JanineBenyus_2009G[珍妮.班娜斯][仿生技术进行式].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)If I could reveal anything that ishidden from us,at least in modern cultures,it would be toreveal something that weve forgotten,that we used to knowas well as we knew our own names.谢谢 如果我可以展示任何事物，任何我们看不到的事物，至少对于现代文化来说，那只会展示是我们抛之脑后的事物，但我们曾经是知道他们的，就像我们知道自己的名字一样。1046100and that is that we live in a competent universe,that we arepart of a brilliant planet.而且我们生活在全能的宇宙中，作为这奇妙行星中的一员，00:32And that we are surrounded by genius.我们的身边充满了天才。00:39Biomimicry is a new discipline that tries to learn from thosegeniuses,and take advice from them,design advice.仿生学是一门新学科，这门学科尝试向自然界中的天才学习，听取它们的建议，设计上的建议。00:43Thats where I live.这是我住的地方。00:52And its my university as well.也是我教书的地方。00:55Im surrounded by genius.I can not help but remember theorganisms and the ecosystems that know how to live heregracefully on this planet.我被天才包围，不由自主地 一直记着这些生物和生态系统 它们知道如何优雅地生活在这个星球上。00:58This is what I would tell you to remember if you ever forgetthis again.这是我希望你能记住的一点，并且不要再忘记，01:12Remember this.请牢记，01:17This is what happens every year.这是每年都会发生的事，01:19as well as:也;和一样;不但而且 geniuses:天才;天赋(genius的复数)organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);生物有机体 ecosystems:n.生态系统(ecosystem的复数)gracefully:adv.优雅地;温文地This is what keeps its promise.大自然信守承诺的事，01:23While were doing bailouts,this is what happened.正当我们忙于复苏经济，我们却忽视了这正在进行的01:26Spring.春天01:29Imagine designing spring.设想要设计一个春天01:31Imagine that orchestration.设想一下那和谐的编排01:36You think TED is hard to organize.(Laughter)Right?大家觉得TED已经够难组织的了（众笑），是吧？01:38Imagine,and if you havent done this in a while,do.想象一下，要是你很久没这么做过，现在试一下01:42Imagine the timing,the coordination,all without top-downlaws,or policies,or climate change protocols.试想一下那高超的时机把握，和谐乐章的演奏，完全不依赖于上下对应的法律法规，完全不依赖于政策，或拯救气候变暖协议。01:47This happens every year.春天每年都这样降临01:58There is lots of showing off.当然少不了争奇斗艳02:01There is lots of love in the air.空气中也充满了爱02:05Theres lots of grand openings.少不了富丽堂皇的开场02:10And the organisms,I promise you,have all of their prioritiesin order.而这些有机体，我敢保证，全都井然有序02:15I have this neighbor that keeps me in touch with this.我曾经有个邻居，他让我常接触这些02:21bailouts:n.紧急救助;跳伞 orchestration:n.管弦乐编曲;和谐的结合 coordination:n.协调,调和;对等,同等 top-down:adj.计自顶向下;组织管理严密的 protocols:n.协议;礼仪礼节;条款(protocol的复数)/v.拟定议定书;拟定草案(protocol的三单形式)openings:n.开口;空缺(opening的复数);开幕;走向世界 priorities:优先顺序 in touch with:同有联系,和有接触Because hes living,usually on his back,looking up at thosegrasses.因为他的生活，通常是躺着的，看着那些草儿02:25And one time he came up to me,he was about seven or eightyears old,he came up to me.一次，他来找我 那时他大概七八岁，他来找我02:30And there was a wasps nest that I had let grow in my yard,right outside my door.告诉我，那儿有个蜂巢 就在我的后院里 穿过门就是02:34And most people knock them down when theyre small.多数人趁蜂巢还小的时后，就将其打下02:41But it was fascinating to me.但我却着迷与此02:43TED演讲者：Janine Benyus|珍妮.班娜斯演讲标题：Janine Benyus:Biomimicry in action|仿生技术进行式内容概要：A self-proclaimed nature nerd,Janine Benyus.concept of biomimicry has galvanizedscientists,architects,designers and engineers into exploring new ways in which nature.ssuccesses can inspire humanity.珍妮.班娜斯向发明家传达了这样一个信息:设法解决设计上的问题时先观察自然界。你会在自然界中找到防水、航空力学、太阳能及众多设计灵感。在此，她向我们展示众多灵感取自自然，令人赞叹不已的新作。Because I was looking at this sort of fine Italian end papers.因为蜂巢在我眼里看起来极像精致的意式衬页02:45And he came up to me and he knocked.他过来找我，敲了敲门02:48He would come every day with something to show me.他每天都会带些东西给我看02:50And like,knock like a woodpecker on my door until I openedit up.像只啄木鸟，他当当地敲门，直到我开门为止02:53And he asked me how I had made the house for those wasps.然后他问我，我是怎么为黄蜂做巢的02:56Because he had never seen one this big.因为他从来没见过这么大的一个蜂巢03:07And I told him,You know,Cody,the wasps actually madethat.我告诉他“科迪，要知道 其实那是黄蜂自己做的。”03:10And we looked at it together.然后我们一起看03:15grasses:n.草地(grass的复数);稻科植物类;禾本种/v.放牧(grass的三单形式);使长满草 wasp:n.黄蜂;昆胡蜂;易怒的人/vi.黄蜂似的直扑 woodpecker:n.鸟啄木鸟 wasps:n.昆黄蜂;昆胡蜂(wasp的复数形式);马蜂And I could see why he thought,you know,it was sobeautifully done.我能理解为何他会那样想 要知道，那蜂巢建的真的很美03:17It was so archetectural.It was so precise.很有建筑感，很精准03:23But it occurred to me,how in his small life had he alreadybelieved the myth that if something was that well done,thatwe must have done it.但我禁不住想，为何这么小的孩子，就已经接受并相信这么个神话，这么完美的作品 一定是出自人类之手03:26How did he not know,its what weve all forgotten,that werenot the first ones to build.为何他会不知道 人类只是忘却了 我们并非第一个会建筑的物种03:40Were not the first ones to process cellulose.我们并非第一个会处理纤维的物种03:49Were not the first ones to make paper.Were not the firstones to try to optimize packing space,or to waterproof,orto try to heat and cool a structure.我们并非第一个造纸的物种 我们并非第一个优化填充空间的物种 也不是制作防水材料或加热冷却材质的第一物种03:52Were not the first ones to build houses for our young.也不是为后代建造房屋的第一物种04:00Whats happening now,in this field called biomimicry,is thatpeople are beginning to remember that organisms,otherorganisms,the rest of the natural world,are doing thingsvery similar to what we need to do.现在仿生技术领域正使 人们的记忆复苏 提醒人们，生物体，其他生物体 自然界中的其他生物体正在做的与我们极为相似04:06But in fact they are doing them in a way that have allowedthem to live gracefully on this planet for billions of years.但事实上，他们的方法 可以使它们优雅地生活在这个星球上 达数十亿年之久04:23cellulose:n.纤维素;(植物的)细胞膜质 optimize:vt.使最优化,使完善/vi.优化;持乐观态度 waterproof:adj.防水的,不透水的/vt.使防水/n.防水材料 similar to:与相似;和相同 in a way:在某种程度上;有点儿;十分激动So these people,biomimics,are natures apprentices.这些仿生学家们，是大自然的学徒04:30And theyre focusing on function.他们注重功能04:35What Id like to do is show you a few of the things thattheyre learning.我想向大家展示一下 他们正在学习的东西04:37They have asked themselves,What if,every time I started toinvent something,I asked,How would nature solve this?他们这样问自己“要是我发明前 都想想大自然对此的解决方案，会怎样呢？”04:43And here is what theyre learning.这是他们正在学习的04:52www.XiYuS锡育软件This is an amazing picture from a Czech photographernamed Jack Hedley.这张令人拍案叫绝的照片是捷克摄影师杰克.海德里的作品04:54This is a story about an engineer at JR West.这个故事是关于工程师J.R.韦斯特的04:57Theyre the people who make the bullet train.他是研制子弹列车（bullet train）的一员05:00It was called the bullet train because it was rounded in front.之所以叫子弹列车 是因为车头是圆的05:02But every time it went into a tunnel it would build up apressure wave.但每次驶进山洞时 就会产生一股压力波05:06And then it would create like a sonic boom when it exited.驶出山洞时就会发出音爆巨响05:10So the engineers boss said,Find a way to quiet this train.于是工程师的头儿说：“找个法子降降音量。”05:13apprentices:劳经学徒 photographer:n.摄影师;照相师 rounded:adj.圆形的;全面的;丰满的 build up:增进,加强sonic:adj.音速的;声音的;音波的He happened to be a birder.韦斯特正巧也是个鸟类爱好者05:18He went to the equivalent of an Audubon Society meeting.他去了奥杜邦学会相关会议05:20And he studied,there was a film about king fishers.研究学习，正巧，一段关于翠鸟的影片05:24And he thought to himself,They go from one density ofmedium,the air,into another density of medium,water,without a splash.Look at this picture.让他灵光一闪，“他们从一种密度的介质，空气进入另一种密度的介质，水 却溅不起一丝水花。”看看这张照片05:26Without a splash,so they can see the fish.因为没有一丝水花，水里的鱼鸟儿看得一清二楚05:35And he thought,What if we do this?接着他想到“要不我们也这么办？”05:38Quieted the train.通过这种方法，列车的噪声大大降低05:41Made it go 10 percent faster on 15 percent less electricity.同时，速度提升了10%并且节省了15%的电力05:44How does nature repel bacteria?大自然是如何抗菌的呢？05:49Were not the first ones to have to protect ourselves fromsome bacteria.我们并非第一个保护自己 免受细菌侵害的物种05:51Turns out that-this is a Galapagos Shark.原来答案在加拉帕戈斯群岛的鲨鱼(GalapagosShark)身上05:56It has no bacteria on its surface,no fouling on its surface,nobarnacles.它表面没有细菌、污垢，身上也没有附着甲壳动物06:00equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 fishers:渔夫/渔船/食鱼貂(fisher的复数形式)splash:vt.溅,泼;用.使液体飞溅/n.飞溅的水;污点;卖弄/vi.溅湿;溅开 Quieted:adj.安静的;安定的;不动的;温顺的/n.安静;和平/vt.使平息;安慰/vi.平静下来 repel:vt.击退;抵制;使厌恶;使不愉快 bacteria:n.微细菌 fouling:n.污染;污垢/v.犯规(foul的ing形式);弄脏barnacles:n.无脊椎藤壶(barnacle的复数);刑具And its not because it goes fast.这并不是因为它游得快06:05It actually basks.Its a slow moving shark.事实上它很惬意，一向游得很慢06:07So how does it keep its body free of bacteria build-up?那它是如何保持身体不滋生细菌的呢？06:10It doesnt do it with a chemical.它不使用化学制剂06:13It does it,it turns out,with the same denticles that you hadon Speedo bathing suits,that broke all those records in theOlympics.原来是他身上的锯齿状物 就是和Speedo泳衣材质一样的锯齿状物 有了它运动员在奥运会上所向披靡06:15But its a particular kind of pattern.但这齿状物有一种独特的图案06:23And that pattern,the architecture of that pattern on its skindenticles keep bacteria from being able to land and adhere.而其结构 富含锯齿状物 让细菌无处无处着生06:25There is a company called Sharklet Technologies thats nowputting this on the surfaces in hospitals to keep bacteriafrom landing.有家叫Sharklet Technologies的公司 正把这种结构铺设在医院的墙面上 防止细菌附着06:35Which is better than dousing it with anti-bacterials or harshcleansers that many many organisms are now becomingdrug resistant.此法远优于抗菌或其他任何强劲的洗液 许多生物体都对这些洗液产生抗药性06:43basks:vi.晒太阳;取暖;愉快或舒适/vt.使晒太阳;使暖和而舒适 free of:adj.无的;摆脱的;在外面 build-up:n.组成;逐渐增加或积累;堆起/adj.内建的 Speedo:n.速度计;速率计 bathing:n.沐浴;游泳;洗海水澡/v.洗浴(bath的现在进行式)adhere:vi.坚持;依附;粘着;追随/vt.使粘附 surfaces:n.表面;曲面(surface的复数)/v.使成平面(surface的第三人称单数形式)dousing:v.平息;使浸透;熄灭(douse的ing形式)harsh:adj.严厉的；严酷的；刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的/cleansers:n.化工清洁剂;清洁用品;面部清洁(cleanser的复数)Hospital-acquired infections are now killing more peopleevery year,in the United States than die from AIDS or canceror car accidents combined,about 100 thousand.在美国，每年在医院里感染致死的人数 远高于 艾滋病、癌症及交通事故死亡率的总和 达到10万人左右06:53This is a little critter thats in the Namibian desert.这是种住在纳米比亚沙漠的小生物07:05It has no fresh water that its able to drink.它们没有新鲜水源可以饮用07:08But it drinks water out of fog.但它们从雾气中摄取水分07:11Its got bumps on the back of its wing covers.在覆盖它身体的翅膀后侧有些突起07:14And those bumps act like a magnet for water.这些突起像磁铁一样吸水07:17They have water-loving tips,and waxy sides.它们有亲水的前端和蜡质的旁侧07:20And the fog comes in and it builds up on the tips.所以雾气回凝结在尖端07:23And it goes down the sides and goes into the critters mouth.然后从旁侧流下直至其口中07:26There is actually a scientist here at Oxford who studied this,Andrew Parker.有位牛津大学的科学家 安德鲁帕克对此做过研究07:29And now kinetic and architectural firms like Grimshaw arestarting to look at this as a way of coating buildings so thatthey gather water from the fog.现在有些动力和建筑公司，比如Grimshaw 开始着眼于把这项技术应用在 建筑涂料上 这样雾气中的水分就可以被收集起来07:34infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式)die from:死于;因而死 critter:n.人;家畜;马;牛 bumps:碰撞(bump的第三人称单数)/碰撞(bump的复数)waxy:adj.柔软的；蜡色的；像蜡的；苍白的 kinetic:adj.力运动的;活跃的architectural:adj.建筑学的;建筑上的;符合建筑法的 coating:n.涂层;包衣;衣料/v.给穿上外衣;盖上(coat的ing形式)10 times better than our fog-catching nets.效果比现有的捉雾网(fog-catching nets)高10倍07:45CO2 as a building block.二氧化碳作为建筑材料07:50Organisms dont think of CO2 as a poison.生物体可不把二氧化碳当有害气体07:52Plants and organisms that make shells,coral,think of it as abuilding block.对于那些生产贝壳珊瑚的植物及有机体 这可是建筑材料07:55There is now a cement manufacturing company starting in现在有间水泥制造公司 叫Clara，成立于美国08:00There is now a cement manufacturing company starting inthe United States called Clara.08:00Theyve borrowed the recipe from the coral reef.他们借用了珊瑚的秘方08:06And theyre using CO2 as a building block in cement,inconcrete.把二氧化碳当作 水泥、混凝土的成分08:09Instead of,cement usually emits a ton of CO2 for every ton ofcement.通常情况下，每生产一吨水泥排放一吨的二氧化碳08:14Now its reversing that equation,and actually sequesteringhalf a ton of CO2 thanks to the recipe from the coral.现在方程式被逆转 并且可以降低半吨二氧化碳 这一切可多亏了珊瑚的秘方08:19None of these are using the organisms.以上这些都没利用生物体08:26Theyre really only using the blueprints or the recipes fromthe organisms.它们其实只用了 生命蓝图或秘方08:28manufacturing:adj.制造的;制造业的/n.制造业;工业/v.制造;生产(manufacture的ing形式)block in:草拟,画草图 emits:发出/放射/发行(emit的动词单数第三人称形式)reversing:adj.回动的/v.颠倒;倒转;完全改变(reverse的ing形式)sequestering:vt.使隔绝;使隐退;没收,扣押 blueprints:n.印刷蓝图;模板(blueprint的复数)/v.绘的蓝图;为制定详细规划(blueprint的单三形式)recipes:食谱/方法How does nature gather the suns energy?大自然如何收集太阳能？08:33This is a new kind of solar cell thats based on how a leafworks.这是一种新的太阳能电池 它是基于叶子的运作方式08:36Its self assembling.它可以自我组装08:40It can be put down on any substrate whatsoever.也可以着根于任何生化基质08:42Its extremely inexpensive and rechargeable every five years.其价格低廉 而且每五年可再充电08:44Its actually a company a company that Im involved in calledOneSun,with Paul Hawken.其实是我参与的一间叫OneSun的公司 和保罗.浩肯合作08:49There are many many ways that nature filters water thattakes salt out of water.大自然有好多好多净水 并去除盐分的方法08:54We take water and push it against a membrane.我们人类却用水去挤压细胞膜09:01And then we wonder why the membrane clogs and why ittakes so much electricity.还纳闷为何细胞膜会堵塞 为何这一过程如此费电09:04Nature does something much more elegant.大自然的手法则更加优雅09:08And its in every cell.这种方法渗透到每一个细胞09:10Every red blood cell of your body right now has thesehourglass shaped pores called aquaporins.现在你体内的每一个血红细胞 都有沙漏型小孔 叫水孔蛋白(aquaporins)09:12assembling:n.装配;计汇编/adj.装配的;组合的/v.装配(assemble的ing形式);聚集 put down:镇压;记下;贬低;制止substrate:n.基质;基片;底层(等于substratum);酶作用物 inexpensive:adj.便宜的 rechargeable:adj.可再充电的;收费的filters:n.化工滤器,电子光滤波器;光滤光片(filter的复数)/v.过滤(filter的三单形式)membrane:n.膜;薄膜;羊皮纸clogs:n.木屐;木底鞋(clog的复数);阻碍/v.堵塞;阻碍(clog的三单形式)hourglass:n.沙漏;水漏 pores:n.陶瓷气孔;毛穴(pore的复数)/v.注视;熟读;沉思(pore的第三人称单数)They actually export water molecules through.它们让水分子通过、流出09:19Its kind of a forward osmosis.这过程多少有点像正向渗透09:22They export water molecules through,and leave solutes onthe other side.它们输出水分子 把溶解质留在另一边09:24A company called Aquaporin is starting to makedesalination membranes mimicking this technology.一间名叫Aquaporin的公司正在开始制造 模仿这项技术的去盐薄膜09:29Trees and bones are constantly reforming themselves alonglines of stress.树木和骨骼通常 沿着压力线自我重组09:36This algorithm has been put into a software program thatsnow being used to make bridges lightweight,to makebuilding beams lightweight.这种演算法已被运用在软件上 协助促使桥梁轻量化 使建筑钢梁轻量化09:43Actually G.M.Opel used it to create that skeleton you see,inwhats called their bionic car.事实上通用汽车的欧宝(Opel)已开始运用这项技术制造你所见过的那种汽车骨架 在所谓的仿生车当中09:52It lightweighted that skeleton using a minimum amount ofmaterial,as an organism must,for the maximum amount ofstrength.轻量化的骨架使用最少的材料 正如一个有机体为生存所必须做到的一样 获取最大限量的支撑力10:01molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)osmosis:n.物渗透;物渗透性;渗透作用 desalination:n.脱盐作用;减少盐分 membranes:n.细胞膜(membrane的复数);薄膜;膜皮 reforming:n.重整;改进;变换(reform的ing形式)lightweight:n.轻量级选手;无足轻重的人/adj.重量轻的;平均重量以下的 beams:建梁 skeleton:n.骨架,骨骼;纲要;骨瘦如柴的人/adj.骨骼的;骨瘦如柴的;概略的 bionic:adj.仿生学的;利用仿生学的This beetle,unlike this chip bag here,this beetle uses onematerial,chitin.这只甲虫，和这袋薯片不大一样 这甲虫运用了一种材料，壳质(chitin)10:11And it finds many many ways to put many functions into it.并且找出了好多方法 让壳质发挥多种功能10:18Its waterproof.它防水10:22Its strong and resilient.坚固有弹性10:24Its breathable.It creates color through structure.又透气，并且结构安排产生颜色10:26Whereas that chip bag has about seven layers to do all ofthose things.再来看看那袋薯片，同样的效果需要7层才能实现10:30One of our major inventions that we need to be able to doto come even close to what these organisms can do is to finda way to minimize the amount of material,the kind ofmaterial we use,and to add design to it.我们的主要发明之一 就是我们必须具备能力 去与这些生物体更加亲近 要实现这一目的，我们要 减少材料用量，减少我们使用材料量 然后加上设计10:34We use five polymers in the natural world to do everythingthat you see.大自然使用五种聚合物 你亲眼所见的都是其杰作10:50In our world we use about 350 polymers to make all this.而我们人类使用350种聚合物 才成就了今天的一切10:55Nature is nano.大自然是纳米专家11:04Nanotechnology,nanoparticles,you hear a lot of worryabout this.关于纳米科技、纳米粒子，各种忧虑屡见不鲜11:06beetle:vi.急忙来回;突出/vt.用槌打/n.甲虫;大槌 resilient:adj.弹回的,有弹力的 breathable:adj.可以吸入的,可以呼吸的inventions:n.专利发明(invention的复数);创意曲 minimize:vt.使减到最少;小看,极度轻视/vi.最小化 polymers:n.高分子聚合物;高分子高分子(polymer的复数)nano:n.纳;毫微 Nanotechnology