GarthLenz_2011X[Garth Lenz][石油真正的代价].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件The worlds largest and most devastating environmental andindustrial project is situated in the heart of the largest andmost intact forest in the world,世上最大、最具破坏性的 环境及工业计划 发生于世上最大、保存最完整的森林当中00:15Canadas boreal forest.加拿大北方森林00:24It stretches right across northern Canada,in Labrador,itshome to the largest remaining wild caribou herd in theworld,the George River caribou herd,numberingapproximately 400,000 animals.它横跨加拿大北部的拉布拉多省 为现存最大的野生驯鹿群家园 乔治河驯鹿群 数量大约40万只00:26Unfortunately,when I was there I couldnt find one of them,but you have the antlers as proof.不幸的是我前往当地时,并未见到任何一只 但有鹿角为证00:37All across the boreal,were blessed with this incredibleabundance of wetlands.纵观整个北方森林,我们幸运地拥有 丰富的湿地资源00:42Wetlands globally are one of the most endangeredecosystems.湿地是全球濒临最严重危机的生态系统之一00:47devastating:adj.毁灭性的；全然的/v.摧毁(devastate的ing形式)；毁坏 situated:adj.位于的；处于境遇的/v.使位于；使处于(situate的过去分词)boreal:adj.北的,北方的;北风的 stretches:伸张 caribou:n.北美驯鹿 herd:n.兽群,畜群;放牧人/vi.成群,聚在一起/vt.放牧;使成群 antlers:n.脊椎鹿角;脊椎中医茸角(antler的复数)blessed:adj.幸福的;受祝福的;神圣的/v.祝福(bless的过去分词)wetlands:n.湿地(wetland的复数形式);沼泽地;塘地 endangered:adj.濒临灭绝的;有生命危险的 ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数)Theyre absolutely critical ecosystems,they clean air,theyclean water,they sequester large amounts of greenhousegases,and theyre home to a huge diversity of species.它们是十分重要的生态系统 它们能净化空气和水源 它们能吸收大量温室气体 它们是许多物种的家园00:51In the boreal,they are also the home where almost 50percent of the 800 bird species found in North Americamigrate north to breed and raise their young.北方森林也是 北美所发现的800种鸟类中 半数为了抚育后代而北迁的鸟类家园01:04In Ontario,the boreal marches down south to the northshore of Lake Superior.在安大略省,北方森林向南延伸 直抵苏必利尔湖北岸01:15And these incredibly beautiful boreal forests were theinspiration for some of the most famous art in Canadianhistory,the Group of Seven were very inspired by thislandscape,这片美不胜收的北方森林 是加拿大历史中某些著名艺术作品的灵感源泉 七人画派深受 这片景观影响01:20and so the boreal is not just a really key part of our naturalheritage,but also an important part of our cultural heritage.因此,北方森林不仅是 自然遗产的重要组成 也是文化遗产的重要组成01:32In Manitoba,this is an image from the east side of LakeWinnipeg,and this is the home of the newly designated这是曼尼托巴省温尼伯湖东岸景观 它是联合国教科文组织新列的01:41sequester:vt.使隔绝;使隐退;没收,扣押 diversity:n.多样性;差异 migrate:vi.移动;随季节而移居;移往/vt.使移居;使移植breed:vi.繁殖;饲养;产生/vt.繁殖;饲养;养育,教育;引起/n.生物品种;种类,类型 marches:n.边界地区(尤指英格兰与苏格兰或威尔士的)designated:adj.指定的;特指的UNESCO Cultural Heritage site.世界文化遗产01:47In Saskatchewan,as across all of the boreal,home to some ofour most famous rivers,an incredible network of rivers andlakes that every school-age child learns about,横跨北方森林的萨克其万省 拥有一些著名湖泊 形成令人叹为观止的河流及湖泊网络 这是每位学龄儿童都读过的知识01:51the Peace,the Athabasca,the Churchill here,the Mackenzie,and these networks were the historical routes for thevoyageur and the coureur des bois,the first non-Aboriginalexplorers of northern Canada that,taking from the FirstNations people,used canoes and paddled to explore for atrade route,a Northwest Passage for the fur trade.和平河、阿萨帕斯卡尔河丘吉尔河、马更些河 这些网络是具有历史意义的路线 对旅客和猎人来说北加拿大第一位非原住民探险者 仿效原住民的做法 使用独木舟 探索贸易路线,即进行毛皮交易的西北航道02:01In the North,the boreal is bordered by the tundra,and justbelow that,in Yukon,we have this incredible valley,theTombstone Valley.北方是被冻土带包围的北方森林 位于下方的育空省 拥有这座壮观的峡谷,墓碑谷02:24And the Tombstone Valley is home to the Porcupine caribouherd.墓碑谷是豪猪驯鹿（Porcupine caribou herd）的家园02:34Now youve probably heard about the Porcupine caribou你或许听说过,豪猪驯鹿的 繁殖地 位于北极国家野生动物保护区02:39TED演讲者：Garth Lenz|Garth Lenz演讲标题：|石油真正的代价内容概要：Garth Lenz.touring exhibition,“The True Cost of Oil”,has played a major part inthe fight against Alberta Tar Sands Mining.环境遭受破坏的真实面貌为何?在TEDxVictoria中，摄影师Garth Lenz分享了一些令人震惊的照片包括阿尔伯塔省油砂矿开采计画，及美丽、重要且饱受威胁生态系统。（摄于TEDxVictoria）Now youve probably heard about the Porcupine caribouherd in the context of its breeding ground in Arctic NationalWildlife Refuge.生动物保护区02:39school-age:adj.学龄的 bois:n.木香,本香 canoes:n.独木舟(canoe的复数);划艇/v.乘独木舟(canoe的三单形式)paddled:n.划桨;明轮翼/vt.拌;搅;用桨划/vi.划桨;戏水;涉水 Northwest:adj.西北的;向西北的;来自西北的/n.西北/adv.在西北;向西北;来自西北 bordered:adj.有边的/v.给镶边;邻接;接近(border的过去式和过去分词)tundra:n.生态苔原;地理冻原;冻土地带Tombstone:n.墓碑;墓石 Porcupine:n.脊椎箭猪,豪猪 breeding:n.繁殖;饲养;教养;再生/v.生产;培育;使繁殖(breed的ing形式)Well,the wintering ground is also critical and it also is notprotected,and is potentially,could be potentially,exploitedfor gas and mineral rights.事实上这片渡冬地亦十分重要 却未受到保护 它面临一個潜在危机 即天然气和矿物的开采02:46The western border of the boreal in British Columbia ismarked by the Coast Mountains,and on the other side ofthose mountains is the greatest remaining temperaterainforest in the world,the Great Bear Rainforest,and welldiscuss that in a few minutes in a bit more detail.位于卑诗省的北方森林西部边界 即海岸山脉 这座山脉的另一侧 是世上现存最大的温带雨林 大熊雨林 我们稍后会做详细介绍02:57All across the boreal,its home for a huge incredible range ofindigenous peoples,and a rich and varied culture.纵观整个北方森林,它是众多 原住民族群荟萃之地拥有丰富多样的文化03:10And I think that one of the reasons why so many of thesegroups have retained a link to the past,know their nativelanguages,the songs,the dances,the traditions,我认为大多族群 依然保有其固有文化的原因之一例如母语 歌曲、舞蹈、传统03:20I think part of that reason is because of the remoteness,thespan and the wilderness of this almost 95 percent intactecosystem.我认为部分原因在于它地处偏远 幅员广大且依旧保持原始面貌 在这片将近95%生态系统尚未遭受破坏的土地当中03:30wintering:n.越冬/v.越冬(winter的ing形式)potentially:adv.可能地,潜在地 exploited:利用/开发利用/英勇事迹/剥削/充分利用 temperate:adj.温和的;适度的;有节制的 rainforest:n.(热带)雨林 indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的varied:adj.多变的;各式各样的;杂色的/v.改变;使多样化(vary的过去式和过去分词形式)retained:adj.保留的/v.保留;保存(retain的过去式形式)traditions:传统 ecosystem:n.生态系统And I think particularly now,as we see ourselves in a time ofenvironmental crisis,we can learn so much from these peoplewho have lived so sustainably in this ecosystem for over10,000 years.我认为尤其是目前 我们明白人类身处环境危机时代 我们可从这些族群身上学到许多东西 他们在这片生态系统中 生活了1万多年03:39In the heart of this ecosystem is the very antithesis of all ofthese values that weve been talking about,and I think theseare some of the core values that make us proud to beCanadians.这片生态系统蕴含的核心价值 与我们目前追求的目标大相径庭 我认为其中某些核心价值 令身为加拿大人的我们引以为傲03:52This is the Alberta tar sands,the largest oil reserves on theplanet outside of Saudi Arabia.这是阿尔伯塔省油砂矿 它是世上石油蕴藏量最丰富的地区 除了沙特阿拉伯之外04:01Trapped underneath the boreal forest and wetlands ofnorthern Alberta are these vast reserves of this sticky,tar-likebitumen.在北方森林 及北阿尔伯塔省湿地下方 蕴藏着大量粘稠、似焦油的沥青04:08And the mining and the exploitation of that is creatingdevastation on a scale that the planet has never seen before.挖掘及开采这些矿脉的举动 对地球造成史无前例的破坏04:16antithesis:n.对立面;对照;对仗 tar:n.焦油;柏油;水手/vt.涂以焦油;玷污 sands:n.沙滩;沙漠;含油砂岩地层(sand复数)reserves:n.油气储量;准备金(reserve的复数);后备队/v.储备;保留(reserve的三单形式);预订 outside of:在的外面;超出的范围 sticky:adj.粘的；粘性的 bitumen:n.沥青 mining:n.矿业;采矿 exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销devastation:n.毁坏,荒废I want to try to convey some sort of a sense of the size of this.我试着说明这些破坏的规模04:25If you look at that truck there,it is the largest truck of its kindof the planet.以图中的卡车为例 它是同类卡车中最大的一种04:29It is a 400-ton-capacity dump truck and its dimensions are45 feet long by 35 feet wide and 25 feet high.承载量达400吨的砂石车 规格为45英呎长 35英呎宽、25英呎高04:34If I stand beside that truck,my head comes to around thebottom of the yellow part of that hubcap.如果站在卡车旁 我的头部大约只到 黄色轮框盖底部04:44Within the dimensions of that truck,you could build a 3,000-square-foot two-story home quite easily.I did the math.在这辆卡车体积范围内 你可轻易建造一栋面积3000平方英呎、两层楼高的房子 我曾经计算过04:49So instead of thinking of that as a truck,think of that as a3,000-square-foot home.因此,与其将它视为一辆卡车 不如将它视为一栋面积3000平方英呎的房子04:57Thats not a bad size home.一栋不小的房子05:02And line those trucks/homes back and forth across therefrom the bottom all the way to the top.这些卡车在这片区域中来回奔驰 从底部 直到顶端05:04And then think of how large that very small section of onemine is.想象一下这片区域的大小这仅是矿场的一小部分05:13Now,you can apply that same kind of thinking here as well.现在,你可将同样想法运用到 这片区域05:18convey:vt.传达;运输;让与 dimensions:n.规模,大小 hubcap:n.毂盖;轮毂罩 two-story:两层(楼)的 back and forth:反复地,来回地Now,here you see-of course,as you go further on,thesetrucks become like a pixel.如图所示当然,当你将视线拉远 这些卡车彷佛图中的小点05:22Again,imagine those all back and forth there.同样地,想象一下这片区域05:26How large is that one portion of a mine?占整个矿场多大部分？05:30That would be a huge,vast metropolitan area,probablymuch larger than the city of Victoria.相当于幅员广大的都会区 或许比维多利亚城大得多05:34And this is just one of a number of mines,10 mines so farright now.这只是众多矿场之一 目前共有10个矿场05:41This is one section of one mining complex,and there areabout another 40 or 50 in the approval process.这只是其中一个矿场的一部分 目前大约有四、五十个矿场正进行审核05:47No tar sands mine has actually ever been denied approval,soit is essentially a rubber stamp.事实上不曾有任何油砂矿无法通过审核 因此基本上只是走走过场05:54The other method of extraction is whats called the in-situ.另一种开采方式叫做“就地钻探”06:00And here,massive amounts of water are super-heated andpumped through the ground,through these vasts networksof pipelines,seismic lines,drill paths,compressor stations.如图所示,大量水 经高温加热后泵入地底 通过管线震测线、钻探途径及压缩站组成的庞大网络06:03metropolitan:adj.大都市的；大主教辖区的；宗主国的/n.大城市人；大主教；宗主国的公民 stamp:n.邮票;印记;标志;跺脚/vt.铭记;标出;盖章于;贴邮票于;用脚踩踏/vi.跺脚;捣碎;毁掉 extraction:n.取出;抽出;拔出;抽出物;出身 pumped:adj.(肌肉由于过度运动)肿胀的;喘得上气不接下气的;腐心的/v.用泵送;汲取;使喘不过气来(pump的过去分词)seismic:adj.地震的;因地震而引起的 compressor:n.压缩机;压缩物;收缩肌;医压迫器And even though this looks maybe not quite as repugnantas the mines,its even more damaging in some ways.尽管看起来或许不如露天采矿场般 那么令人怵目惊心但以某种程度来说,却造成更大破坏06:14www.XiYuS锡育软件It impacts and fragments a larger part of the wilderness,where there is 90 percent reduction of key species,likewoodland caribou and grizzly bears,and it consumes evenmore energy,more water,and produces at least as muchgreenhouse gas.它使更大片原野受到影响、支离破碎 导致关键物种减少90 例如北美驯鹿和灰熊 消耗更多能源及水源 产生至少与前者相当的温室气体06:20So these in-situ developments are at least as ecologicallydamaging as the mines.因此就地钻探对生态的破坏至少 与露天采矿不相上下06:36The oil produced from either method produces moregreenhouse gas emissions than any other oil.藉由以上两种方式开采的原油 比以其他方式开采的原油排放更多温室气体06:44This is one of the reasons why its called the worlds dirtiestoil.这正是它被称为 世上最脏油类的原因之一06:51Its also one of the reasons why it is the largest and fastest-growing single source of carbon in Canada,and it is also areason why Canada is now number three in terms ofproducing carbon per person.这也是使它成为 加拿大最大、增长最迅速的 碳排放源头的原因之一 更是使加拿大个人排碳量 名列世界第三的原因之一06:55repugnant:adj.讨厌的;矛盾的;敌对的 impacts:n.影响(impact的复数);力冲击/v.压紧;冲撞;对产生不良影响(impact的三单形式)fragments:n.碎片(fragment的复数);片断;计分段/v.破碎(fragment的三单形式);打碎 woodland:n.林地;森林/adj.林地的;居住在森林中的 grizzly:adj.灰色的/n.灰熊 consumes:vt.消耗,消费;使著迷;挥霍/vi.耗尽,毁灭;耗尽生命ecologically:adv.从生态学的观点看 in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词The tailings ponds are the largest toxic impoundments onthe planet.那些残渣池是世上最大的毒性蓄水池07:11Oil sands-or rather I should say tar sands-oil sands is aP.R.-created term so that the oil companies wouldnt betrying to promote something that sounds like a sticky tar-like substance thats the worlds dirtiest oil.油砂或者我该称它为沥青砂“油砂”是公关部门创造的词汇 使石油公司不至于像是推广 某种彷佛沥青般黏稠的物质 或世上最脏的油07:16So they decided to call it oil sands.因此他们决定称它为油砂07:29The tar sands consume more water than any other oilprocess,three to five barrels of water are taken,polluted andthen returned into tailings ponds,the largest toxicimpoundments on the planet.沥青砂的生产过程比其他油类消耗更多水 生产一桶原油需使用三至五桶水,受污染的水 进入残渣池成为世上最大的毒性蓄水池07:31SemCrude,just one of the licensees,in just one of theirtailings ponds,dumps 250,000 tons of this toxic gunk everysingle day.SemCrude只是其中一家取得执照的公司 在他们拥有的其中一个残渣池中 每日倒入25万吨毒性黏稠物07:43Thats creating the largest toxic impoundments in the historyof the planet.创造出有史以来最大的 毒性蓄水池07:53So far,this is enough toxin to cover the face of Lake Eerie afoot deep.目前为止,其中的毒性物质 足以覆盖伊利湖面一呎深07:57tailings:n.矿业尾矿;尾渣;残油(tailing的复数)ponds:n.水文池塘(pond的复数)/v.堵成池;筑成池塘(pond的三单形式)toxic:adj.有毒的；中毒的 or rather:更精确地说,倒不如说 barrels:n.机筒;压辊;滚桶(barrel的复数形式)/v.把装桶;给装上枪筒;高速行驶(barrel的三单形式)polluted:adj.受污染的;被玷污的/v.污染(pollute的过去式和过去分词)dumps:n.废物,垃圾场(dump的复数);忧郁/v.倾倒(dump的单三形式)gunk:n.泥状物质;黏性物质;无特殊形状之一堆 toxin:n.毒素;毒质Eerie:adj.可怕的;怪异的And the tailings ponds range in size up to 9,000 acres.残渣池的面积可达9000英亩08:04Thats two-thirds the size of the entire island of Manhattan.相当于三分之二个曼哈顿岛08:09Thats like from Wall Street at the southern edge ofManhattan up to maybe 120th Street.大约从曼哈顿南端的华尔街 到第120街08:13So this is an absolutely-this is one of the larger tailingsponds.因此这确实是 这是其中较大的残渣池之一08:19This might be,what?I dont know,half the size of Manhattan.大约相当于我不确定半个曼哈顿岛08:23And you can see in the context,its just a relatively smallsection of one of 10 mining complexes and another 40 to 50on stream to be approved soon.你可由之前的叙述得知 这只是十个矿场中 某个矿场的一小部分,其他四、五十个矿场 很快就会获得批准08:25And of course,these tailings ponds-well,you cant seemany ponds from outer space and you can see these,somaybe we should stop calling them ponds-these massivetoxic wastelands are built unlined and on the banks of theAthabasca River.当然,这些残渣池 确实,你无法从外太空看见许多残渣池 但你可以看见这些因此或许我们不该称它为“池”这些大型毒性废料池并未装设 防护措施散布于阿萨帕斯卡尔河沿岸08:36And the Athabasca River drains downstream to a range ofAboriginal communities.阿萨帕斯卡尔河下游 即原住民聚集地08:53size up:v.估计.的大小;符合要求 acres:n.英亩(acre的复数)two-thirds:n.三分之二/三分之二的/三分之二地 complexes:n.复体,免疫复合物 wastelands:n.农荒地(wasteland的复数)drains:n.排水沟(drain的复数);吸血/v.放出,排出(drain的第三人称单数)downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下/adj.下游的;顺流的 Aboriginal:adj.土著的;原始的/n.土著居民;土生生物In Fort Chippewa,the 800 people there,are finding toxins inthe food chain,this has been scientifically proven.奇普怀恩堡有800位居民 食物链中含有毒性物质已经科学证实08:57The tar sands toxins are in the food chain,and this is causingcancer rates up to 10 times what they are in the rest ofCanada.食物链中含有沥青砂这种毒性物质 导致当地癌症发病率 比加拿大其他地区高十倍09:04In spite of that,people have to live,have to eat this food inorder to survive.尽管如此,人们需要生存 需仰赖食物维生09:12The incredibly high price of flying food into these remoteNorthern Aboriginal communities and the high rate ofunemployment makes this an absolute necessity for survival.空运到这片 遥远北方原住民小区的天价食物 和当地的高失业率 使当地物产成了赖以为生的必需品09:18And not that many years ago,I was lent a boat by a FirstNations man.几年前,我向原住民借了一条船09:28And he said,When you go out on the river,do not underany circumstances eat the fish.他说,“当你沿河航行时”“千万别吃鱼”09:32Its carcinogenic.“那是致癌物”09:38And yet,on the front porch of that mans cabin,I saw fourfish.He had to feed his family to survive.然而,在那名男子家门口 我看见四条鱼,他必须藉此养家糊口09:40And as a parent,I just cant imagine what that does to yoursoul.身为父母的我,无法想象这对心灵的影响09:48toxins:n.毒物毒素,毒质;毒素类(toxin的复数)In spite of:尽管;不管,不顾 carcinogenic:adj.致癌的;致癌物的 porch:n.门廊；走廊And thats what were doing.这正是我们目前所做的事09:55The boreal forest is also perhaps our best defense againstglobal warming and climate change.北方森林或许亦是 对抗全球暖化及气候变迁的最佳防线09:58The boreal forest sequesters more carbon than any otherterrestrial ecosystem.北方森林吸收的排碳量 胜于任何现存的生态系统10:05And this is absolutely key.无疑是十分重要的生态环境10:12So what were doing is,were taking the most concentratedgreenhouse gas sink,twice as much greenhouse gases aresequestered in the boreal per acre than the tropicalrainforests.但我们所做的是 将温室气体吸收率最大的环境 每英亩北方森林吸收的温室气体 比热带雨林多两倍10:15And what were doing is were destroying this carbon sink,turning it into a carbon bomb.我们所做的是,摧毁 这个碳汇,将它转变成碳弹10:29And were replacing that with the largest industrial project inthe history of the world,which is producing the most high-carbon g