ArvindGupta_2010P[阿尔温德.古普塔][变废为宝助学习].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you very much.(Applause)My name is Arvind Gupta,and Im a toymaker.谢谢各位！我叫阿尔温德古普塔。我制作玩具。918100Ive been making toys for the last 30 years.过去三十年,我一直在制作玩具。00:18The early 70s,I was in college.七十年代早期的时候我还在学校。00:21It was a very revolutionary time.那是一个常闹革命的时代00:23It was a political ferment,so to say-students out in thestreets of Paris,revolting against authority.当时政局并不稳定这么说吧,学生们都走上了巴黎街头 反抗当局00:25America was jolted by the anti-Vietnam movement,the CivilRights movement.美国则被 反越南战争运动和民权运动搞得措手不及00:32In India,we had the Naxalite movement,the unclearmovement.我们在印度则有纳萨尔巴里运动 和一些别的运动00:37But you know,when there is a political churning of society,itunleashes a lot of energy.但你知道,当社会上出现政治骚动时,也释放了大量能量00:42The National Movement of India was testimony to that.印度国民运动 就是一个很好的例子00:47Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs and jumped intothe National Movement.许多人辞去了高薪工作 转而投入到国民运动中去。00:51toymaker:玩具制造者 ferment:n.发酵;酵素;动乱/vi.发酵;动乱/vt.使发酵;酝酿;使动乱 so to say:可以这么说 revolting:adj.叛乱的;背叛的;讨厌的/v.反叛,造反;起反感(revolt的现在分词形式)authority:n.权威；权力；当局 jolted:vt.使颠簸;使震惊;使摇动/vi.摇晃;颠簸而行/n.颠簸;摇晃;震惊;严重挫折 churning:n.搅乳;一次提制的奶油/v.搅拌(churn的ing形式)unleashes:vt.发动;解开的皮带;解除的束缚/vi.不受约束;自由自在;放荡不羁 resigned:adj.顺从的;已辞职的;己放弃的/v.辞职;顺从(resign的过去分词)well-paid:adj.待遇优厚的;收入高的Now in the early 70s,one of the great programs in India wasto revitalize primary science in village schools.就在这七十年代早期 在乡镇学校里 重振初等科学教育 是当时印度的了不起的举措之一。00:57There was a person,Anil Sadgopal,did a Ph.D.from Caltechand returned back as a molecular biologist in Indiascutting-edge research institute,the TIFR.当时有一个叫Anil Sadgopal的分子生物学家 从加利福尼亚理工学院拿到了博士学位,并回到了印度前沿科研机构塔塔基础研究学会TIFR。01:05At 31,he was not able to relate the kind of unclear research,which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.31岁的他没法 将他的研究 与大众的生命联系起来。01:13So he designed and went and started a village scienceprogram.于是他设计并创办了一个乡村科学项目01:20Many people were inspired by this.这启发了许多人。01:23The slogan of the early 70s was Go to the people.70年代早期的口号是“走近百姓,01:25Live with them;love them.与他们一起生活,关爱他们。01:29Start from what they know.Build on what they have.从他们知道的开始,以他们拥有的为基础。”01:31This was kind of the defining slogan.口号的定义就是这个。01:34Well I took one year.我参加了一年。01:36revitalize:vt.使复活;使复兴;使恢复生气 Anil:n.靛蓝;木蓝属植物;有化缩苯胺 molecular:adj.化学分子的;由分子组成的 biologist:n.生物学家 cutting-edge:n.(刀片的)刃口;尖端;前沿/adj.先进的,尖端的 Start from:从开始 Build on:依赖,依靠;建立于;把建立于;以为基础 defining:adj.最典型的;起决定性作用的/v.规定(define的ing形式);给下定义;表明特征I joined Telco,made TATA trucks,pretty close to Pune.我加入了塔塔汽車Telco,在浦那Pune附近制造塔塔牌TATA卡车01:38I worked there for two years,and I realized that I was notborn to make trucks.我在那儿工作了两年 然后意识到我不是生来造卡车的。01:41Often one doesnt know what one wants to do,but its goodenough to know what you dont want to do.人们经常不知道他们想干什么,但知道自己不想干什么就已经够好了。01:46So I took one year off,and I went to this village scienceprogram.所以我休假一年并去参加了乡镇科学项目。01:50And it was a turning point.我的人生就在这里改变了。01:53It was a very small village-a weekly bazaar where people,just once in a week,they put in all the vats.那是一个很小的村子 每周有集市 在这一周一次的集市上人们会把东西都放到大染缸里。01:55So I said,Im going to spend a year over here.我说,“我将要在这儿过一年呢！”02:02So I just bought one specimen of everything which was soldon the roadside.于是路边卖的所有东西 我都买了一件。02:04TED演讲者：Arvind Gupta|阿尔温德.古普塔演讲标题：Arvind Gupta:Turning trash into toys for learning|变废为宝助学习内容概要：Science educator Arvind Gupta uses simple toys to teach.在INK会议上，阿尔温德.古普塔和大家分享简单却叫人惊叹的计划利用废物制作出有意义、有趣的精心设计的玩具能让孩子们边玩边学到科学与设计的一些基本原则。And one thing which I found was this black rubber.其中我就发现了 这个炭黑橡胶02:08This is called a cycle valve tube.这个叫气门管02:12When you pump in air in a bicycle,you use a bit of this.给自行车打气的时候,你会用到它02:14And some of these models-so you take a bit of this cyclevalve tube,you can put two matchsticks inside this,and youmake a flexible joint.这些模型也会用到它 所以我们取一点气门管 把两个火柴棍放进去,我们就得到了一个灵活的接头02:17TATA:int.再见/n.散步;机关枪 bazaar:n.集市;市场;义卖市场 vats:abbr.电视辅助胸腔镜手术(Video-assistedThoracoscopicSurgery)roadside:n.路边;路旁/adj.路边的;路旁的 valve:n.阀;解剖瓣膜;真空管;活门/vt.装阀于;以活门调节 matchsticks:n.火柴棍,火柴杆;火柴杆似的东西Its a joint of tubes.You start by teaching angles-an acuteangle,a right angle,an obtuse angle,a straight angle.我们可以开始教学角形了 锐角,直角,钝角,平角。02:24Its like its own little coupling.这是它本身的组合。02:29If you have three of them,and you loop them together,wellyou make a triangle.如果我们有这样的三个,并全都连接起来,我们就有了三角形02:31With four,you make a square,you make a pentagon,youmake a hexagon,you make all these kind of polygons.4个,就有了方形 五边形,六边形,所有多边形。02:35And they have some wonderful properties.而且它们有些很妙的性质02:41If you look at the hexagon,for instance,its like an amoeba,which is constantly changing its own profile.比如说六边形,它像个变形虫一样,它可以不停的变化形状02:43You can just pull this out,this becomes a rectangle.我们把这个拉出来,它就成了矩形02:48You give it a push,this becomes a parallelogram.推一下呢,又变成了平行四边形02:50But this is very shaky.但它很不稳定02:52tubes:n.材管子,导管;管状虫;伦敦地铁(tube的复数)obtuse:adj.迟钝的;圆头的;不锋利的 coupling:n.电耦合;结合,联结/v.连接(couple的ing形式)pentagon:n.五角形 hexagon:n.六角形,六边形/adj.成六角的;成六边的 polygons:n.数多边形;多边性(polygon的复数形式)amoeba:n.阿米巴;变形虫(单细胞生物)rectangle:n.矩形;长方形 parallelogram:n.平行四边形 shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的Look at the pentagon,for instance,pull this out-it becomesa boat shape trapezium.再看五边形 拉出来,它成了梯形02:54Push it and it becomes house shaped.推一下,它又成了屋形02:58This becomes an isosceles triangle-again,very shaky.它可以变成等腰三角形 还是很不稳定03:00This square might look very square and prim.这个方形可能看上去很方很整齐03:04Give it a little push-this becomes a rhombus.轻轻推一下它,就变成了菱形03:06It becomes kite-shaped.也可以是风筝形03:08But give a child a triangle,he cant do a thing to it.但如果给孩子一个三角形 他什么也弄不出来03:10Why use triangles?为什么是三角形呢？03:14Because triangles are the only rigid structures.因为三角形是唯一的坚固结构03:16We cant make a bridge with squares because the trainwould come,it would start doing a jig.我们不能用方形来造桥 因为当火车开上去的时候,它会开始上下颠簸03:18www.XiYuS锡育软件Ordinary people know about this because if you go to avillage in India,they might not have gone to engineeringcollege,but no one makes a roof placed like this.大部分人都知道这个 因为即使在印度的乡村 人们可能并没有上过工程学院 但没有人会造一个这样的屋顶03:23trapezium:n.(英)数梯形(等于trapezoid);(美)数不规则四边形;大多角骨 isosceles:adj.二等边的,数等腰的 prim:adj.拘谨的;整洁的;呆板的/vt.使显得一本正经;把打扮得整整齐齐/vi.显得一本正经 rhombus:n.数菱形;数斜方形 triangles:n.数三角形,三角型态(triangle的复数形式)squares:n.广场;数正方形(square的复数形式);方钢;直角尺/v.使成直角;使符合的要求(square的第三人称单数形式)jig:vi.跳吉格舞;抖动;加工用钩钓鱼;用夹具或钻模等加工/n.夹具;吉格舞,吉格舞曲;带锤子的钓钩/vt.按吉格舞曲演奏;使上下快速抖动;加工用钩钓鱼;对加工Because if they put tiles on top,its just going to crash.因为如果那样,当瓦片放上去的时候,它会塌掉03:31They always make a triangular roof.人们总是用三角形的屋顶03:34Now this is people science.这就是大众科学03:36And if you were to just poke a hole over here and put a thirdmatchstick,youll get a T joint.现在,假使你在这个戳了个洞 然后放了第三根火柴你就得到了一个T形连接03:38And if I were to poke all the three legs of this in the threevertices of this triangle,I would make a tetrahedron.而如果我在这个三角形的三个顶点上 插上这个T形连接的三条边 我就有了一个四面体03:44So you make all these 3D shapes.这样一来我们又有了所有立体图形03:50You make a tetrahedron like this.我们做了这样一个四面体03:52And once you make these,you make a little house.一旦有了这些 我们就可以搭一个小房子03:55Put this on top.把这个放在顶上04:03You can make a joint of four.You can make a joint of six.也可以连4个。也可以连6个。04:05You just need a ton.可以有很多很多04:07Now this was-you make a joint of six,you make anicosahedron.这个是,你连接了6个,得到了一个二十面体04:10You can play around with it.你可以摆弄它04:14tiles:n.建瓷砖(tile的复数形式)/v.铺砖(tile的第三人称单数形式)triangular:adj.三角的,数三角形的;三人间的 poke:vi.刺,捅;戳;伸出;刺探;闲荡/vt.刺,捅;戳;拨开/n.戳;刺;袋子;懒汉 matchstick:n.火柴棍,火柴杆;火柴杆似的东西 vertices:n.至高点;天顶;头顶(vertex的复数)tetrahedron:n.晶体四面体 icosahedron:n.数二十面体 play around:玩耍;胡搞;轻率对待This makes an igloo.这样就成了一个拱形冰屋04:16Now this is in 1978.现在,时间到了1978年04:18I was a 24-year-old young engineer.我是一个24岁的青年工程师04:20And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.而我觉得这比造卡车有意义得多04:23(Applause)If you,as a matter of fact,put four marblesinside,you simulate the molecular structure of methane,CH4.（掌声）事实上,如果我们放四颗弹子在里面 我们就模仿了甲烷（CH4）的分子结构04:27Four atoms of hydrogen,the four points of the tetrahedron,which means the little carbon atom.四面体的四顶点代表四个氢原子 这代表碳原子04:38Well since then,I just thought that Ive been really privilegedto go to over 2,000 schools in my country-village schools,government schools,municipal schools,Ivy League schools-从这时起,我就觉得我应当 到我的国家里2000多所学校去 乡镇学校,国立学校 市立学校,常青藤联盟学校04:42Ive been invited by most of them.我被大部分学校邀请04:55And every time I go to a school,I see a gleam in the eyes ofthe children.每次我到一个学校里 我看见孩子们眼里闪着光04:57igloo:n.圆顶建筑 as a matter of fact:事实上 marbles:n.大理石;弹球(marble的复数);建大理石雕刻品/v.把弄上大理石花纹;把肉肥瘦均匀搭配好(marble的三单形式)simulate:vt.模仿;假装;冒充/adj.模仿的;假装的 methane:n.有化甲烷;能源沼气 atoms:n.物原子(atom的复数)privileged:adj.享有特权的;有特别恩典的/v.给予特权;免除(privilege的过去分词)municipal:adj.市政的，市的；地方自治的 gleam:n.微光;闪光;瞬息的一现/vi.闪烁;隐约地闪现/vt.使闪烁;使发微光I see hope.I see happiness in their faces.我看见希望,我看见他们脸上的幸福05:01Children want to make things.Children want to do things.孩子们想制造东西。孩子们想动手做。05:04Now this,we make lots and lots of pumps.现在,我们做了很多很多泵05:07Now this is a little pump with which you could inflate aballoon.这是一个小型的泵 你可以用它来给气球打气05:10Its a real pump.You could actually pop the balloon.它真的能用。你甚至可以把气球弄爆05:14And we have a slogan that the best thing a child can do witha toy is to break it.我们还有一句话叫 小孩对玩具能做的最好的事就是拆了它05:17So all you do is-its a very kind of provocative statement-this old bicycle tube and this old plastic unclear所以这就是我们能做的 这听起来很挑衅老化的自行车内胎和老化的塑料管05:22This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.这个注水盖刚好可以插进这个自行车老内胎里05:28And this is how you make a valve.这就是如何做好一个阀门的05:31You put a little sticky tape.再在上面贴一个胶带05:33This is one-way traffic.这就变成单向流通的了05:37Well we make lots and lots of pumps.我们还做非常多非常多的泵05:41pumps:n.机泵;脉动(pump的复数);抽运器;无带轻便舞鞋/v.用泵送;抽动;汲取;盘问(pump的三单形式)inflate:vt.使充气;使通货膨胀/vi.膨胀;充气 provocative:adj.刺激的，挑拨的；气人的/n.刺激物，挑拨物；兴奋剂 snugly:adv.舒适地;隐蔽地;贴身地;紧密地 sticky:adj.粘的；粘性的 one-way:adj.单程的;单行道的;单方面的And this is the other one-that you just take a straw,andyou just put a stick inside and you make two half-cuts.这是另一个 你只需要一根吸管,然后放一根小棍进去 再对半分05:43Now this is what you do,is you bend both these legs into atriangle,and you just wrap some tape around.接下来 把这些棱折成三角形 你只需要再缠一些带子在上面05:49And this is the pump.就有了一个泵05:55And now,if you have this pump,its like a great,greatsprinkler.如果你有了这个泵 它就像一个洒水机一样05:57Its like a centrifuge.就像一个离心机06:03If you spin something,it tends to fly out.当把它旋转起来并洒点东西上去,它们就会满天飞了06:05(Applause)Well in terms of-if you were in Andhra Pradesh,you would make this with the palmyra leaf.（掌声）假使你（不清楚）她会用棕榈叶来做这个06:08Many of our folk toys have great science principles.我们民间玩具中有很多 都蕴含着伟大的科学原理06:14If you spin-top something,it tends to fly out.如果你旋转某物,它就会飞起来06:18If I do it with both hands,you can see this fun Mr.FlyingMan.如果我两只手来做这个,你就会看见有趣的飞人先生了06:20Right.对吧06:25This is a toy which is made from paper.Its amazing.这是一个纸制的玩具,叫人赞叹不已。06:29wrap:vt.包;缠绕;隐藏;掩护/vi.包起来;缠绕;穿外衣/n.外套;围巾 sprinkler:n.洒水车;洒水器 centrifuge:vt.用离心机分离;使受离心作用/n.离心机;机化工离心分离机 tends:vi.趋向,倾向;照料,照顾/vt.照料,照管 fly out:v.冲出;突然怒骂(或动武)in terms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词There are four pictures.这上面有四幅画06:32You see insects,you see frogs,snakes,eagles,butterflies,frogs,snakes,eagles.你看见昆虫 青蛙,蛇,鹰,蝴蝶 青蛙,蛇,鹰06:34Heres a paper which you could unclear-designed by amathematician at Harvard in 1928,Arthur Stone,documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.这是一张能和你一起跳舞的纸 它由哈佛的数学家阿瑟斯通 在1928年时发明 马丁加德纳则在他的很多书中写到了它06:40But this is great fun for children.这对孩子们来说是超级好玩的06:49They all study about the food chain.他们都学习食物链06:51The insects are eaten by the frogs;the frogs are eaten by thesnakes;the snakes are eaten by the eagles.昆虫被青蛙吃,青蛙被蛇吃 蛇被鹰吃06:53And this can be,if you had a whole photocopy paper-A4size paper-you could be in a municipal school,you couldbe in a government school-a paper,a scale and a pencil-no glue,no scissors.如果你有一张照相纸,或者 A4纸,你就能做它 你可以是在市立学校,或者国立学校 一张纸,一把尺子和一支铅笔就够了,不用胶水也不用剪刀06:57In three minutes,you just fold this up.三分钟,你就能折好07:07And what you could use it for is just limited by yourimagination.你能用它做任何你想做的事情07:10frogs:n.青蛙(frog的复数形式)butterflies:n.蝴蝶(butterfly的复数)mathematician:n.数学家/善作数字计算的人documented:adj.备有证明文件的 photocopy:n.复印件;影印/vi.影印,复印/vt.影印If you take a smaller paper,you make a smaller flexagon.如果你用小一点的纸,你就有一个小一点的模型07:13With a bigger one,you make a bigger one.用大一点的纸,就会有一个大一点的模型07:16Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.这是一只铅笔,上面有一些凹槽07:21And you put a little fan here.然后在这儿放上一片扇叶07:23And this is a hundred-year-old toy.这是个有百岁历史的玩具了07:25There have been six major research papers on this.目前为止关于它已经有六篇重要论文07:27Theres some grooves over here,you can see.你还能在这儿看到一些凹线07:30And if I take a reed-if I rub this,something very amazinghappens.现在我用一个簧片来刮它 令人惊叹的发生了07:32Six major research papers on this.有六篇重大论文来讨论它07:36As a matter of fact,Feynman,as a child,was very fascinatedby this.事实上,有个叫费因曼的孩子觉得这个很神奇07:38He wrote a paper on this.然后他就写了一篇关于它的论文07:40And you dont need the three billion-dollar Hadron Colliderfor doing this.(Laughter)(Applause)This is there for everychild,and every child can enjoy this.你不需要一台三十亿美元的强子对撞机 就能做这些 每个孩子都能玩到 每个孩子都玩得很开心07:42If you want to put a colored disk,well all these seven colorscoalesce.如果你想放上一张彩色磁盘 七种颜色合在一起07:50slots:n.插槽;老虎机(slot的复数)grooves:n.细槽,建凹槽(groove的复数)Hadron:n.高能强子(参与强相互作用的基本粒子)Collider:n.对撞机;碰撞机 coalesce:vi.合并;结合;联合/vt.使联合;使合并And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,thatwhite lights made of seven colors,just by spinning thisaround.这就是牛顿400年前讨论的 白光由七色光组成 仅仅是转转它而已07:55This is a straw.这是一根吸管08:02What weve done,weve just sealed both the ends with tape,nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,so theresholes in the opposite corners,theres a little hole over here.我们已经把两头用胶带封起来 封闭了右上边和左下角 所以对角有孔,这儿也有一个小孔08:05This is a kind of a blowing straw.这是根吹气管08:13I just put this inside this.我把它放进去08:15Theres a hole here,and I shut this.这儿有个洞,我堵上它08:17And this costs very little money to make-great fun forchildren to do.这几乎不用钱就能做 而对孩子们来说却很有趣08:25What we do is make a very simple electric motor.现在要做的是 做一个非常简易的电动机08:29Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.这是世界上最简易的电动机08:33The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.电池是它里面最贵的东西08:37If you have a battery,it costs five cents to make it.如果你有一个电池,制作它只需要5分钱08:40This is an old bicycle tube,which gives you a broad rubberband,two safety pins.这是一个旧自行车管 一根宽宽的橡胶带,两枚保险别针08:43Newton:n.牛顿(英国科学家);牛顿(力的单位)spinning:n.纺纱/adj.纺织的/v.旋转,纺织(spin的现在分词)nipped:adj.被夹住的/v.夹住(nip的过去式,过去分词)pins:n.插脚,针;精确的综合导航系统This is a permanent magnet.这是一个永磁铁08:47Whenever current flows through the coil,this becomes anelectromagnet.当电流经过线圈,它就成了电磁铁08:49Its the interaction of both these magnets which makes thismotor spin.正是这些磁力的相互作用 使这个电动机转起来08:52We made 30,000.我们做了三万个08:56Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.老师们教科学已经很长时间了 他们把定义们弄混并生硬地讲出来08:58When teachers make it,children make it.如果老师来做这个,孩子们也做这个09:04You can see a gleam in their eye.你就能看见他们眼里闪着的光09:06They get a thrill of what science is all about.他们感到兴奋 想知道科学到底都是些什么09:08And this science is not a rich mans game.而科学也不再是一个有钱人的游戏了09:13In a democratic country,science must reach to our mostoppressed,to the most marginalized children.在一个民主国家 科学必须为我们广大群众所了解为广大边缘儿童所了解09:15www.XiYuS锡育软件This program started with 16 schools and spread to 1,500gove