AlisonGopnik_2011G[艾莉森.高普尼克][婴儿在想什么].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件What is going on in this babys mind?这位宝宝 在想什么？00:12If youd asked people this 30 years ago,most people,including psychologists,would have said that this baby wasirrational,illogical,egocentric-that he couldnt take theperspective of another person or understand cause andeffect.如果你在30年前问这个问题,大多数人,包括心理学家,会告诉你这个小孩没有理性的,没逻辑,以自我为中心 他不会站在他人的角度思考 或者不明白因果关系。00:16In the last 20 years,developmental science has completelyoverturned that picture.在过去的20年里,发育学彻底地颠覆了这个观念。00:29So in some ways,we think that this babys thinking is like thethinking of the most brilliant scientists.从某些角度来看,这个宝宝的思维 和大多数聪明的科学家的思维相同。00:34Let me give you just one example of this.我可以举个这样的例子。00:42One thing that this baby could be thinking about,that couldbe going on in his mind,is trying to figure out whats goingon in the mind of that other baby.这位宝宝可能在思考某件事,在他的脑袋瓜中,他想要弄清楚 其他婴儿在想些什么。00:44After all,one of the things thats hardest for all of us to do isto figure out what other people are thinking and feeling.毕竟,我们最难办到的一件事 是理解他人的想法和感觉。00:54And maybe the hardest thing of all is to figure out that whatother people think and feel isnt actually exactly like what wethink and feel.而最难办到的事 是理解他人的想法和感觉 和我们自己的不完全一致。01:00psychologists:n.心理心理学家(psychologist的复数形式)irrational:adj.不合理的;无理性的;荒谬的/n.数无理数illogical:adj.不合逻辑的;不合常理的 egocentric:adj.心理自我中心的;利己主义的/n.利己主义者 developmental:adj.发展的;启发的 overturned:adj.倾覆的,倒转的/v.颠覆(overturn的过去式)Anyone whos followed politics can testify to how hard that isfor some people to get.任何追寻过政治的都可以证明 了解他人的想法是多么困难。01:07We wanted to know if babies and young children couldunderstand this really profound thing about other people.我们想要知道 宝宝和小孩子 能否理解其他人的奥秘。01:12Now the question is:How could we ask them?目前的问题是:我们如何与宝宝们沟通呢？01:19Babies,after all,cant talk,and if you ask a three year-old totell you what he thinks,what youll get is a beautiful streamof consciousness monologue about ponies and birthdaysand things like that.他们还不会说话,当你问一个三岁的小孩 他在想什么时,他的回答将会是一串精彩的意识流独白 关于小型木马,生日,或是类似的答案。01:21So how do we actually ask them the question?那我们应该如何向他们提问呢？01:33Well it turns out that the secret was broccoli.秘密居然是花椰菜。01:36What we did-Betty Rapacholi,who was one of my students,and I-was actually to give the babies two bowls of food:one bowl of raw broccoli and one bowl of delicious goldfishcrackers.我们用的方法是我的一个学生,贝蒂拉帕求利和我 给了这些宝宝们两碗食物:一碗生的花椰菜一碗是好吃的金鱼饼干。01:39testify:vt.证明，证实；作证/vi.作证；证明 consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉 monologue:n.独白 ponies:n.小马(pony的复数形式)/v.借助直译本翻译;支付;清偿(pony的第三人称单数形式)broccoli:n.花椰菜;西兰花 bowls:n.碗;保龄球;木球;大酒杯(bowl的复数形式)/v.玩保龄球;滑动;平稳快速移动(bowl的第三人称单数形式)goldfish:n.金鱼 crackers:adj.精神错乱的;癫狂的/n.咸饼干Now all of the babies,even in Berkley,like the crackers anddont like the raw broccoli.所有的宝宝,包括在柏克莱的那些,选择了饼干而不是生的花椰菜。01:51(Laughter)But then what Betty did was to take a little tasteof food from each bowl.（笑声）但是贝蒂随后 品尝了这两种食物。01:57And she would act as if she liked it or she didnt.然后作出了喜欢或不喜欢的表情。02:04So half the time,she acted as if she liked the crackers anddidnt like the broccoli-just like a baby and any other saneperson.有一半的情况,她的反应和宝宝还有正常人一样 喜欢饼干而不喜欢花椰菜的表情。02:06But half the time,what she would do is take a little bit of thebroccoli and go,Mmmmm,broccoli.但另一半情况,她是吃一点花椰菜 然后说:Mmmmm,花椰菜。02:13I tasted the broccoli.Mmmmm.我吃了花椰菜。02:20And then she would take a little bit of the crackers,and shed然后当她吃到饼干的时候,她说:饼干真难吃。02:23TED演讲者：Alison Gopnik|艾莉森.高普尼克演讲标题：Alison Gopnik:What do babies think?|婴儿在想什么?内容概要：Babies and young children are like the R&D division of the human species,sayspsychologist Alison Gopnik.Her research explores the sophisticated intelligence-gathering anddecision-making that babies are really doing when they play.心理学家艾莉森.高普尼克说:“婴儿和小孩子就像人类的研究部和开发部一样。”她的研究探索了婴儿们在每天玩耍时如何积累智慧和作出抉择。And then she would take a little bit of the crackers,and shedgo,Eww,yuck,crackers.02:23I tasted the crackers.Eww,yuck.我居然吃了饼干。真恶心。02:29So shed act as if what she wanted was just the opposite ofwhat the babies wanted.所以她假装自己喜欢吃的 和宝宝们喜欢的恰恰相反。02:32We did this with 15 and 18 month-old babies.我们对15个月和18个月大的宝宝们做了这个实验。02:37And then she would simply put her hand out and say,Canyou give me some?贝蒂将自己的手伸出说:“能给我点吗？02:39taste of:体验;有味道 sane:adj.健全的;理智的;临床神志正常的 yuck:int.啐(表示反感等,等于yuk)/n.讨厌的东西(等于yuk)/adj.令人反感的(等于yuk)hand out:分发;施舍;把拿出来So the question is:What would the baby give her,what theyliked or what she liked?但大家都想知道:宝宝会给她什么,是贝蒂喜欢的还是自己喜欢的？02:44And the remarkable thing was that 18 month-old babies,justbarely walking and talking,would give her the crackers if sheliked the crackers,but they would give her the broccoli if sheliked the broccoli.让人惊讶的是18岁大的宝宝,虽然还没有开始走路和说话,给了贝蒂饼干如果她喜欢饼干,但给了她花椰菜如果她喜欢的是花椰菜。02:48On the other hand,15 month-olds would stare at her for along time if she acted as if she liked the broccoli,like theycouldnt figure this out.另一方面,15岁大的宝宝会望着贝蒂 如果她说自己喜欢花椰菜,宝宝们还是不知道。02:59But then after they stared for a long time,they would justgive her the crackers,what they thought everybody mustlike.但在观察了一段时间之后,他们给了贝蒂饼干,因为觉得所有人都会喜欢,03:08So there are two really remarkable things about this.所以这项实验有两个值得关注的发现。03:14The first one is that these little 18 month-old babies havealready discovered this really profound fact about humannature,that we dont always want the same thing.首先是这些18个月大的孩子 已经开始注意 一个人性的奥秘,那就是我们想要的东西不同。03:17And whats more,they felt that they should actually dothings to help other people get what they wanted.还有,他们意识到自己应该做点 帮助他人达成愿望的事。03:26Even more remarkably though,the fact that 15 month-oldsdidnt do this suggests that these 18 month-olds hadlearned this deep,profound fact about human nature in thethree months from when they were 15 months old.但更让人值得关注的是,15个月大的宝宝们没有这种意识 说明18月大的懂得了 一个人性的奥秘 而当他们3个月前还没有意识到。03:31On the other hand:另一方面 stared:v.凝视,注视(stare过去分词形式)So children both know more and learn more than we everwould have thought.所以宝宝们知道的和学到的 比我们想象中要多得多。03:45And this is just one of hundreds and hundreds of studies overthe last 20 years thats actually demonstrated it.而只是在过去20年里的上百项调查的其中之一 证明了这个观点。03:49The question you might ask though is:Why do children learnso much?但是你也许想要问:小孩子为什么学到这么多呢？03:55And how is it possible for them to learn so much in such ashort time?在这么短的时间里 他们怎么能办得到呢？04:00I mean,after all,if you look at babies superficially,they seempretty useless.我是说,如果你只从表面来观察这些宝宝,他们似乎没什么用。04:04And actually in many ways,theyre worse than useless,because we have to put so much time and energy into justkeeping them alive.事实上在很多方面,他们比没用还没用。因为我们需要花如此多的时间和经历 才能让他们生存。04:08But if we turn to evolution for an answer to this puzzle of whywe spend so much time taking care of useless babies,it turnsout that theres actually an answer.如果我们从进化的角度 来寻找 我们为什么要花这么多时间 来照料这些没用的宝宝们的答案时,我们找到了一个答案。04:15If we look across many,many different species of animals,notjust us primates,but also including other mammals,birds,even marsupials like kangaroos and wombats,it turns outthat theres a relationship between how long a childhood aspecies has如果我们观察各种不同种类的动物,不光是灵长类,包括其它哺乳动物和鸟类,还有有袋目哺乳动物 比如像袋鼠和袋熊,结果是 动物的孩童时期长度04:27demonstrated:演示 superficially:adv.表面地;浅薄地 primates:n.灵长类 mammals:n.古生哺乳类;哺乳类动物(mammal的复数);哺乳纲 marsupials:n.脊椎有袋类;有袋目的哺乳动物(marsupial的复数)kangaroos:n.袋鼠(kangaroo复数)wombats:n.脊椎袋熊and how big their brains are compared to their bodies andhow smart and flexible they are.和它们的脑部大小与身体的比例 还有它们的智慧和灵敏是存在关系的。04:44And sort of the posterbirds for this idea are the birds upthere.图片上的鸟可以证明这个观点。04:50On one side is a New Caledonian crow.左边是一只 新喀里多尼亚岛的乌鸦。04:53And crows and other corvidae,ravens,rooks and so forth,像乌鸦,其它雅科,渡鸦,和秃鼻乌鸦那类的鸟,都非常的聪明。04:57And crows and other corvidae,ravens,rooks and so forth,are incredibly smart birds.非常的聪明。04:57Theyre as smart as chimpanzees in some respects.它们在一些方面就像猩猩一样聪明。05:02And this is a bird on the cover of science whos learned howto use a tool to get food.这只鸟是科学杂志的封面 它学会了如何用工具来取得食物。05:05On the other hand,we have our friend the domestic chicken.另一张图片上的鸟,是我们的朋友家养鸡。05:10And chickens and ducks and geese and turkeys are basicallyas dumb as dumps.鸡,鸭,鹅,火鸡 基本上可以说是笨得不能再笨。05:14www.XiYuS锡育软件So theyre very,very good at pecking for grain,and theyrenot much good at doing anything else.它们虽然很擅长啄食,但其它方面就不行了。05:19Caledonian:adj.苏格兰的;古苏格兰的/n.苏格兰人;古苏格兰人 crows:n.鸟乌鸦(crow的复数形式);望风者/v.啼叫;吹嘘(crow的三单形式)ravens:n.乌鸦(raven的复数);低质煤 rooks:n.赌棍;白嘴鸦(rook的复数)/v.诈取;骗(rook的三单形式)chimpanzees:n.脊椎黑猩猩(chimpanzee的复数)geese:n.鹅(goose复数)turkeys:n.突厥斯 dumps:n.废物,垃圾场(dump的复数);忧郁/v.倾倒(dump的单三形式)pecking:vi.啄食;扔石头;吹毛求疵/vt.啄食;扔/n.许多;配克(容量单位,等于2加仑);啄痕Well it turns out that the babies,the New Caledonian crowbabies,are fledglings.可这些幼鸟,我是说新喀里多尼亚岛的幼年乌鸦,它们刚长羽毛。05:25They depend on their moms to drop worms in their littleopen mouths for as long as two years,which is a really longtime in the life of a bird.在长达两年的时间里 它们完全依赖妈妈来喂它们虫子 来喂它们虫子,而两年对于一只鸟的生命来说是非常长的一段时间。05:29Whereas the chickens are actually mature within a couple ofmonths.鸡相对来说要成长的较快 只需要两个月的时间。05:38So childhood is the reason why the crows end up on thecover of Science and the chickens end up in the soup pot.乌鸦成为科学杂志封面的原因 是因为它们的童年而鸡的下场是变成锅里的汤。05:42Theres something about that long childhood that seems tobe connected to knowledge and learning.在它们两年的童年里 有某些因素 似乎和知识与学习有关系。05:49Well what kind of explanation could we have for this?原因究竟是什么呢?05:56Well some animals,like the chicken,seem to be beautifullysuited to doing just one thing very well.像鸡这类的动物,好像只擅长 把某一件事做好。05:59So they seem to be beautifully suited to pecking grain in oneenvironment.那件事 就是在一个环境中啄食。06:06Other creatures,like the crows,arent very good at doinganything in particular,but theyre extremely good atlearning about laws of different environments.像乌鸦这种动物,不擅长做好某件事,但在适应不同的环境方面 它们非常擅长。06:11fledglings:n.无经验的人;刚会飞的幼鸟 suited:adj.合适的/v.适合(suit的过去分词)And of course,we human beings are way out on the end ofthe distribution like the crows.当然,我们人类在到了像乌鸦那种穷途末路时,我们比它们更能想到解决的办法。06:19We have bigger brains relative to our bodies by far than anyother animal.我们的大脑和四肢的比例 目前还没有任何动物能超过。06:24Were smarter,were more flexible,we can learn more,wesurvive in more different environments,we migrated to coverthe world and even go to outer space.我们有更多的智慧和更强的适应性,可以学到更多知识,还能在更多不同的环境下生存,人类在地球各处居住,甚至上了外太空。06:28And our babies and children are dependent on us for muchlonger than the babies of any other species.我们的孩子对我们的依赖的时间 超过任何动物对父母的依赖,06:37My son is 23.我儿子现年23岁。06:43(Laughter)And at least until theyre 23,were still poppingthose worms into those little open mouths.（笑声）在他们23岁之前,我们还会把食物 送到他们的嘴里。06:45All right,why would we see this correlation?我们为什么看到这样的一个关联？06:54Well an idea is that that strategy,that learning strategy,is anextremely powerful,great strategy for getting on in theworld,but it has one big disadvantage.答案是学习的技巧,它非常有用,对成功也很有帮助,但也有它的不利。06:57And that one big disadvantage is that,until you actually doall that learning,youre going to be helpless.这个不利便是 在你学会之前,你将无法提供任何帮助。07:06migrated:迁移/迁徙(migrate的过去式和过去分词)popping:adj.间歇的;凸出的/n.爆音;突然跳出;爆孔;机器舞/v.出现;爆开;敲击;抛出(pop的ing形式)correlation:n.数相关,关联;相互关系So you dont want to have the mastodon charging at youand be saying to yourself,A slingshot or maybe a spearmight work.Which would actually be better?当一只乳齿象向你冲来的时候 你不会去想“我到底应该用矛来刺还是用弹弓来射？”07:13You want to know all that before the mastodons actuallyshow up.你在乳齿象出现之前 就需要知道应该怎么做。07:22And the way the evolutions seems to have solved thatproblem is with a kind of division of labor.而进化论似乎已经解决了这个问题 通过劳动分工。07:26So the idea is that we have this early period when were所以普遍看法是早期的时候我们是被保护着的。So the idea is that we have this early period when werecompletely protected.07:31We dont have to do anything.All we have to do is learn.我们不需要做任何事。只学就够了。07:34And then as adults,we can take all those things that welearned when we were babies and children and actually putthem to work to do things out there in the world.但当我们成年后,可以把幼年和童年时学到的东西加以运用 并让这些知识在社会中起到作用。07:37So one way of thinking about it is that babies and youngchildren are like the research and development division ofthe human species.第一种解释是 婴儿和小孩子 就好比研究和开发人类的部门一样。07:45So theyre the protected blue sky guys who just have to goout and learn and have good ideas,and were productionand marketing.他们在受保护的人群。只需要寻找和学习新的知识,而我们成年人扮演的是制作和营销的角色。07:52mastodon:n.古生乳齿象;庞然大物/adj.巨大的;庞大的 charging:n.炉料;装料/v.使承担(任务等);装载;命令(charge的现在分词)slingshot:n.弹弓 mastodons:n.古生乳齿象;庞然大物/adj.巨大的;庞大的 evolutions:n.演变;进化论;进展We have to take all those ideas that we learned when wewere children and actually put them to use.我们需要把所有 从孩子那里学到的知识 应用到现实生活里。07:59Another way of thinking about it is instead of thinking ofbabies and children as being like defective grownups,weshould think about them as being a different developmentalstage of the same species-kind of like caterpillars andbutterflies-另一种解释 反对把婴儿和小孩子 当作是有缺陷的成人 而是把他们当作是 处于不同的发展时段但是归类于同一种类 就像虫蛹和蝴蝶那样08:05except that theyre actually the brilliant butterflies who areflitting around the garden and exploring,and were thecaterpillars who are inching along our narrow,grownup,adult path.不过他们是比蝴蝶要智慧得多 因为孩子们可以在花园中游走与探索 而我们大人就是虫蛹 在我们狭窄的道路上慢慢地爬行。08:18If this is true,if these babies are designed to learn-and thisevolutionary story would say children are for learning,thatswhat theyre for-we might expect that they would havereally powerful learning mechanisms.如果第二种解释是真的。那这些小宝宝天生就是学习的料 从进化论来看,他们天生就在学习,学习就是他们的本性 我们可以想象 他们可能有非常巧妙的学习技巧08:28And in fact,the babys brain seems to be the most powerfullearning computer on the planet.事实上,小孩子的大脑 仿佛是整个星球上 最强的计算机.08:40defective:adj.有缺陷的;不完美的/n.有缺陷的人;不完全变化词 grownups:n.成年人/adj.已长成的 caterpillars:n.毛毛虫(caterpillar的复数)butterflies:n.蝴蝶(butterfly的复数)flitting:v.翩翩飞起;高速移动(flit的现在分词);调拨,搬运,搬移inching:n.自点动;微调尺寸;寸动;电缓动/v.使缓慢地移动;使渐进(inch的ing形式)grownup:n.成年人/adj.已长成的evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的But real computers are actually getting to be a lot better.但真正的计算机其实暂时已经无法超越了。08:47And theres been a revolution in our understanding ofmachine learning recently.最近,在我们对机器学习的理解上 发生了一场革命。08:50And it all depends on the ideas of this guy,the ReverendThomas Bayes,who was a statistician and mathematician inthe 18th century.这场革命完全是靠这个人的想法,他就是神父托马斯贝斯,18世纪时的一个统计学家和数学家。08:54And essentially what Bayes did was to provide amathematical way using probability theory to characterize,describe,the way that scientists find out about the world.他最大的贡献 是通过数学 使用机率定理 描述了科学家探索世界的方式,并将其个性化。09:02So what scientists do is they have a hypothesis that theythink might be likely to start with.科学家们的方法 是先准备一个假设09:13They go out and test it against the evidence.然后为该假设找根据09:18The evidence makes them change that hypothesis.根据会使他们改变假设09:20Then they test that new hypothesis and so on and so forth.然后他们就开始新的假设 过程就是这样。09:22And what Bayes showed was a mathematical way that youcould do that.贝斯将该过程转换为一个数学公式。09:26And that mathematics is at the core of the best machinelearning programs that we have now.数学在目前最好的机器学习项目开发中 起了重要作用。09:29Bayes:n.贝叶斯 statistician:n.统计学家,统计员 mathematician:n.数学家/善作数字计算的人 hypothesis:n.假设And some 10 years ago,I suggested that babies might bedoing the same thing.大约10年前,我提出过小孩的思考过程和科学家相同。09:33So if you want to know whats going on underneath thosebeautiful brown eyes,I think it actually looks something likethis.所以你想知道在他们漂亮的棕色眼睛下面 是什么样的一个世界,我有自己的看法。09:39This is Reverend Bayess noteboo