被动语态语法全面讲解.docx

被动语态语法全面讲解一、语 态 分 类英语动词有两种语态.：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动)被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动)在被动句中常能翻译出：“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等中文意思。二、被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化（1）一般现在时：am / is / are + done The car is driven by my father everyday. （2）一般过去时：was / were + done The car was repaired yesterday.（3）一般将来时：shall / will + be done The homework will be done in five minutes. （4）现在进行时：am / is / are + being + done The problem is being discussed by students now. （5）过去进行时：was / were + being + done The bike was being repaired when I got there.（6）现在完成时：have / has + been + done The road has been built since two days ago. 三、 含有情态动词的被动语态由“must/can/should/shall/could/may+ be+ done”构成。You must hand in your homework after class. Your homework must be handed in after class. 四、  被 动 语 态 的 使 用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，这时往往不用by 短语。  如： “Mr. Li, the cup was broken after class. ”2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by 短语。 如：The cup was broken by Paul.3.当主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in + 名词作状语，而代替 by 短语。  These cars were made in China.五、语态转换时所注意的问题1. 把主动语态变为被动语态，时态一致，主谓一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.2.  含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词   A present was given to me yesterday.注意：1.一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。(1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to her.3. 由动词+ 介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看。即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：动词+ 介词，归类：agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about ，bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, put away, put off, think over, turn down, work out, turn out 等例如：The patient is being operated on. The problem is solved. It needn't be talked about.4. 当主动句的主语是nobody, no one等含有否定意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody。如： Nobody can answer this question.误：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：The question can not be answered by anybody.anything, anybody, anyone等不定代词，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing, nobody, no one如： They haven't done anything to make the river clean.误：Anything hasn't been done to make the river clean.正：Nothing has been done to make the river clean.5. 以who为主语开头的疑问句，变被动时，用by whom放在句首。  如：Who wrote the story?误：Who was the story written? 正：By whom was the story written?6. 有些动词，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，用主动表示被动。常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如：(1) The cloth washes easily.  这布很好洗。(2) The new product sells well.  这新产品很畅销。对比：The books sell well. (主动句)The books were sold out. (被动句)The meat didnt cook well. (主动句)The meat was cooked for a long time. (被动句)7.下列情况主动句不能改为被动句：感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。(1) The material feels very soft. 误：It is felt very soft.(2) The food tastes delicious. 误：The food is tasted delicious.(3) The pop music sounds beautiful. 误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。  He entered the room and got his book. 误：The room was entered and his book was got.She had her hand burned. 误：Her hand was had burned.一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。The fire broke out in the capital building. 不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.After the earthquake, few houses remained. 8. 有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如：据说     It is said that 据报导 It is reported that 据推测  It is supposed that 希望  It is hoped that 众所周知 It is well known that 普遍认为       It is generally considered that 有人建议       It is suggested that 1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.9. 物+need doing或者 物+need to be done 某物需要被做 例如：The classroom needs cleaning/ to be cleaned.10. see/hear/notice sb do sth 被动语态转化为：sb be seen/heard/noticed/ to do sth 例如：I saw him walk out from the building. He was seen to walk out from the building. see/hear/notice sb doing sth 被动语态转化为：sb be seen/heard/noticed/ doing sth 例如：I herd the teacher singing when I walked past the room. The teacher was heard singing when I walked past the room. make/let sb do sth. 转换为被动语态要在动词前加to: sb be made/let to do sth 例如：My mother makes me stay all home all day. I am made to stay at home all day by my mother.第 3 页 共 3 页