英语分词的用法(课堂PPT).ppt

英语分词的用法分词也是一种限定动词，分为现在分词和过去分分词也是一种限定动词，分为现在分词和过去分词。它保留着动词的若干特征，又具有形容词、词。它保留着动词的若干特征，又具有形容词、副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化，又带有宾副词的特征。分词有时态和语态变化，又带有宾语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语并能被状语修饰。分词在句中主要作定语、状语用，作表语也十分普遍。语用，作表语也十分普遍。一、分词的形式一、分词的形式主动语态主动语态一般式一般式doing,完成式完成式havingdone被被动语态动语态beingdone,havingbeendone其否定形其否定形式是在式是在doing之后加上之后加上not。1 1其否定形式是在doing之后加上not。二、分词的作用二、分词的作用分词在句中可作定语、表语、状语、补足语等。1、作定语分词作定语有两种形式。它可以放在被修饰的名词之前，称为前置定语。有的放在被修饰的名词之后，称为后置定语。（1）前置定语He is a_(promise)young man.他是一个有前途的年轻人。promisingMake less noise.Theres a _(sleep)child.不要出太大声音，有个孩子在睡觉。sleepingWe only sell _(use)books.我们只卖用过的书。used（2）后置定语The young man_(sit)between John and Mary is the editor of the campus newspaper.坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子是校园报的编辑。sittingThe bridge _(build)last month needs repairing.上个月建造的那座桥需要修理 built2 2（3）过去分词作定语有的既可前置也可后置。如：All the _windows have been repaired.所有坏了的窗户已经修理好了。(break)All the windows _ have been repaired.broken（4）分词短语作定语必须置于被修饰词之后，相当于一个定语从句。如：Those_(wish)to join this club should sign here.想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。(=Those who wish to join the club should sign here.)wishingThe man,_(have disturbed)so badly,almost lost his memory.由于被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。(The man,who had been disturbed so badly,almost lost his memory.)having been disturbed（4）完成体的分词一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义最好用定语从句。如：我们一般不说：The girl having won the race is my deskmate.而常这样说：The girl who has won the race is my deskmate.3 3（5）非限定性的完成体作定语或如果分词所修饰的词是泛指则没有这个限制。如：Anyone _(have passed)the test has got a prize.任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。having passedCharlie,having lived in Paris for years,decided to return to London.在巴黎呆过多年，查理决定重返伦敦。（6）过去分词作定语在意义上有两种可能：表示被动和完成，只表完成。如：the question _(discuss)yesterday 昨天讨论的问题 （既表示被动也表示完成）discussedthe _(fall)leaves 落下的树叶 (只表示完成，不表示被动)fallen在英语中只表完成不表被动的往往是一些不及物动词的过去分词，常见的有：the changed situation,a newly returned sudent等。4 42、作表语分词作表语表示主语的某种性质或状态。如：The shops have remained shut for a week.这家商店关门一周了。What you said is really inspiring.你所说的真令从鼓舞。3、作宾语补足语I oftentimes hear a girl singing downstairs.我有时听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。I find some students in this school often punished by the teachers.我发现这所学校的学生经常被老师惩罚。5 54、作状语(注意主语和分词的一致性)分词在句中作状语，可以表示各种不同的语义内容。它可以表示时间、原因、让步、结果、方式、条件等。如：（1）表示时间Arriving in Paris,I lost my way.到了巴黎，我迷了路。The hunter walked slowly in the forest,followed by his wolf-dog.猎人在森林里慢慢地走着，后面跟着一只狼狗。表示与主句中谓语动词同时性的现在分词强调时间意义时，分词前可以加上while,when等从属连接词，但as没有这种用法。如：Dont talk while having dinner.吃饭时不要说话。When crossing the street,do be careful.过马路时要小心。6 6（2）表示原因表示原因的分词短语一般置于句首。Having lived in London for years,I almost know every place quite well.在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。Seriously injured,he had to be taken to hospital.由于伤得严重，只好把他送往医院。（3）表示结果The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.大火持续了近一个月，几乎没剩下什么有用的东西。Football is played in more than 80 countries,making it a popular sport.80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。（4）表示方式I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。7 7（5）表示条件United,we stand;divided,we fall.联合起来我们就能站立，分裂我们必然倒下。Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.如果你更细心，你会犯更少的错误。强调条件时，可以在前面加上unless,once等。如：You shouldnt come in unless asked to.不让你进来你不准进来。Once losing this chance,you cant easily find it.一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。8 8二、分词的独立主格结构二、分词的独立主格结构分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语，否则，就必须在分词前另加上自己的逻辑主语（名词或主格代词）的这个结构叫独立主格结构或分词的复合结构。1、独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于个时间、条件、原因状语从名句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。如：Supper finished(=After supper was finished),we started to discuss the picnic.吃完晚饭，我们开始讨论野餐的事。All the tickets having been sold out(=As all the tickets having been sold out),we had to wait for the next weeks show.所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。9 92、表示独立主格结构中的being常省略。如：The football match(being)over,crowds of people poured out into the steet.足球赛五结束，从群便涌到大街上。Nobody(being)in,I didnt enter the hall.里面没有人，我没进大厅。3、表示伴随方式的独立主格结构，有时可用“with宾语宾语补足语”的结构来替换。如：He lay there thinking,his hands behind his head(with his hands behind his head).他双手放在头下，躺在那里思考着。The river looks more beautiful,flowers and grass growing on both sides(=with flowers and grass growing on both sides).这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。1010with宾语宾语补足语的结构是英语中常见常用的结构，其宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等，在句中可作定语，也可作状语，表示原因、方式等。如：The children looked at us,with their eyes opening wide.孩子们眼睛睁得大大地看着我。I would miss the train,with no one to wake me up.没人叫我，我会错过火车的。The river with grass and flowers on both sides runs through our schoolyard.这条两河两岸长满鲜花和绿草正从我们校园穿过。With the examinations over,we had a long time to rest.考试结束了，我们有一段长长的时间可以休息。11114、有些惯用的分词短语在句里可以没有逻辑上的主语而独立存在，它们往往作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句。如：generally/strictly/roughly/broadly/narrowly speaking,judging from/by,considering,supposing,providing,provided等。如：Talking of the computer,I like it very much.谈到电脑，我非常喜欢。Considering the time,we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.考试到时间，我们已经决定明早一早出发。1212Employ vt.使采、利用 ，雇用，使忙于,使从事于She employs her time wisely.她善于利用时间。How many workmen do you employ at your factory?你们厂雇用多少工人?He is employed in a bank.他在一家银行任职。He employed himself(in)teaching English.他从事英语教学工作in the employ ofin sb.s employ 受.雇用out of employ 失业employ oneself inemploy oneself onemploy oneself doing 从事于,时间花在.employ.as 把.用作1313abuse1）滥用,妄用 abuse ones privilege滥用特权2）辱骂,讲坏话 a word of abuse 骂人话They gave me much abuse for no fault.他们无缘无故地大骂我。3）常用复弊病,弊端,恶习reform social abuses 改革社会恶习1414appreciate1)感激；感谢We greatly appreciate your timely help.我们非常感谢你们的及时帮助。2)鉴赏；欣赏；赏识Do you appreciate good wine?你会鉴赏好酒吗？3)察觉；意识到We appreciate the danger ahead.我们意识到危险临头。approach vi.1.靠近,临近,接近A new year is approaching.新年快到了。at ones approach在某人逼近时 2.建议,提议approachable adj.易接近的;平易近人的1515approve 反义词（disapprove）vt.1.赞成,赞许The teacher looked at Johns work and approved it.老师看了约翰的作业表示赞许。2.批准,审定,通过 验收Congress approved the budget.国会批准了国家预算。approve of赞成,满意approval n.赞成,承认,正式批准appoint appointment n.1.委派,任命2.指定;约定,决定appoint sb.to a post 派某人任某职appoint a time for the meeting 约定开会时间161633.reason,cause 表示原因factor 因素,要素,symptom症状;表现;征兆,征候;clinical symptom临床症状The doctor made his diagnosis after studying the patients symptoms.医生研究病人的症状后,作出诊断.34.take after 相象：在相貌、脾气或性格上相似take apart 拆开：分开后将分成许多部分take back 收回（所说的或所写的事）take down 1.拿下，放下：将从一个较高的位 置拿到一个较低的位置2.拆开；拆散：take down the Christmas tree.把圣诞树拆散3记下：以书写的形式记录下来的1717take for 把视作：Do you take me for a fool?你以为我是个傻瓜吗?take in欺骗，诱骗：was taken in by.被给骗了take off 1.脱掉（衣服等）2.起飞The plane took off on time.飞机准时起飞take on 从事，开始对付：take out 取出；弄走：took the splinter out.取出木屑take over 接管：获得对的控制或管理take to1.求救于；（如为了安全）前往：took to the woods.躲到树林里2.养成习惯，沉于：有了的习惯或开始持续地做：take to drink.染上了酗酒的恶习take up开始从事（一项职业或行当）：took up engineering.干起了工程设计这一行181835.genuine adj.1.真正的;名符其实的a genuine diamond 真钻石2.真实的,诚恳的;非伪装的 a genuine person 诚恳的人3.纯的,纯血统的;用天然原料制成的 a genuine breed 纯种true 1.真实的2.真的；真正的 3.可靠的；精确的：a true friend4.真实的：真正感到的，真诚表达的；不作假true grief.真正的悲伤5.基本的；本质的：his true motive.他的根本动机actual adj.现实的,实际的;目前的;in actual life 在实际生活中the actual state of affairs目前的形势in actual existence 现存的virtual adj.实际上的；事实上的She is the virtual president,though her title is secretary.虽然她的头衔是秘书，她是实际上的董事长。191936.arrange vi.1.商定,协商2.准备,安排Ive arranged for a car to pick them up at the station.我已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。arrange for安排,准备arrange with sb.about sth.与某人商定 37 at one time 曾经：在过去的某一时刻或某段时期at the same time 同时at times 有时；间或behind the times.过时的；陈旧的for the time being 暂时的from time to time.时时；间或in good time 迅速地in no time.几乎马上地；立刻in time.及时：在时限到来之 on time 按时，准时：time after timetime and again一次又一次；重复202038.surprisingly 令人惊讶地 surprisedly adv.惊奇地,诧异地amusingly adv.有趣地,好笑地 conversely adv.相反地39.throw away 抛弃，扔掉：作为无用而除去：threw away yesterdays newspaper.扔掉昨天的报纸throw out 发出；射出：searchlights throwing out powerful beams.探照灯发出强烈的光线put down写下；记下put forward提出（意见、建议）put off延期；推迟put out 熄灭；关熄；扑灭keep up1.保持；继续：We asked her to stop talking,but she kept up我们请她别再说话了，但她依旧说下去3 不落后，赶得上：赶上对手、同事或邻居，指在成就或生活方式上：unsuccessfully tried to keep up with his associates.没能赶上他的同事们flee vi.(fled,fled)逃走;逃避 消失,消散f lee from 从.中消失，逃避212140interpret解释侧重于“用特殊的知识、信念、判断、了解或想象去阐明特别难懂的事物”,例如:对于一幅画不同的人有不同的解释 How do you interpret this poem?你怎样解释这首诗呢?而explain是向某人解释(通过说明,举例,等方法,目的是让某人明白)He is explaining how a machine operates.他正在解释机器是如何运转的。222241.动词不定式的被动语态动词不定式的被动语态1.在“名词（代词）+be+形容词(easy,difficult,fit)+不定式”结构中，有时尽管句中主语是动作的承受者，不定式在意义上是被动的，形式上却是主动的。这时，可看成是省略了动词的逻辑主语，for us,for me,for youThis book is difficult to read.The film is interesting to see.2.但是，如果句中的不定式逻辑主语不是在场交谈的你（们）或我（们），其被动意义只能以被动形式表示。例如，It was the first skyscraper to be built by Chinese workers.Are you going to the dinner party to be given at the hotel.3.something,little,what,much,a great deal 等作句子的主语，表语多用to do时，多用主动语态表示被动意义A great deal of work remains to do.(to be done)What is to do tomorrow?232342感官动词 see,notice,look at,watch,notice,listen to,hear,feel,taste,smellfeel sb do/doing sth主语主语+find onself+V-ing/V-ed/介词短语介词短语 发现自己发现自己(处于处于某种状态某种状态)；不自觉地来到；不自觉地来到.We walked on and on and at sunset,we found ourselves in a small mountain village.我们不停地向前我们不停地向前走，到太阳下山时，发现我们走进了一个小山村。走，到太阳下山时，发现我们走进了一个小山村。When he came to himself,he found himself(lying)in a hospital.当他醒过来时，他发现自己躺在医院里。当他醒过来时，他发现自己躺在医院里。He found himself followed by a group of children.他发现身后跟了一群孩子他发现身后跟了一群孩子lie(lay lain lying)vi.躺,平放,展现,展开,位于v.说谎,躺n.谎话,谎言lay(laid,laying,)vt.放置,铺设,产(卵)提出,平息,布置242443.rely vt.倚赖,依靠 信任,信赖(on,upon)rely onupon依靠;信任,信赖rely on ones own efforts依靠自已的努力reliance n.rely+-ance名词后缀reliable adj.可靠的,可信赖的44.recover1.重获：收复；重新得到2.恢复能力，健康等recover ones sight,hearingrecover from illness 恢复健康recoverable adj.可痊愈的;可收回的2525recover,regain,retrieve,reclaim都含“取回”或“重新获得”的意思。recover 指 找回被盗，遗失之物，如:recover stolen property找到被窃去的财产。regain 强调“收回”、“复得”,如:regain ones freedom 重获自由。retrieve 指“通过努力重新获得”或“取回”,如:He was determined to retrieve his honor.他决心恢复名誉。reclaim 指“使(废物、荒地)成为有用”,“使(犯错误者或罪犯)悔改”,如:They reclaimed him from his evil ways.他们把他从邪恶中挽救出来。rescue vt.援救,营救 n.援救,营救rescue a man from bandits从盗匪手中救出一个人2626restore vt.将（失物等）归还原主 Police restored the solen jewwls to the man使某人/某物回复到原位/原处He restored the book to the shelf.3.使某人/物 恢复原先的状况restore my health/restore me to healthrestore sbs beauty/sight/confidencerestore sb.to consciousness/recover ones senses,consciousness使某人恢复知觉reserve vt.1.储备;贮藏;保存2.推迟;延迟3.预定约;租定(座位,房间等)reserve ones strength oneself for the next battle 养精蓄锐以利再战All rights(are)reserved.保留所有权利(版权所有,不许翻印)272745 expand一般指面积，体积等，还有发展,有膨胀的意思extend一般指长度上面的延伸，比如snooker杆的加长杆就是 extension，人口激增就用expansionStretch强调拉长，撑大1.伸展,伸张,展开,铺开,把.拉直长2.使过度伸长,使过度紧张;睁大(眼睛);倾注全力stretch ones neck 伸长脖子The war stretched over four years.那场战争延续了四年。The forests stretch for hundreds of miles.森林绵延数百哩。282846.permit n.通行证,许可证,执照v.许可,允许,准许submit vt.1.使服从,使降服2.提交,委托 3.主张,认为,建议submit a plan 提出一项计划submit a case to the court 向法院提出诉讼submit oneself to甘受,服从submit to 1.服从于,屈从于 2.把.提交给.,向.提出.submit willingly 心悦诚服remit 1.宽恕;赦免 2.豁免(捐税、债务),免除3.减缓The fever has remitted.退烧了。admit vi.1.容许 2.通向,承认(to)This key admits to the garden.用这把钥匙可以进花园。This,I admit,is true.这个,我承认,是真的。292947.throw ones weight around/about 盛气凌人，逞威风 tone 表示语气，口气，腔调took an angry tone with the reporters.带着怒气与记者说话tune 曲调,调子;主题;歌曲voice 声音,嗓音a hoarse voice;the childs piping voice.嘶哑的声音；孩子的尖声Sound 声音,语音,噪音,a hollow sound.沉闷的嘈杂声48.no/any much longer 不再，已不 我不能再等了I cant wait any/much longer 他不住在这里了He doesnt live here any longer.He lives here no longer.3030