大二英语-中国文化概况-中国文化概况期末资料.docx

Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Chinese CultureWords and Expressions:the descendants of Yan and Huang 炎黄子孙porcelain 瓷器The appellation of ChinaChinese history began with two legendary figures-Emperor Huang and Emperor Yan, who, together with their tribes, inhabited the drainage area along the middle reaches （中游） of the Yellow River. By the time of Xia Dynasty, after centuries of living side by side, these two tribes had gradually merged into （合并， 融合） one. Consequently, the Chinese people usually call themselves “the descendants of Yan and Huang”.People at that time believed that the land they lived on was the center of the world, and called their state the "Middle Kingdom”（中国）,thus giving China its country name.China is the appellation of our country given by foreigners. The porcelain china is the transliteration of the place name Changnan（昌南），which was the old name for Jingdezhen （景德 镇）. The porcelain made in Changnan was smooth and bright, and earned another name of artificial jade. It became famous both home and abroad and was exported to Europe in large quantities.In Europe, people regarded Changnan porcelain as something precious and delicate and would take pride in possessing one. As time passed, people in Europe forgot the meaning of Changnan and switched the original meaning of porcelain of the word “china“ to the place of its origin.Chapter 2 Chinese Philosophy and ReligionPart 1 Chinese Thoughts and PhilosophyWords and Expressions:Confucianism 儒家Taoism道家The Analects论语 benevolence 仁慈，善行 ritual礼制,仪式，惯例 filial piety 孝，孝心The Development of Ancient Chinese PhilosophyFour famous Chinese classical novelsRomance of the Three Kingdoms 三国演义 Water Margin水浒传Journey to the West西游记 Dream of the Red Mansions红楼梦Winner of the Noble Prize in Literature, Mo YanOn 11 October 2012, the Swedish Academy announced that Mo Yan had received the Nobel Prize in Literature for his work . Aged 57 at the time of the announcement, he was the 109th recipient of the award and the first ever resident of mainland China to receive it.Mo Yan has written 11 novels, and several novellas and short story collections.红高粱家族Red Sorghum,天堂蒜藁之歌The Garlic Ballads1十三步Thirteen Step, 食草家族The Herbivorous Family,丰乳肥臀Big Breasts and Wide Hips,酒国The Republic of Wine: A Novel,红树林Red Forest檀香刑Sandalwood Death,生 死疲劳Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out,四H 1炮Pow!x蛙FrogChapter 5 EducationWords and ExpressionsPrivate Schools 私塾Official Schools 官学the Four Books and the Five Classics 四书五经Imperial Examination 科举Nine-year Compulsory Education 九年制义务教育Vocational Education 职业教育College Entrance Examination 高考Bachelor's degree 学士学位Master's degree 硕士学位Doctor's degree 博士学位Confucius Institute 孔 子学院Private SchoolsA private school refers to a school set up by a family, clan, or teacher that generally had just one teacher who gave individual tuition, and that had no set textbooks and no specified time span of study.In the Spring and Autumn Period, private schools prevailed and many scholars of different schools of thought spread their teaching in this way. Among them, the private school run by Confucius was the largest and most influential.Confucius, private school:3000ciples（弟子）；72 virtuous and talented studentsConfiicius, educational ideas:"Education should be for all, irrespective of their social status/9（有教无类）"Six arts,9: ritual, music, archery, chariot-riding, writing, and arithmetic.（六艺： 礼、乐、射、御、 书、数）Official SchoolsOfficial schools began during the Western Zhou Dynasty, and were sponsored by the official constitution called Xiangxue .Only children of nobles were admitted.The teaching materials were centered on the Four Books and the Five Classics（四书五经）.Imperial Examination System （科举）Imperial Examination System in China began in the Sui Dynasty and lasted more than 1,300 years until the last examination was held during the Qing Dynasty.It was conducted at two levels: xiangshi（乡试）and huishi（会试）During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the examination was designed to select jinshi（进士）. It featured writing ,which involved the writing of an Eight-part Essay。（股文）.After the Opium War in 1840 with the spread of the Western ideology and technology in China , it was under attack by people. It was abolished in 1905.Nine-year Compulsory EducationThe law of compulsory education came into effect on July 1, 1986, requiring each child to have nine years of formal education.China's Nine-year Compulsory Education is composed of two parts: six-years in primary school and three-years in junior high school.In 1989, China launched two ambitious projects: Project Hope （希望工程）and the Spring Bud Project （春蕾计戈U） These two projects have helped children, especially girls, in poor areas to attend schools.The National College Entrance Examination is an academic examination held annually inChina aimed to select high-school graduates for college admissions.Higher EducationMore than two thousand universities, colleges, and institutes in China offer four or five-year programs. Students who have earned Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees may apply for Master of Arts or Science programs and then three-year Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programs.Confucius InstituteConfucius Institute is not a general sense of the university, but the promotion and dissemination (传播) of Chinese culture and Chinese language education.Chapter 6 Dress and Adornment CultureWords and Expressionsattire/ costume/trappings 月艮装、月艮饰The Silk Road丝绸之路The Maritime Silk Road 海上丝绸之路 embroidery/im6br?id?ri /刺绣;刺绣品Li Brocade 黎锦The Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产China has many ethnic groups with a long history. For thousands of years, generations of clothing designers have devoted themselves to building the Kingdom of Clothes, making the garments that cover the human body into an important component of Chinese culture.Cheong-sam(Qi Pao)Cheong-sam came from Qizhuang of manchu women's costume. The cheongsam is easy and comfortable to wear, snugly fitting the female Chinese figure. Its neckline is high, collar closed, and its sleeves may be short, medium or full length, depending on the season or the wearer's taste. The dress is buttoned on the right side, with a loose bodice, a fitted waist, and side-slits to the hem, all of which combine to set off the beauty of the female figure.Chinese tunic suit (Zhongshan suit /Mao suit)The modern Chinese tunic suit is a style of male attire known in China as the Zhongshan suit, and known in the West as the Mao suit (after Mao Zedong). Sun Zhongshan introduced the style shortly after the founding of the Republic of China as a form of national dress although with a distinctly political and later governmental implication.Tang CostumesA tang costumes （literally: HChinese suit" ） is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the Qing Dynasty. The tangzhuang evolved from the magua （Chinese: 马褂），which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.In Chinese communities, the Zhongshan suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions.The Silk RoadThe Silk Road refers to the ancient trade route connecting Asia Continent and European Continent, usually it can be classified into Northern Silk Road on the land, and the Maritime Silk Road.Embroider （刺绣）Embroidery is a traditional Chinese handicraft featuring flowers, birds and scenery on silk or other cloth in colored silk threads. Chinese embroidery dates back over 3,000 years. It has distinct regional and ethnic characteristics.Embroidery in China includes:Shu Embroidery （蜀绣）from Sichuan,Su Embroidery （苏绣）from SuzhouSu embroidery enjoys a good reputation of the first of the Top-four embroidery in China.Xiang Embroidery （湘绣）from HunanYue Embroidery （粤绣）from Guangdong.Li BrocadeAcclaimed as a "living fossil'* of Chinese textiles, the Li-style brocade was chosen in the first batch of items for the Intangible Cultural Heritage list released by UNESCO in 2009. The Li brocade has been part of China's national cultural heritage, but as few people nowadays have the skills necessary to weave the special brocades, the practice is in danger of becoming extinct.Chapter 7 Part 1 Food CultureWords and Expressionsfoodie吃货culinary厨房的，烹饪的;烹调用的cuisine烹饪，烹调法;菜肴main food 主食，主粮（staple food ）aroma芳香，香味seasonings调味品、调料A general introduction of Chinese foodChinese cuisine（菜肴）is widely seen as representing one of the richest and most diverse culinary（烹饪的）cuisines and heritages in the world.A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: Zhushi （main food）-typically rice, noodles, or mantou （steamed bun）, and accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items, known as cai （dish） in the Chinese language. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein（蛋白质 ）is often considered the main food（主食）.Chinese cuisine is a complete presence of color, aroma（芳香，香味）and taste.（色香味俱全） In China, we have eight branches of cuisine.Shandong Cuisine山东菜系（鲁菜）Guangdong Cuisine广东菜系（粤菜）Sichuan Cuisine四川菜系（川菜）Hunan Cuisine湖南菜系（湘菜）Jiangsu Cuisine淮扬菜系（苏菜）Zhejiang Cuisine浙江菜系（浙菜）Fujian Cuisine福建菜系（闽菜）Anhui Cuisine安徽菜系（徽菜）Hainan CuisineHainan is noted for its nFour Best Known Dishes', Wenchang Chicken, Jiaji Duck, Dongshan Mutton东山羊and Hele Crab和乐蟹.Chapter 7 Part 2 Tea and Wine CultureA Brief Introduction to Tea CultureTea （茶）commonly denotes the drink made from steeping（浸泡）the processed leaves, buds（芽）, or twigs of the tea bush （茶树）in water.On both casual and formal Chinese occasions, tea is consumed regularly. In addition to being a drink, Chinese tea is used in Traditional Chinese medicine and in Chinese cuisine.It is universally acknowledged that China is the original tea-growing area, as well as the firstcountry to grow, produce and drink tea.At the end of the sixteenth century, the Dutch（荷兰人）brought word to Europe that there was a kind of magic leaf in the east, from which tasty drinks could be made, and this was the first time that Europeans heard of tea.In 1610, the East India Company（东印度公司）was the first to sell tea to Europe, after which the habit of drinking tea took root there. Britain is famous for its tea drinking.The Classifications of Chinese TeaGreen tea 绿茶Black tea 红茶Oolong tea乌龙茶Yellow tea 黄茶White tea 白茶Scented tea 花茶Compressed tea 砖茶Unique customs of taking tea in different regions:GuangdongMorning teaFujianSichuan“Covered-bowl tea”TibetanButtered tea（酥油茶）Inner MongoliaMilk teaKongfu teaHainanLaoba TeaHainan Laoba Tea“Laoba tea9,（Laoba means father） is a special scene in Haikou, a pot of tea with some snacks, people sit around an old table, for killing time and strengthening the relationship with theirs friends, it hasn' t the limitation of time or place. Most of places of traditional Laoba tea are barely furnished, the prices of food and tea there are cheap. The teahouse of Laoba tea is a little world of society, a mirror of the traditional life in Hainan.The Functions of Offering TeaTo show respectTo apologizeTo express thanks to the elders on one' s wedding dayTea EtiquetteServing a cup of tea is more than mere politeness.When offered tea, it is considered polite to at least take a sip. When you pour tea, the rule of "full cup for wine and half cup for teashould be observed.Chinese Wine CultureThe Origin of Chinese WineChinese wine, as a special form of culture, has a history of more than five thousand years .Chinese wine making can be traced back as far as 4000 BC, to the early period of the Neolithic Yangshao Culture (新石器时代的仰韶文化 ). During its long development, Chinese wine has developed distinctive characteristics.Types of Chinese WineHuangjiu (yellow rice wine)Huangjiu is one of three dominated brewed wines (beer and grape wine) in the world. Huang Jiu predates all the other liquors, with a history of several thousand years. Among these liquors the Shaoxing Rice Wine is the most famous.Baijiu(white wine)Being made from sorghum, corn, barley or wheatFruit WineFermented alcoholic beverages made from a variety of base ingredients (other than grapes); May also have additional flavors taken from fruits, flowers, and herbs.Red WineA type of wine made from dark-coloured (black) grape varieties. The actual colour of the wine can range from intense violet, typical of young wines, through to brick red for mature wines and brown for older red wines.BeerToast etiquetteChinese Drinking Etiquette(礼仪)The Chinese people care more about the people we drink with.That is Chinese drinking etiquette reflects the respect of the drinkersThe host and guests have their own seat and order of toast(敬酒顺序)When toast,the host come first,and firstly,they should toast the most honored guest.The wine vessel must be full.The younger should toast the elder and drink all of the wine.(先干为敬)Western Drinking EtiquetteThe drinking etiquette of west show the respect of wine.To distinguish wine we need to watch its color, smell its fragrance, taste its taste（观其色、I同其香、 品其味）. They drink for enjoying, so sometimes they drink themselves. They do not encourage others to drink, neither do they consider letting other drunk is a way to show their etiquette.Chapter 4 Traditional Festivals and CustomsWords and ExpressionsLegal holiday/ official holiday 法定节假日Solar calendar 阳历Lunar calendar 阴历 / Agricultural calendar 农历Spring Festival （春节）Lantern Festival （元宵节）Tomb-sweeping Festival/ Qing Ming Festival （清明节）Dragon Boat Festival （端午节）Mid-autumn Festival （中秋节）Double Ninth Festival （重阳节）Intangible Cultural Heritage 非物质文化遗产Spring Festival （春节）China' s most important festival falls on the 1st day of the 1st lunar month each year. Family members gather just as they do for Christinas in the West.CustomsSpring CleaningWrite and paste couplets（对联）on doorsSet off fireworksReceive Gift MoneyGreet each otherLantern Festival （元宵节）The Lantern Festival, celebrated on the 15th day of the first lunar month, is closely related to the Spring Festival. It marks the end of the New Year celebrations, following which life returns to normal. The most prominent activity of the Lantern Festival is the grand display of beautiful lanterns.CustomsGuessing RiddlesEating YuanxiaoTomb-sweeping Festival （清明节）Tomb-sweeping Day is a time to remember the dead and the dearly departed. More important, it is a period to honor and to pay respect to one's deceased（亡故的）ancestors and family members. It falls in early spring.