JonathanTepperman_2016T[乔纳森·特普曼][在危机中前行的政治].pdf
www.XiYuS锡育软件The conventional wisdom about our world today is that thisis a time of terrible decline.关于当今世界的传统观点认为:这是一个急剧衰退的时代00:12And thats not surprising,given the bad news all around us,from ISIS to inequality,political dysfunction,climate change,而这也并不令人奇怪,考虑到我们身边无处不在的坏消息 从伊斯兰国到不平等 政治机能失调、气候变化00:19Brexit,and on and on.英国脱欧等等等等00:28But heres the thing,and this may sound a little weird.但我是这么想的,而我的想法可能听起来有些奇怪00:31I actually dont buy this gloomy narrative,and I dont thinkyou should either.我对那些沮丧的观点并不买帐 并且我希望你们也一样00:35Look,its not that I dont see the problems.并不是说我没有看到那些问题00:40I read the same headlines that you do.我也跟你们看一样的头条00:43What I dispute is the conclusion that so many people drawfrom them,namely that were all screwed because theproblems are unsolvable and our governments are useless.我所质疑的是很多人从这些头条中得出的结论 即我们把一切都搞砸了 因为这些问题都无解 而我们的政府又没有用00:46Now,why do I say this?那么我为什么要说些呢？00:57Its not like Im particularly optimistic by nature.并不是说我生性特别的乐观00:58dysfunction:n.功能紊乱;机能障碍;官能不良/vi.功能失调;出现机能障碍;垮掉 on and on:继续不停地 gloomy:adj.黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的 narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述/adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的 unsolvable:adj.不能解决的;不能溶解的 bynature:天生地;生性But something about the medias constant doom-mongeringwith its fixation on problems and not on answers has alwaysreally bugged me.而是媒体的那种不断地执拗于问题 而不是解决之道的悲观论调 一直困扰着我01:02So a few years ago I decided,well,Im a journalist,I shouldsee if I can do any better by going around the world andactually asking folks if and how theyve tackled their bigeconomic and political challenges.因此几年前我决定 嗯,既然我是一名记者 那么我应该看看是否可以通过 周游世界并问问各地的人们他们是否并且是如何解决他们所面临的大的经济和政治挑战的来做得更好01:11And what I found astonished me.而我的发现震惊了我01:26It turns out that there are remarkable signs of progress outthere,often in the most unexpected places,and theyveconvinced me that our great global challenges may not be sounsolvable after all.原来已经有了很多显着的进步的迹象 并且经常是在那些出人意料的地方 而这也使我确信我们面临的那些重大全球挑战 也许并不是那么的完全无解01:29Not only are there theoretical fixes;those fixes have beentried.这里不仅仅有理论上的修复 这些修复已经被投入试验01:43Theyve worked.并且是起作用的01:47And they offer hope for the rest of us.这也为我们其他人提供了希望01:49Im going to show you what I mean by telling you about howthree of the countries I visited-Canada,Indonesia andMexico-overcame three supposedly impossible problems.接下来我将会展示我所要表达的意思 通过讲述这三个我访问过的国家 加拿大、印度尼西亚和墨西哥 是如何战胜那些理应无法解决的问题的01:52fixation:n.固定;定位;定影 bugged:adj.装有窃听器的/n.装窃听器;打扰;把弄糊涂;除虫(bug的过去分词)tackled:解决,处理,对付(tackle的过去式和过去分词)astonished:adj.吃惊的 remarkable:adj.卓越的；非凡的；值得注意的 fixes:n.菲克斯类(一种烈酒)/v.修理(fix的三单形式)hope for:希望,期待 Indonesia:n.印尼,印度尼西亚(东南亚岛国)overcame:v.克服(overcome的过去式)Their stories matter because they contain tools the rest of uscan use,and not just for those particular problems,but formany others,too.他们的故事很重要,因为中间包含着可以为我们所用的工具 不仅仅是对于那些特定的问题 而且对于多数的其它问题也一样02:02When most people think about my homeland,Canada,today,if they think about Canada at all,they think cold,theythink boring,they think polite.如今当大多数人想到我的祖国加拿大 如果他们真的想到加拿大的话 他们会想到寒冷、会想到无聊、会想到礼貌02:13TED演讲者：Jonathan Tepperman|乔纳森特普曼演讲标题：The risky politics of progress|在危机中前行的政治内容概要：Global problems such as terrorism,inequality and political dysfunction arent easy tosolve,but that doesnt mean we should stop trying.In fact,suggests journalist JonathanTepperman,we might even want to think riskier.He traveled the world to ask global leadershow theyre tackling hard problems-and unearthed surprisingly hopeful stories that hesdistilled into three tools for problem-solving.全球性问题如恐怖主义、不平等和政治失能等都不容易解决，但并不代表我们要停止尝试。事实上，记者乔纳森特普曼建议，我匀们也许可以从更冒险的角度去思考。他周游世界请教教各地的领导人，问他们是如何克服难题的 并且发现了出人意料的希望故事，而他从这些故事中提取出了三个解决问题的工具。They think we say sorry too much in our funny accents.他们还会想到我们用滑稽的口音不停的说“不好意思”02:22And thats all true.而这些也都是真的02:26(Laughter)Sorry.（笑声）不好意思02:28(Laughter)But Canadas also important because of itstriumph over a problem currently tearing many othercountries apart:immigration.（笑声）但是加拿大也是很重要的 因为它战胜了一个目前 正在撕裂其它许多国家的问题:移民02:30Consider,Canada today is among the worlds mostwelcoming nations,even compared to other immigration-friendly countries.想想看,当今的加拿大是世界上最热情好客的国家之一 即使跟其它的移民友好型国家相比也毫不逊色02:41Its per capita immigration rate is four times higher thanFrances,and its percentage of foreign-born residents isdouble that of Sweden.它的人均移民率比法国要高四倍 而它的外国出生居民的比例 是瑞典的两倍02:49triumph over:击败;得胜;成功 tearing:adj.撕裂的;痛苦的;猛烈的/v.撕开;裂开(tear的ing形式)immigration:n.外来移民;移居 capita:n.头数(尤指牲口)foreign-born:adj.在国外出生的 residents:n.居民;住院医生(resident的复数);房客Meanwhile,Canada admitted 10 times more Syrian refugeesin the last year than did the United States.同时,加拿大去年接收的 叙利亚难民 比美国要多十倍02:58(Applause)And now Canada is taking even more.（掌声）并且现在加拿大正在接收更多的难民03:05And yet,if you ask Canadians what makes them proudest oftheir country,they rank multiculturalism,如果你问加拿大人 他们的国家最让他们感到骄傲的是什么 他们会将“多元文化”这个03:14a dirty word in most places,second,ahead of hockey.在很多地方都带有贬义的词语 排在第二位 领先于曲棍球03:22Hockey.曲棍球03:27(Laughter)In other words,at a time when other countries arenow frantically building new barriers to keep foreigners out,（笑声）换句话说,当其它国家都在 疯狂地建造新的障碍阻挡外国人时03:28Canadians want even more of them in.加拿大人却想要引进更多的外国人03:37Now,heres the really interesting part.然而真正有趣的是03:41Canada wasnt always like this.加拿大也不是一开始就这样的03:43Until the mid-1960s,Canada followed an explicitly racistimmigration policy.直到1960年代中期,加拿大都奉行着一个明显带有种族歧视的移民政策03:45Syrian:adj.叙利亚的;叙利亚人的;叙利亚语的/n.叙利亚人;叙利亚语 refugees:难民 multiculturalism:n.多元文化论hockey:n.曲棍球;冰球 at a time:一次;每次;在某时 frantically:adv.疯狂似地;狂暴地 barriers:n.障碍;栅栏;篱笆墙(barrier的复数形式)foreigners:n.外国人;外地人(foreigner的复数)explicitly:adv.明确地；明白地 racist:n.种族主义者/种族主义的They called it White Canada,他们叫称之为“白色加拿大”03:52and as you can see,they were not just talking about thesnow.而如你所知,他们并不是在谈论冰雪03:54So how did that Canada become todays Canada?那么彼时的加拿大是如何变成今日的加拿大的呢？03:59Well,despite what my mom in Ontario will tell you,theanswer had nothing to do with virtue.嗯,不管我住在安大略省的妈妈会如何跟你说 但我想说的是这个答案跟美德没有半点关系04:05Canadians are not inherently better than anyone else.加拿大人并不是天生的就比其他人心要好04:09The real explanation involves the man who became Canadasleader in 1968,Pierre Trudeau,who is also the father of thecurrent prime minister.真正的答案涉及到那个在1968年成为加拿大领导人的男人 皮埃尔特鲁多,他也是加拿大现任总理的父亲04:13(Applause)The thing to know about that first Trudeau is thathe was very different from Canadas previous leaders.（掌声）关于老特鲁多我们需要了解的是 他跟加拿大之前的领导都不一样04:21He was a French speaker in a country long-dominated by itsEnglish elite.在一个长期被说英语的精英统治的国家,他却是说法语的04:29He was an intellectual.他是一个知识分子04:34He was even kind of groovy.他也是那种时髦的人04:36I mean,seriously,the guy did yoga.我是说真的,他还练瑜伽04:38as you can see:正如你所看到的;你是知道的 Ontario:n.安大略湖(北美五大湖之一)had nothing to do with:与无关inherently:adv.内在地;固有地;天性地 groovy:adj.槽的;绝妙的;时髦的 yoga:n.瑜珈(意为“结合”,指修行);瑜珈术;联想可360翻转的平板电脑He hung out with the Beatles.他跟披头士们一起玩04:41(Laughter)And like all hipsters,he could be infuriating attimes.（笑声）跟所有的潮人一样,他有时候也会愤怒04:42But he nevertheless pulled off one of the most progressivetransformations any country has ever seen.然而他却开启了 一个在任何国家都没见过的激进的转变04:48www.XiYuS锡育软件His formula,Ive learned,involved two parts.他的公式,我了解到,包含两个方面04:56First,Canada threw out its old race-based immigration rules,and it replaced them with new color-blind ones thatemphasized education,experience and language skillsinstead.首先,加拿大抛弃原有的基于种族的移民法规 代之以新的无肤色歧视的法规 转而强调教育、经验和语言技能04:58And what that did was greatly increase the odds thatnewcomers would contribute to the economy.而这就极大的提高了 新移民对经济做出贡献的可能性05:10Then part two,Trudeau created the worlds first policy ofofficial multiculturalism to promote integration and the ideathat diversity was the key to Canadas identity.另一方面,特鲁多创造出了世界上 第一个官方的多元文化主义政策以促进融合 并且多样性是加拿大形象的关键部分05:16Beatles:n.披头士合唱(摇滚乐队)hipsters:n.时髦人群;穿低腰裤者(hipster的复数)infuriating:adj.令人大怒的/v.使发怒(infuriate的ing形式)at times:有时;偶尔 nevertheless:adv.然而，不过；虽然如此/conj.然而，不过 transformations:n.晶体转变(transformation的复数形式);转换 color-blind:adj.色盲的 emphasized:v.强调,着重(emphasize的过去式)odds:n.几率;胜算;不平等;差别 newcomers:n.新来的人(newcomer的复数)contribute to:有助于;捐献 integration:n.集成;综合 diversity:n.多样性;差异 identity:n.身份；同一性，一致；特性；恒等式Now,in the years that followed,Ottawa kept pushing thismessage,but at the same time,ordinary Canadians soonstarted to see the economic,the material benefits ofmulticulturalism all around them.从那以后到现在,渥太华一直在传递这个信息 与此同时,普通的加拿大人 很快开始见到多元文化主义带来的经济上和 物质上的利益无处不在05:29And these two influences soon combined to create thepassionately open-minded Canada of today.而这两方面的影响很快结合在一起 创造出了今天这个非常开明的加拿大05:41Lets now turn to another country and an even tougherproblem,Islamic extremism.现在我们转向另一个国家和一个更困难的问题 伊斯兰极端主义05:49In 1998,the people of Indonesia took to the streets andoverthrew their longtime dictator,Suharto.1998年,印度尼西亚人民走上街头 推翻了长期的独裁者苏哈托05:55It was an amazing moment,but it was also a scary one.那是一个令人激动的时刻 但也是一个可怕的时刻06:02With 250 million people,Indonesia is the largest Muslim-majority country on Earth.拥有2.5亿人口的印尼 是地球上最大的以穆斯林为主的国家06:06Its also hot,huge and unruly,made up of 17,000 islands,where people speak close to a thousand languages.它还很热、很大并且难以管理 由17000个岛屿组成 全国人民说着将近1000种不同的语言06:12influences:n.影响,影响力;作用(influence的复数形式)/vt.影响,感化(influence的三单形式)passionately:adv.热情地;强烈地;激昂地 open-minded:adj.虚心的;思想开明的;无偏见的 extremism:n.极端主义(尤指政治上的极右或极左);极端性;过激主义 overthrew:v.推翻(overthrow的过去式)longtime:adj.长时间的;为时甚久的/adv.长久地 dictator:n.独裁者;命令者unruly:adj.不守规矩的;任性的;难驾驭的 made up of:由组成,由构成Now,Suharto had been a dictator,and a nasty one.苏哈托是一个独裁者 并且是一个很令人厌恶的独裁者06:20But hed also been a pretty effective tyrant,and hed alwaysbeen careful to keep religion out of politics.但他也是一个很实在的暴君 他一直小心的不让宗教渗入到政治中来06:24So experts feared that without him keeping a lid on things,the country would explode,or religious extremists wouldtake over and turn Indonesia into a tropical version of Iran.因此专家还担心如果没有他控制局面 这个国家有可能分崩离析 或者宗教极端主义者可能掌管这个国家 并将印尼变成热带地区的伊朗06:31And thats just what seemed to happen at first.一开始事情似乎是朝着那个方向发展的06:43In the countrys first free elections,in 1999,Islamist partiesscored 36 percent of the vote,and the islands burned asriots and terror attacks killed thousands.1999年,在这个国家举行的第一次自由选举中 伊斯兰政党得到了36%的选票 这些岛屿开始战火不断骚乱和恐怖袭击导致数以千计的民众死亡06:46Since then,however,Indonesia has taken a surprising turn.然而,从那以后,印尼却发生了出人意料的转变06:58While ordinary folks have grown more pious on a personallevel-I saw a lot more headscarves on a recent visit than Iwould have a decade ago-the countrys politics havemoved in the opposite direction.从个人层面上来说普通民众变得更加虔诚了我最近一次访问见到的戴头巾的民众 要比十年前更多了 这个国家的政治却走向了一个相反的方向07:03nasty:adj.下流的；肮脏的；脾气不好的；险恶的/n.令人不快的事物/性的吸引力 tyrant:n.暴君 religious:adj.宗教的；虔诚的；严谨的；修道的/n.修道士；尼姑 extremists:n.极端主义者,过激分子 Islamist:n.伊斯兰教主义者;回教教徒 scored:adj.折叠的;刮伤的/v.在上刻痕;牢记的宿怨;得到的分数(score的过去分词)riots:n.暴动(riot的复数)/v.骚乱(riot的第三人称单数形式);闹事 pious:adj.虔诚的;敬神的;可嘉的;尽责的 headscarves:n.女人的头巾Indonesia is now a pretty decent democracy.印尼现在是一个相当民主的国家07:15And yet,its Islamist parties have steadily lost support,from ahigh of about 38 percent in 2004 down to 25 percent in2014.而它的伊斯兰政党正在持续地失去支持 从2004年高达38%的支持率 降至2014年的25%07:20As for terrorism,its now extremely rare.而恐怖主义现在也非常之少了07:30And while a few Indonesians have recently joined ISIS,theirnumber is tiny,far fewer in per capita terms than the number虽然最近还是有些印尼人加入伊斯兰国 但他们的数量是非常少的 按人均来计算 比比利时要少得多07:34number is tiny,far fewer in per capita terms than the numberof Belgians.07:34Try to think of one other Muslim-majority country that cansay all those same things.想想看还有哪个以穆斯林为主的国家 能够做到这些07:46In 2014,I went to Indonesia to ask its current president,asoft-spoken technocrat named Joko Widodo,Why isIndonesia thriving when so many other Muslim states aredying?2014年,我到印尼去采访了现任总统 一个说话温柔的专家型官员,叫做佐科维多多“为什么在其它众多穆斯林国家走向衰退时印尼却能保持繁荣？”07:51Well,what we realized,he told me,is that to deal withextremism,we needed to deal with inequality first.“嗯,我们意识到,”他告诉我“要想打击恐怖主义,我们首先需要消除不平等。”08:03See,Indonesias religious parties,like similar partieselsewhere,had tended to focus on things like reducingpoverty and cutting corruption.瞧,印尼的宗教政党像其它类似的政党一样 趋向于聚焦在减少贫困和腐败的问题上08:09decent:adj.正派的；得体的；相当好的 steadily:adv.稳定地;稳固地;有规则地 soft-spoken:adj.说话温和的;善于言辞的technocrat:n.技术统治论者;专家政治论者;技术统治 thriving:adj.繁荣的;蒸蒸日上的;旺盛的/v.兴旺(thrive的ing形式)tended:vi.趋向,倾向;照料,照顾/vt.照料,照管So thats what Joko and his predecessors did too,therebystealing the Islamists thunder.佐科和他的前任们做的另一件事 就是降低伊斯兰主义的影响08:18They also cracked down hard on terrorism,but Indonesiasdemocrats have learned a key lesson from the dark years ofdictatorship,namely that repression only creates moreextremism.他们还强力打击了恐怖主义 但是印尼的民主人士从独裁统治的 黑暗岁月里也学到了一个很重要的教训 即压制只会造就更多的恐怖主义08:23So they waged their war with extraordinary delicacy.因此他们非常精密地发动了他们的战争08:36They used the police instead of the army.他们使用警察而不是军队08:40They only detained suspects if they had enough evidence.他们只在有足够证据的情况下才拘留嫌犯08:42They held public trials.他们实行公开审判08:45They even sent liberal imams into the jails to persuade thejihadists that terror is un-Islamic.他们甚至还派开明的阿訇去监狱 劝说圣战主义者,告诉他们恐怖活动是反伊斯兰的08:46And all of this paid off in spectacular fashion,creating thekind of country that was unimaginable 20 years ago.所有的这些获得了巨大的回报 创造了一个20年前无法想象得到的国家08:52predecessors:n.前任(predecessor的复数)hard on:严厉对待 democrats:n.民主党员(democrat的复数);民主主义者dictatorship:n.专政;独裁权;独裁者职位 repression:n.抑制，心理压抑；镇压 waged:adj.有职业的;有工作的;支付工资的/v.进行;开始(wage的过去分词)delicacy:n.美味;佳肴;微妙;精密;精美;敏锐,敏感;世故,圆滑 detained:v.被扣留,法扣留(detain的过去分词)imams:n.伊玛目(清真寺内率领穆斯林做礼拜的人,imam的复数)jails:n.监狱;监牢;拘留所/vt.监禁;下狱unimaginable:adj.不可思议的;难以想像的So at this point,my optimism should,I hope,be starting tomake a bit more sense.因此在这一点上,我的乐观应该,我希望 开始变得更加有意义了09:00Neither immigration nor Islamic extremism are impossible todeal with.移民问题和伊斯兰恐怖主义都不是不可能解决的09:05Join me now on one last trip,this time to Mexico.现在跟我来看看最后的这个例子 这一次我们转向墨西哥09:10Now,of our three stories,this one probably surprised me themost,since as you all know,the country is still strugglingwith so many problems.在所有三个故事中,这一个可能是最令我惊讶的 正如你们所知 这个国家仍然在跟很多问题做斗争09:14And yet,a few years ago,Mexico did something that manyother countries from France to India to the United States canstill only dream of.然而,几年前墨西哥做了一件 很多其它国家,从法国、印度到美国 现在仍然只能梦想的事情09:22It shattered the political paralysis that had gripped it foryears.那是它打破了困扰了好多年的政治僵局09:32To understand how,we need to rewind to the year 2000,when Mexico finally became a democracy.要想理解的它是怎样做到的,我们需要倒回到2000年 那时墨西哥终于成为了一个民主国家09:37Rather than use their new freedoms to fight for reform,Mexicos politicians used them to fight one another.墨西哥的政客们不是利用新获得的自由去推动改革而是利用它们去互相攻击09:42optimism:n.乐观；乐观主义 shattered:adj.破碎的;极度疲劳的/v.打碎;削弱;使心烦意乱(shatter的过去分词)paralysis:n.麻痹;无力;停顿 gripped:vt.紧咬,夹住;紧握(grip过去时形式)rewind:n.重绕;倒带器/vt.倒回;重绕/vi.倒回;重绕 Ratherthan:而不是;宁可也不愿 one another:彼此,互相Congress deadlocked,and the countrys problems-drugs,poverty,crime,corruption-spun out of control.国会陷入僵持,而这个国家面临的问题 毒品、贫困、犯罪、腐败 都失去了控制09:50Things got so bad that in 2008,the Pentagon warned thatMexico risked collapse.到了2008年,情况已经变得非常糟糕了 五角大楼警告说墨西哥有崩溃的风险09:58Then in 2012,this guy named Enrique Pe?a Nieto somehowgot himself elected president.然后到了2012的年,这个叫做恩里克培尼亚涅托的家伙 不知怎么的选上了总统10:04Now,this Pe?a hardly inspired much confidence at first.这个培尼亚一开始就艰难地激发了人们的自信心10:11Sure,he was handsome,but he came from Mexicos corruptold ruling party,the PRI,and he was a notoriouswomanizer.当然,他很帅 他来自
