2023年新高考I卷英语阅读理解 D 篇的难点透视与答案解析全.docx

2023年新高考I卷英语阅读理解 D篇的难点透视与答案解析一、阅读理解D篇难点之所在在教育统计学看来，试题的难度(P)是指"反映试题的难易程度，难度 系数越大，题目得分率越高，难度也就越小；难度系数越小，得分率越 低，难度就越大。"难度系数可理解为容易度。通俗一点说，就是 难度就是指考生在一个试题或一份试卷中的得分程度，难度系数值通常 在0.01.0之间，一般认为，试题的难度指数在0.3 - 0.7之间比较合 适，整份试卷的平均难度指数最好在0.5左右，高于0.7和低于0.3的 试题不能太多。得分一般呈正态分布，较为合理。由此可见，在科学意 义上的难度只有在某一种类的高考英语试卷评卷结束后，经过数据统计 和分析，才能得出某一套试题或某一题型的难度系数，而这个难度系数 一般由教育考试权威部门发布。从上述意义上说，高考英语一结束出了考场，考生对试题难度的直观评 价，只是考生答题时的主观感受和感性认识。尽管如此，这些感受和感 性认识同样可为难度预测提供有价值的参考。在这里所说的"难既 有对试题的主观认识，也基于过往多年英语教学的经验，更是依据普 通高中英语课程标准而言的。(-)因低频词汇多而难度增加。together."可知，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做 了什么。所以后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故答案选C,其它 三个选项不合题意。15.D推理判断题。【答案解析】题意为”本文作者对Navajas研究的态度是什么？ 根 据最后一段文字 Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous可推断出，作者对Navajas研究持赞许和支持的态度。故 选D为答案，其它三个选项不合题意。结论：新高考I卷英语阅读理解D篇试题由于低频词多、复合句多、论 点层次多和题干深层次题多，而使试题难度极大增加，这与考生考后的 感觉趋于一致。尽管如此，通过研究命题规律、掌握解题技巧、提高应 考能力等，一定能够提高英语深层次阅读理解题的得分率，取得理想的 考试成绩。附：新高考I卷英语阅读理解D篇原文与试题On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the Hwisdom of crowds" effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors , those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate .If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people's errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist （转折）on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of fivewas significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn7 t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they Hshared arguments and reasoned together." Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly ?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of people's errors.D. The design of Galton's experiment.13. Navajas1 study found that the average accuracy could increase even if.A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.15. What is the author's attitude toward Navajas1 studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.普通高中英语课程标准中对八级词汇的要求（"学会使用3000个 左右的单词和400500个习惯用语或固定搭配）看，D篇阅读理解 文章中的低频词（包括派生词、合成词和转化词等词）较多，换句话说， 就是常用的、复现率高的词汇少。由此大胆地说,D篇文章中除twist（转 折）一词注明汉语意思外，其它词汇没有超纲。那为什么考生感觉许多 单词不认识或不知道什么意思呢？这是因为文章中使用了较多的低频 词，考生感到陌生。对D篇中的低频词做了一点梳理，在共有340个 单词的文章中，大致有32个低频词（见仁见智），占到该文章总词汇 量的9.4 % （见下表）。新高考英语I卷阅读理解D篇低频词汇表accurateaccuracyaveragedaveragesconductedcapitalizescorrelateddependentdominantestimationestimatesenormousfollow-upfrequentlyindividualsinstanceillustratedindependentimplicationslimitationsoverestimateobtainedpotentialphenomenonresearchersresponsereasonedreasoningreductionstatisticiantechnicalunderestimate从上表可以看出，这些低频词绝大部分是派生词、合成词和转化词。如average （n.平均数;平均水平,v.将.平均为）；reason （ n.原因； 理也解释，V.推理；推论；推断；思考等为转化词。accurate （ adj. 准确的）/ accuracy （n.准确）;estimation （n.判断;评价;看法）/ estimate （v.估计；估算；估价）;overestimate （ v.对.估计过高） /underestimate （ v.对估计过低）；dependent （ adj.以来的；依 靠的）/ independent （ adj.自主的;独立的）;frequently （ adv.频 繁地；时常地）;researchers （ n.研究员;调查者）;reduction （ n. 减少；降低）；statistician （ n.统计学家;统计员）;technical （adj.技 术的；工艺的）等为派生词。follow-up（ n.跟踪；后续行动）为合成词。在把上述单词与普通高中英语课程标准所附的词汇表逐一进行了对 照发现，32个低频词中除了 6个单词（follow-up / reduction / overestimate / underestimate / capitalizes / implications ）需借 助构词法知识获得词义外，其它26个单词都可以在词汇表中找到原词。 由此可见，词汇难，原因之一就是高考核心词汇在实际学习中学生并未 完全掌握，或学生借助构词法知识猜测词义的能（二）因复合句多而难度增加。根据的初步分析，D篇阅读理解文章由18个完整的句子组成，其中简 单句5个，并列句1个，复合句12个，复合句占到总句数的66.7% , 况且复合句中囊括了多个"句中句"。据此推断，考生在理解这些复杂 复合句的时候，遇到非常大的困难，读不懂句子，看不明白意思，一点 也不奇怪了。这里把最最复杂的5个复合句（长难句）做一简要分析, 助力考生弄清楚其句子结构和句意。 长难句1 On March 7Z1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds11 effect.句子分析：本句为复杂复合句。主句的主语为the English statistician Francis Galton ,谓语为published ,宾语为a papero从句为限制性 定语从句 which illustrated what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds11 effect,修饰先行词 a paper,其中 which 为关 系代词，在从句中作主语,illustrated作谓语，what has come to be known as the "wisdom of crowds" effect作宾语，宾语是由名词性 从句充当的。据此，这是一个复杂复合句结构，十足的句中句。译文：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯加尔顿发表了一篇论 文，阐述了所谓的"群体智慧"效应。长难句 2 : The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.句子分析：本句为复杂复合句。主句的主语为The experiment of estimation ,谓语为showed ,从句 that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.作宾语。he conducted是限制性定语从句，修饰主句主语 The experiment of estimationo在宾语从句中,the average of a large number of independent estimates 作主语 zcould be7（乍i胃语， quite accurate作表语，in some cases作状语。据此，这也是一个复 杂复合句，句中有句。译文：他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值 可能相当准确。长难句 3 : This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors , those errors aren't always the same.句子分析：本句为复合句。This effect为主句主语,capitalizes on（意 为"利用）为主句谓语，the fact为主句宾语。主句宾语中包含了同 位语从句 that when people make errors , those errors aren*t always the same.用来说明fact的内容。译文：这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并 不总是相同的。长难句 4 The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.句子分析：本句为复杂复合句。主句的主语为The key finding of the study zwas 为系动词,that when crowds were further divided into.an equal number of independent individuals.为表语从句。在表语 从句中又包含了一个由when引导的时间状语从句when crowds. ,the averages.;在时间状语从句的又包含了限制性定定语 从句 that were allowed to have a discussion，作定语修饰先行词 smaller groupso据此，这又是一个复杂复合句，一个句子中套着另外 一个句子。译文：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的 小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。长难句 5 : In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.句子分析：本句为复杂复合句。主句的主语为the researchers ,谓语 为 tried to get, a better sense of. did in their discussion 为宾语; 在宾语中包含了一个名词性从句，与。f一起作定语，修饰宾语a bettersense0译文：在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了 解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。（三）因文义论点层次多而难度增加 通读新高考I卷英语阅读理解D篇文章，总览文章大意，就会发现，这 是一篇说明文，作者在曲折迂回的语义上表达文义，由此导致文义论点 层次较多，准确理解全文大意的难度明显增加。对文义的论点层次做了一点梳理，大致分为四个层次，形成"ABC B+”的论点层次模型，这大大增加了考生的感知难度。这里将文义 的论点层次列表如下，便于理解文章的脉络和作者所要表达的大意，并 助力解答试题。层提出者论点次一 统计学家"人群的Francis智慧”的Galton效应。二 Navajas群体中(转折)获得的平均值 更准确。三 百名大学"共同争 生后续研 论，一起 究推理“。四 本文作者 (结尾 段)论点表述当估计误差中有足够的误差一起平均时，它们相 互抵消，从而得到更准确的估计，话句话说，就 是人群的智慧要求人们的估计必须是独立的。大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。(Independent estimates could be quite accurate.)当人群被进一步划分为更小的群体，并被允许进 行讨论时，这些群体的平均值比来自相同数量的 独立个体的平均值更准确。小组成员讨论导致错误的整体减少。("Shared arguments and reasoned together."resulted in a global reduction in error.)该研究有局限性和潜影响。(The averages from these groups were more accurate.)（四）题干中的深层题多而难度增加。新高考I卷英语阅读理解D篇有4道小题，其中概括归纳题2道（第 12题，第14题），推理判断题2道（第13题，第15题）。概括归 纳题就是寻找、概括、归纳、提炼主题句（Topic sentence）或主旨要 义。考生要能归纳概括全文主题和理解中心思想。推理判断题就是对文 中细节隐含的信息和语篇逻辑关系进行分析，作出一定的推理和判断, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。无论是归纳概括题，还是推理判 断题都属于深层次阅读理解题，是阅读理解题最难的两类题型，也是拉 开阅读理解的得分档次的关键题目。D篇中的4道深层次理解题也无形 加大了试题的难度。二、阅读理解D篇试题答案解析【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍评估（estimation ）的 三种不同论点,即分别介绍了英国统计学家Francis Galton的"人群 的智慧的效应，Navajas的"独立个体中获得的平均值更准确”论点 以及对百名大学生后续研究的"共同争论，一起推理论点。B概括归纳题。【答案解析】题意为"文章第二段主要讲的什么？"从"Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate/ 句和“If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out."句可知，第 2 段解释了"群体智慧”效应的基本逻辑，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。故选B ,其它三个选项不合题意。D推理判断题。【答案解析】题意为“Navajas发现，即使,平均准确性可能提高。 根据第三段中的 "when crowds were further divided into smaller groups ,the averages from these groups were more accurate than.independent individuals,/一句和 "In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people's estimates be independent."一句以及"the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate." 一句的句义，可以得出“群体中获得的平均值更准确 的推论。解题时，要注意题干中"even if."对理解题意的干扰，同时 也要注意待选项中只有D用了 "否定之否定形式estimates were not fully independent ），表达与推论意义一致的论点。故答案选D ,其 它三个选项不合题意。C概括归纳题。【答案解析】题意为"后续研究聚焦于什么？ 从第四段中"the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion"和"Most frequently, the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned