高考英语语法非谓语动词精讲与专练.docx

高中英语语法非谓语动词精讲与专练非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词（现在分词，过去分词）和动名词统称为非谓语动词。现代英语将现在分词和动名词 合为一大类叫作v + ing形式。这些动词的形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，因而没有语法主语。但可以有 逻辑主语。由于没有语法主语，也就不受人称和数的限定，因为不是谓语，也就没有时态和语态，但这些 词仍能表示动作和状态，所以仍有表示与其他动词相对时间关系的形式。由于与其它词有逻辑上的主谓关 系，因此也有表示主、被动的形式，同时也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语（动词不定 式短语，分词短语，动名词短语）。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多 样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确 进行口语和书面的交流。动词不定式、过去分词及v-ing形式在句中均不能作谓语用，所以叫做非谓语动词。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play,动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用, 但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis o1、动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building被动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、 宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主 语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day.动词不定式在系动词 be 之后作 表语，与表示将来时的be +动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants9 children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is,动词不定式to set up.为表语，主语为plan,但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动 作不是主语 plan 产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants'children.我们将为农民 的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we,同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可 以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有 glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不 定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next?（4）作宾语补足语，如:Tell the children not to play on the street.如果句中的谓语动词为 see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置， 如：I don't think it right to do it that way.（6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后,如：Is this the best way to help him?和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on.如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way,不定式后面的介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.2)分词表时间、条件、原因、伴随、方式，结果等。Not having been warned of danger, they stepped into the cave.Given a chance, I can surprise the world.He didn't work hard, thus failing the exam.He came in, followed by his students.3)独立主格结构：©Weather permitting, well play golf this afternoon.There being no bus, we had to walk.(3)He was lying on the ground, his eyes looking straight upward.4) with复合结构 With nothing taken home, the boy was afraid to face his step father. With time going on, they have become good friends. With Mary to help, he is sure to succeed.虚拟语气类:1)表条件用于状语：(倒装形式或含蓄式)Were I in school again, I would work harder.Had you been here earlier, you would do well now.Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.Without air, there would be no living things.But for your help, I couldnl have done it.©Were it not for your help, I couldn't do it.Had it not been for your help, I couldn't have done it.(§)lf only I knew the answer!If only I hadn't lost it!2)用于宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句：sb. suggest(advise/recommend/propose/demand/ require/desire/order/request/insist) that sb (should) do /be done作advice; suggestion; order; request; demand; proposal等名词的表语从句或主语从句，谓语动词用 (should)+do/be done.e.g We all agree to his suggestion that the plan (should) be carried out in no time.用于主语从句：a. It is necessary/natural/ important/ strange/ surprising/ a pity/a shame/ that sb (should) dob. It is desired /suggested/ ordered/ advised/ recommended/requested/ required that sb (should )do.3)用于定语从句：It is(high) time (that) sb should do / sb did.e.g It is (high) time (that) we were going. I should be going.4)用于状语从句：He speaks as if/ as though he knew everything.He speaks as if/ as though he had studied English in America.情态动词类:1) ought to/should have done; oughtn,t/shouldn,t have doneneed have done; needn't have donecould have done; couldn't have done might have done;2) would like to have done3) would rather do/ not do .4) would rather sb did/ had done.5)表推测 a.肯定 must (could/ may/might) do/ be doing/ have doneb否定 cancouldnmay not/might not) do /be doing/ have donec.疑问 Can / Could. do/ be doing/ have done.?动词时态、语态类典型句式及结构:1)表愿望、打算一类词，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意愿：hope; expect; mean; intend; think; suppose; wante.g I had thought that he would be in time for the interview, but in fact he didn't make it.I had meant to help you, but I was too busy at that moment2)固定的句式：时态：This is/ It is the first time (that) sb have done.;This/lt was the second time that sb had done.It has been/ is + 时间段+since + sb did.It will/won,t be/ take+时间段+before sb do sth.It was(took)/ wasn't (didn't take)+时间段 + before sb did. He was about to go out when it began to rain. He was on the point of callinq her when she turned up at the meeting. He was working on the physics problem when the light went out. HardlW Scarcely had he got home when the rain poured down. No sooner had he seated himself at the desk than the teacher came in. They hadn't walked for a mile when they were warned of danger ahead. They hnd just finished their work when he broke in.语态：主动形式表被动意义He is the only man to blame. I Who is to blame?The machine runs well./ Class begins at eighty此类词：read; feel; write; wear; wash; open.)Your sentence doesn't sound right./His words proved (to be) right.(系动词类)His telephone number is easy to remember, (sb/ sth +be + 形容词+to do)The room wants/needs/ requires cleaning/ to be cleaned.从句类:1)主语从句：It is possible/probable/ likely/certain that sb do.It is said/ reported/thought/ expected/ announced/ believed/decided that sb do.=sb is said/reported / thought /expected/believed to do.(§)lt seems/happens/appears +that 句子It occurred to/ hit/ stuck/ came to me that he was away on business.It makes no difference /doesn't matter/ matter much whether he will come or not.Does it matter much when he will come here?2)宾语从句：He took it for granted that she would accept his flowers.You may depend on it that they will support you.We have made it clear that he will not give in.We owe it to you that I have made such great progress in English.We will see to it that every victim in this Wenchuan Earthquake should be well taken care of.I don't think /believe/ suppose/expect/imagine he is right (否定前移)What do you think/believe/suppose/expect/imaaine /consider /guess he will say?(4)l doubt if/whether he will win the game.I don't doubt that he will win the game. Do you doubt that he will win the game?3）状语从句：时间： when, as,while, before, after, since, until, 就：hardly.when; no sooner.than; as soon as; the moment; the minute; the instant; instantly; immediately; directly; soon /shortly/immediately +after 句子（或 doing）（介词短语：on/upon doing, sbat the thought/sound/sight of 一想/看/听到.）原因: because ; since; now that; as;地点： where, wherever条件：if; unless; so（as） long as 只要;on condition that;让步： though; although; while; whereas; no matter + how/when/who.= however/whenever/ whoever ; whether.or 及：Try as he may, he never seems able to do the work well.Child as he is, he dares to walk alone in the street at night.结果：so that（以致）；so.that（如此 以致）；,目的： so that; in order that; in case;（以免；以防）方式： as if; as though;比较：as.as; not as（so） .as ; than; the more., the more;The harder we work, the greater progress we can make.4）定语从句： All that can be done has been done.In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she would turn for help.（3）He lives in a house whose window/of which the window/ the window of which faces the sea.As has been expected, the England team won the football match.He came late again, which annoyed his teacher.He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year.5）同位语从句分辨：The fact that she hasn't known the result of the examination is clear.The fact （that/which） she told me yesterday is of great importance.句式部分:1）倒装： ln_came a girl he had never seen before. 比较：The door opened and in she came. Such are the facts; no one can deny them.（§） Lyinq on the floor was a boy aged about 17. /Seated on the ground are a group of young people/ Gone are the days when we suffered from hunger.（4） Only when the war waa over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work,. Little does he realize how important this meeting is. Not until I read your letter did I understand the true state of affairs. So moved was she that she could not say a word. Should it rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meet. Child though/ as he is, he knows a lot.2）强调： Who was it that broke the window? I don't understand why it is that smoking is not allowed here.（3） It was not until he told me the truth that I knew what had happened.3）感叹句： What fun it is to go hiking in summer! How difficult the task is! How he hated the his boss who treats his employees unfairly!4)祈使句： Make a move, and ril shoot. = If you make a move, Til shoot . Go away, or I will call the police = If you don't go away, I will call the police.5) there be 句型 There are plenty of interesting places to visit There must be no time wasted.(3) There will be more than three hundred scientists attending the meeting .There +情态动词+be.e.g There must/ can't / should /used to be many fires in that factory.There +系动词+ to bee.g There happen /seem/ appear to be nobody in the room. There stands (lived, lies, exists)+ 主语e.g There stands a big tree on the top of the mountain.There lies a lake in the west of the park. There goes(comes, enters, appears, follows) + 主语e.g There came many visitors at our school last Sunday.There goes the bell. There is+no need /time/ chance(for sb) to do .e.g There is no chance for me to talk with him. There is no doubt that. There is no use/ point/ sense (in) doing“做某事没用或没有意义，There is no doing“不可能;无法;没有办法”e.g There is no knowing how long he might be away.There is no joking about such matters.6)形容词三级常见句型：原级： as adj as./ not so(as) adj as.e.g Some stones in the Pyramid weigh as much as 15 tons.This test is not so/ as difficult as that one. the same (n) as.e.g China is no longer the same country as it used to be.(§). times as +adj .ase.g The new bridge being built will be three times as long as the old one.(4). times the size of.e.g Your bag is three times the size of mine. as +adj / adv. as possible = as +adj/ adv. sb can / could 尽可能怎样地e.g 111 tell you the results as soon as possible.比较级：be. times +adj(er) than.Your bag is three times larger than mine. be +adj(er) than any other + n (单数)Japan has a larger population than any country in Africa.China has a lager population than any other country in the world. be +adj(er) than any of the other+ n (复数)Tom is taller than any of the students in his class. be +adj (er) than anybody(anything) else in (of).Tom is taller than anybody else in his class. the +adj(er) of the two(n)Mr Wang is the more experienced of the two engineers in the company. be (get; turn; become) +adj(er) and adj(er)Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful and prosperous. The+ adj(er). ,the adi(er).The higher one aims, the faster he develops his talents and the more he contributes to society.最高级： Canada is the second largest country in the world. Of all the novels that Pve ever read, I enjoy this one the most.7) it的几个易混句型： It is/ has been + 时间段 + since + sb did. It will (wont) be (take) + 时间段 + before + sb do. It was(wasnl) / took( didn take) + 时间段 + before + sb did.(4) ltwas+时间点+when+sbdid(时间状语从句)e.g It was five o'clock when I saw him.It §/§+时间状语+如1+句子(强调句型)e.g It was at five o'clock that I saw him.(6) It wasn't until. that.直至!J才其他:1) There is some/ much /great/ little/no difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.2) What /How about doing sth.?3) be/ get/become used /accustomed to sth/doing sth.4)除了干外别无选择；不得不have no choice/alternative but to do. /can do nothing but do./ can't (help) but do./There is nothing we can do but do sth.5)禁不住干某事can't help /resist doing6) chance的句型：©The chance is that.= Chances are that.能.；大概是e.g The chance is that one smoker in four will die from smoking. There is a chance that. There are chances that. /There is a chance of sb doing sth,可能7) before sb could do /did还没来得及就;以后才；不等就She hung up the telephone before I could answer it.They came to a small village before they knew /realized it.不矢口不觉就 来到了一个小村。非谓语动词专练（一） 动词不定式1. - Can you ride a horse?- No, I never had the chanceA. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how2. Paul said, HGive me a chairA. to sitB. sitC. sit onD. to sit onC. to notice for meD. and notice3 I ran too fast where I was going.A. to noticeB. for me to notice4. -Have you enjoyed your visit here?A. for leavingB.of leaving5. - 1,11 help you whenever you need me.A. you helping B. that you will help- Yes, Ill be very sorryC. to leaveD. with leaving Good. I'd like me tomorrow.C. you to helpD. that you help6. -一 I didn't hear you come in last night. -一 Thafs good. We tried noisy.A. not beB. not to beC. to be notD. to not be7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is stillA. a good place which to be lived inB. lived as a good placeC. a good place to live inD. living in as a good place8. -Why was the official meeting called?-new officers.A. SelectB. SelectingC. To select D. For selecting9. -Where did he go?-He went to another store.A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils10. -一 My baby has a heart trouble. -Did the doctor find it difficult?A. in treatingB. treatingC. for treatingD. to treat11. - Did the judge ask you many questions? - Yes, andA. they were difficult to be answeredB. to answer them was to be difficultC. they were difficult to answerD. they had difficulty in answering12. That beggar seems anything yesterday.A. not to have eaten B. not to eatC. didn't eatD. to not have eaten13. The lost child desired nothing but home.A. goB. to goC. goingD. went14. That box is.A. too heavy for me to carryC. so heavy for me to carryB. too heavy for me to carry it D. very heavy for me to carry15. Would you be to do me a favour, please?A. so kind as B. too kind C. as kind as D. enough kind16. To learn to speak English well,.A. much practice is neededB. one needs much practiceC. much practice is needed by oneD. one is needed much practice17.