初中英语2024届中考语法复习非谓语动词知识讲解.doc

中考英语语法复习非谓语动词知识讲解非谓语动词，又称非限定性动词，不能单独用作谓语，而是承担其他的句子成分，这样的动词没有人称和数的变化。非谓语动词可以分为动词不定式、动名词、分词三种。一、动词不定式1.动词不定式有两种形式，一种是带to的不定式，一种是不带to的不定式。2.动词不定式的构成：一般形式：to+动词原形否定形式：not/never+to+动词原形3.动词不定式的特征特征例句及物动词的不定式后可以跟宾语She asked me to answer the phone.  她让我去接电话。It is necessary to know something about computers.  了解一些电脑知识很有必要。可以被状语修饰The teacher asked me to read the text aloud.  老师要求我大声朗读文章。I was told to study hard.   有人告诉我要努力学习。没有人称和数的变化He wants to visit his friend.  他想去拜访朋友。She liked to swim when she was a little girl.  她小时候喜欢游泳。可以有自己的逻辑主语，常由for或of结构引出It is kind of you to help me.  你能帮我真好。It is important for us to work hard.  对我们来说努力工作很重要。4.动词不定的功能动词不定式结构可以在句中充当不同的句法成分。功能例句作主语To lie is not the right thing to do.  撒谎是不对的。To do what you should do is the best method in the current situation.  在当前的情形下，最好的办法是做你应该做的。作宾语You must learn to manage your time.  你必须学着管理 自己的时间。He refused to work in that company.  他拒绝在那家公司工作。I have no choice but to leave.  我别无选择只有离开。（作介词宾语）作表语You seem to be disappointed.  你似乎很失望。My dream is to be a scientist.  我的梦想是成为一名科学家。作定语I have nothing to worry about.  我没有什么可担心的。He is the last to hand in the homework.  他是最后一个交作业的。作状语I will go to Beijing to take a holiday.  我将去北京度假。It is too late to apologize.  道歉为时已晚。I rushed to the station only to find the train had left.  我冲向火车站却发现车己开走。作插入语To be honest, I have made my mind to leave you.  说实话，我已决定离开你。To start with, you shouldnt tell him the truth.  首先，你不应该告诉他真相。二、动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一种，由动词原形加-ing构成，与现在分词同形。动名词相当于名词，同时具有动词的性质，后面可以跟宾语、状语、表语。动名词在句中通常可以作主语、宾语或表语等。动名词在句中可以有不同的句法功能，如下：功能例句作主语Reading original novels is a good way to learn English.  读英文原版小说是学英语的好方法。Discussing with others is an effective way to solve problems.  和别人讨论是解决问题的好方法。作宾语Please avoid quarreling with team members.  请避免和队友发生争吵。The teacher advised taking a different method to solve the problems.  老师建议采取不同方法解决那个问题。作表语Seeing is believing.  眼见为实。The first thing is deciding what you want to do.  首要的事情是决定你想做什么。Our main task is raising enough money.  我们的首要任务是筹集足够的资金。作定语She is now studying in the reading room.  她现在在阅览室学习。Do you know where the swimming pool is？  你知道游泳池在哪吗？作同位语His habit, reading an English novel every night, remains unchanged.  他每晚读英语小说的习惯一直未改变。三、分词分词也是非谓语动词，有现在分词和过去分词两种形式。现在分词由动词原形加-ing构成。现在分词兼有动词（可以带状语和宾语）和形容词（可以做定语）的性质。1.现在分词的形式： 时态语态主动形式被动形式一般时doingbeing done完成时having donehaving being done注意：现在分词的否定形式是在doing这前加not2.现在分词的功能：功能例句作表语What he said to me is encouraging.  他对我说的话很让人鼓舞。This book is interesting to read.  这本书读起来很有趣。作定语He is in an embarrassing situation.  他处于一个尴尬地境地。A man getting up early is usually a hard-working man.  早起的人往往都很勤奋。The acid rain has long-lasting effects on the farmland.  酸雨对农田有长久的影响。作补足语I find the movie very interesting .  我发现这部电影很有趣。I saw him singing .  我看到他在唱歌。作状语Hearing the news that his mother was ill, he felt very sad.  听到妈妈生病的消息，他很伤心。Living far from the office, he has to get up early every morning.  由于住得离公司远，他每天早上不得不早早起床。3.过去分词也是一种非限定性动词，大部分动词的过去分词一般只有一种，但少数动词的过去分词有两种不同形式，例如：原形过去分词bearborn生；borne负担lightlit照亮；lighted燃着的getgot得到；gotten得到的shrinkshrunk被收缩；shrunken收缩的hanghung悬挂；hanged绞死strikestruck打击；stricken被打击的rotrotted腐烂；rotten腐烂的sinkSunk陷下；sunken陷下去的4.过去分词的功能：功能例句作表语I am excited to receive a gift from you.  收到你的礼物我很兴奋。What is needed has been prepared.  需要的东西已经准备好了。He dont want to be involved with that.  他不想卷入那件事中。作定语I was asked to provide a written report.  有人让我提供一份书面报告。He agreed with a forced smile.  他勉强笑着同意了。Canned food is not good for health.  罐装食品不利于健康。作补足语Keep you eyes shut for a while.  请把眼睛闭上待一会。I find my spirit lifted every time I help others.  每当我帮助别人时，发现自己的精神境界提升了。I had my hair cut yesterday.  我昨天把头发剪了。作状语United, we stand; divided, we fall.  团结则胜，分裂则败。Given his age, he has done a good job.  考虑到他的年龄，他做得很不错了。Seriously injured, she had to be sent to hospital.  由于伤势严重，她必须被送到医院。5.伴随状语除了以上用法，分词常常用作伴随状语。伴随状语：指的是状语表示的动作伴随着主句的动作发生，也就是说伴随状语的动作或状态是伴随着句子的谓语动词而发生或存在的。伴随状语出现的条件：一个主语发出两个动作同一个主语处于两种状态同一个主语发出一个动作，同时又伴随着另一个动作（注：伴随状语的逻辑主语可以是全句的主语，也可以与主句的主语不同；伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。）伴随状语的表示方法：表示方法例句分词My younger sister sat in the sofa, watching TV.  我妹妹坐在沙发上看电视。The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students.  老师走进了教室，他的学生跟在后面。with复合结构She lay awake, with the light on.   她躺着睡不着，开着灯。My father was out, with the door open.  门开着，我爸爸出去了。独立主格I go to park every weekend, my dog accompanying me.  我每周去公园，我的狗都陪着我。形容词（短语）He went to the office, full of angry.  他怒气冲冲地去了办公室。His uncle left home young. 他的叔叔很小的时候就离开家了。名词The boy went away a servant but returned a boss.   这个男孩离开时是个佣人，回来时成了老板。介词短语She go upstairs out of breath.  她上气不接下气地上了楼。My younger brother said what had happened in tears.  我弟弟哭着讲述发生的事情。伴随状语的具体用法：具体用法例句使用with复合结构的情况with+名词+形容词My mother often sleeps with the door open.  我妈妈经常开着门睡觉。with+名词+副词I was in the habit of sleeping with the light on when I was young.  我小时候习惯开着灯睡觉。with+名词+介词短语The boy came into the teachers office with a pen in his hand.  这个男孩手里拿着一支笔走进了老师的办公室。with+名词+现在分词The young mother left the house with her baby crying.  那个年轻妈妈离开了房间任由她的孩子哭泣。with+名词+过去分词My younger sister sat there with her eyes filled with tears of anguish.  我妹妹坐在那里，眼里噙满伤心的泪水。with+名词+不定式The teacher is very busy now with a lot of things to deal with.老师现在很忙有很多事情等着处理。使用独立主格的情况名词/代词+现在分词The sea level rising, they had to move to another place.  海平面涨了，他们不得不搬到其他地方。名词/代词+不定式Much work to do, the works must work overtime.  有很多工作要做，工人们必须加班。名词/代词+形容词She came back home, her hands red with cold.  有很多工作要做，双手冻得通红。名词/代词+副词My father is lying in bed, light on.  我父亲躺在床上，灯亮着。名词/代词+介词短语John came in the classroom, a book under his arm.  约翰走进教室，胳膊底下夹着一本书。用形容词（短语）的情况Linda left home, full of fear.  琳达满怀恐惧地离开家。He became famous young.  他年轻时就成名了。用名词（短语）的情况He came this city a poor auto-repair man.  他来这个城市时是个穷困的汽车修理工。The old man returned his hometown a millionaire.  这个老人回到家长时是个百万富翁。用介词短语的情况The little boy run up to me out of breath.  那个小男孩上气不接下气地向我跑来。How can you go to your friends birthday party in rags?  你怎能穿得这么破去参加你朋友的派对呢？5