结构)10第10页英语:静态语言;汉语:动态语言lThat would be the confirmation that it was in general use.(confirm同根名词)l除上述同源词外,还有众多词可用来表示动作意义.如:glance,glimpse,look,mention,close等;形容词able,afraid,angry,anxious,aware,capable,good等.在特定语言环境中,这些词都宜译作对应动词.如:l一看见他,我就担心.lThe very sight of him makes me nervous.l对此我深信不疑.lIm sure of it.11第11页4.英语重物称;汉语重人称.l英语物称倾向十分显著,主要见于其对主语择定.英语常选择不能施行动作或无生命事物词语作主语.相对而言,汉语普通则更习惯于人称化表示,尤其是主语,能施行动作或有生命物体为主语首选.试比较:l他进门时带进一缕雪茄烟雾.lA wave of cigar smoke accompanied him in.l“嗨!嗨!”出租车司机嚷道,他一瞅见旅客就“砰”地打开车门.l“Hi!Hi!”said the cab driver,the door of whose cab popped open at the very sight of a traveler.l这位饱尝辛酸者,却让全世界人发出笑声.lBitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.12第12页5.英语多被动;汉语多主动lPassive voice is often available in English because of inanimate words as subjects.lCorrespondingly,active voice is often available in Chinese because of animate words as subjects.13第13页l5.英语多被动英语多被动;汉语多主动汉语多主动lAn illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post.l华盛顿邮报一篇社论提供了一个例证。lIt has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.l心与肝亲密关系是早为人知了。14第14页5.英语多被动;汉语多主动l在什么情况下汉语主动句转译成英语被动句.l1)强调受事,突出被动状态.l地球上早期火是大自然而不是人类引燃.lEarly fires on the earth were caused by nature,not by man.l2)因种种原因,不出现或无须说明施事者.l这种书是给儿童写.lSuch books are written for children.15第15页5.英语多被动;汉语多主动l3)使句子结构匀称,文气连贯.l他出现在台上,群众报以热烈掌声.lHe appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.l4)汉语中一些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语主动句.l大家都认为这么做是不妥当.lIt is generally considered not advisable to act that way.l有些人给你打电话.lYou are wanted on the phone.16第16页5.英语多被动;汉语多主动l5)使语气委婉,措辞礼貌.l今天晚上七点钟开教学会,全体教师务必参加.lThere will be a Teaching Symposium at 7:00p.m.today.All the faculty is expected to attend.l请您不要在此抽烟.lYou are not supposed to smoke in here.17第17页5.英语多被动;汉语多主动l6)一些汉语句子可借助于英语一些固定搭配或词组来表示.l他坚持不懈地从事着科研工作.lHe was engaged in scientific researches perseveringly.lHe persevered in scientific researches.l7)汉语中含有被动意义主动句.l病人正在手术中.lThe patient is being operated on.l这个问题必须马上处理.lThis problem has to be solved immediately.18第18页Grapes vs.Bamboo19第19页6.英语多复合长句;汉语多简单句l英语重形合以及英语各种替换词与关系词广泛利用,造成英语较多出现“多枝共干”式长句,复合句.而汉语恰好相反,多用短句,简单句.试比较:lAs we lived near the road,we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine,for which we had great reputation,and I confess,with the veracity of an historian,that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.l本句主干为:we often had the traveler or stranger visit us;其余借助于as,to,for which,and,with,that等词与主干一起组成长句.其汉语意思为:l我们就住在路边.过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿酸果酒.这种酒很有名气.我敢说,尝过人,从没有挑剔过.我这话像历史学家话一样靠得住.20第20页7.英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.l汉语句子语序普通以思维程序展开,而中国人思维方式多是先考虑事物环境和外围原因,再考虑详细事物和中心事件.反应到句式上,就是状语总放在谓语或句子主体前边,定语不论长短,都要置于中心词之前.这么就使得单句状语部分长,主谓部分短;主语部分长,谓语部分短;修饰成份长,中心词短.整体上形成头大尾小狮子头形状.21第21页7.英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.l英语句式则相反.英语定语成份除单词外,多数都要置于中心词之后.英语重视末端重量,凡较长词语及累赘成份均须后移至句末.有时必须使用形式主语来防止句子头重脚轻.由此造成句子结构头大尾小,像一只开屏孔雀.22第22页7.英语重后饰;汉语重前饰.l他去年为完成一个项目在试验室用计算机努力地干了十个月.lHe worked hard with computers in the lab for ten months in order to complete a project last year.l那可能是一个地势低洼,连绵数英里,人迹罕至,荒茫贫瘠白色干沙漠.lIt may be a low-lying arid stretch with miles of white sandy beach,and no sign of people,very bleached and barren.l那个饥饿,疲惫,瞌睡卖火柴小女孩.lthat little match girl who was so hungry,tired and sleepy.23第23页8.英语重短语;汉语轻短语l英语句法单位基本主体是短语和词组.与其说英语句子由词组成,不如说由各种短语组成,如名词短语,形容词短语,介词短语,分词短语,不定式短语,动词短语,独立结构等.汉语无分词短语和不定式短语.比如:l玛丽正在考虑调换工作.lMary is considering changing her job.(分词短语)l对敌人仁慈就是对人民残忍.lTo be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.(不定式)l你得支持你朋友.lYou must stand up for you friend.(动词短语)l这是迄今为止我所读到最有趣书.lThis is by far the most interesting book I have ever read.(副词)l我从未碰到过像我丈夫这么难以了解人.lI have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.(形容词词组)24第24页9.英语重时态;汉语轻时态l英语动词时态非常丰富,从理论上讲,英语有十六个时态:l1普通现在时 2现在进行时 3现在完成时 4现在完成进行时 5普通过去时 6过去进行时 7过去完成时 8过去完成进行时 9普通未来时 10未来进行时 11未来完成时 12未来完成进行时 13 普通过去未来时 14过去未来进行时 15过去未来完成时 16过去未来完成进行时l汉语动词除了只有“着”“了”“过”若干说法与英语进行时,完成时或过去时相比之外,没有其它相对应时态,只能加上一些时间副词.lThe cafes must be closing,the last guests going home.Lovers stand before house doors unable to take leave of each other.25第25页10.英语重形态;汉语轻形态l英语是一个更为形式化语言,它重视形式改变,也善于形式改变.代词,名词,动词在语法上有改变.形容词,副词,名词在构词上有改变.而汉语除了有时在名词后加“们”以示其复数意义,其它词普通极少或没有形态标识.l代词作为一个形态标识在英语中淋漓尽致地发挥了其固有作用.相比之下,汉语则“墨守”名词,慎用代词.26第26页英语重形态;汉语轻形态l汤姆.曼说得跟列宁说几句话.当列宁朝着我们走来时候,他就迎了上去.列宁招呼汤姆.曼时显得多么高兴啊.他满脸笑容地告诉汤姆说，他随时亲密注意汤姆在世界各地种种活动.lTom Mann said he must speak to him,and advanced as Lenin came towards us.How glad he was to greet Tom Mann.His face lit up with pleasure as he told Tom how closely he had followed his activities all over the world.l所以,在翻译时候,要把汉语中省略代词补出来,把英语中代词转化成汉语中名词.l健康比财富更主要,因为财富不能像健康那样带来幸福.lHealth is above wealth,for this cannot give so much happiness as that.27第27页 总结l1.英语多长句，汉英多短句。l春天来了，鸟儿歌唱，百花盛开，驱使着我走出校园去感受春天气息。lThe arrival of spring with birds singing and blossom of flowers drives me out of the campus to feel the atmosphere of spring.28第28页总结l2.英语多代词，汉语多重复表示。l3.英语修饰词后置，汉语修饰词前置。l4.英语多被动，汉语多主动。l5.英语多用形式主语或定语从句。l6.英语多名词，多短语，汉语多动词。29第29页l怎样了解句子：l例一：As families move away from their stable community and their friends of many years,the informal flow of information will be cut off and with it their confidence that information will be available when needed and will be reliable and trustworthy.30第30页l1.先找并列对等结构连接词:land,or,butl2.再找隶属结构连接词：l1）定语从句连接词that,which,where,when,who,as,whyl2)名词从句连接词that,whether,what,where,when,why,which,how,whol3)状语从句连接词if,when,where,because,since,sothatl3.分析和了解短语成份。l分词短语，介词短语，不定式短语，形容词短语31第31页
