MarianaMazzucato_2013G[玛利亚娜.马祖卡托][政府－投资家、冒险家、革新家].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件Have you ever asked yourselves why it is that companies,thereally cool companies,the innovative ones,the creative,neweconomy-type companies-在座的各位有没有问过自己,为什么那些 很酷的公司,那些有创意、懂创新的 新经济型的公司 00:12Apple,Google,Facebook-are coming out of one particularcountry,the United States of America?苹果、谷歌、脸书 都来自同一个国家 美国呢？00:20Usually when I say this,someone says,Spotify!通常当我谈到这一点时,有人会说,Spotify！“（瑞典的提供免费音乐试听的公司）00:28Thats Europe.But,yeah.那是欧洲的公司。确实是的。00:30It has not had the impact that these other companies havehad.但这个公司远没有我提到的那几个美国公司的影响力。00:31Now what I do is Im an economist,and I actually study therelationship between innovation and economic growth atthe level of the company,the industry and the nation,and Iwork with policymakers worldwide,especially in theEuropean Commission,我是一名经济学家,我所研究的是 在公司、行业和国家层面上 创新和经济增长之间的关系。我与各国的政策制定者合作。特别是为欧盟委员会工作,00:35but recently also in interesting places like China,and I cantell you that that question is on the tip of all of their tongues:最近也为一些生机盎然的国家比如中国工作。我可以告诉你,我一开始问的那一问题 都曾从他们的舌尖上流出来过,00:47Where are the European Googles?欧洲谷歌在哪里？00:55What is the secret behind the Silicon Valley growth model,which they understand is different from this old economygrowth model?硅谷经济增长模式背后的秘密是什么？他们的做法和 旧的经济增长模式的不同之处何在？00:57innovative:adj.革新的，创新的 innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 policymakers:决策人 tongues:n.舌头,语言(tongue复数形式)And what is interesting is that often,even if were in the 21stcentury,we kind of come down in the end to these ideas ofmarket versus state.有趣的是,通常来讲,即使我们现在处在 21 世纪,我们会得出这样的结论,那就是 市场对抗国家。01:06Its talked about in these modern ways,but the idea is thatsomehow,behind places like Silicon Valley,the secret havebeen different types of market-making mechanisms,theprivate initiative,whether this be about a dynamic venturecapital sector这被认为是现代（市场运营）方式。但是这种想法却和硅谷等地的背后秘密有所不同,硅谷有不同的市场开拓机制。私人动议,不管这个动议是否 属于动态风险投资范畴,01:14thats actually able to provide that high-risk finance to theseinnovative companies,the gazelles as we often call them,which traditional banks are scared of,or different types ofreally successful这些创新型公司都实际上 能够得到高风险融资。被我们称为“羚羊企业”的这些领军公司所需要的融资 是那些传统银行所害怕接手的。另外,不同类型的一些颇有成效的01:29commercialization policies which actually allow thesecompanies to bring these great inventions,their products,tothe market and actually get over this really scary DeathValley period in which many companies instead fail.商业化政策实际上允许这些公司 把他们绝妙的发明、他们的产品 直接推向市场,实际上得以 安然度过被称为“可怕死亡谷”的时期。其他的很多公司却在这个时期一败涂地。01:39But what really interests me,especially nowadays andbecause of whats happening politically around the world,isthe language thats used,the narrative,the discourse,theimages,the actual words.特别是现在,源于世界上的政治动向,真正让我感兴趣的是(商业中）使用的语言、叙述方法、话语、图像和实际使用的词汇。01:52in the end:终于,最后 versus:prep.对；与.相对；对抗 venture:vt.敢于/vi.冒险;投机/n.企业;风险;冒险 high-risk:adj.高危险度的 gazelles:n.瞪羚(gazelle的复数)inventions:n.专利发明(invention的复数);创意曲 politically:adv.政治上narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述/adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的 discourse:n.论述;谈话;演讲/vi.演说;谈论;讲述/vt.说出;演奏出So we often are presented with the kind of words like thatthe private sector is also much more innovative because itsable to think out of the box.所以我们常常听到 诸如私营部门之类的词汇 都是更有新意的,因为它能 跳出惯常的思维,02:04They are more dynamic.他们更有活力。02:13TED演讲者：Mariana Mazzucato|玛利亚娜.马祖卡托演讲标题：Government-investor,risk-taker,innovator|政府投资家、冒险家、革新家内容概要：Why doesn.t the government just get out of the way and let the private sector-the“real revolutionaries”-innovate?It.s rhetoric you hear everywhere,and Mariana Mazzucatowants to dispel it.In an energetic talk,she shows how the state-which many see as a slow,hunkering behemoth-is really one of our most exciting risk-takers and market-shapers.为什么政府不让私有公司那些“真正的革新家”去创新?这是你经常会听到的话。玛利亚娜.马祖卡托要反驳这样的话。在这个激情四溢的演讲里，她告诉我们美国政府一个看似缓慢、守旧的庞然大物是如何成为最令人振奋的冒险者和市场塑造者的。Think of Steve Jobs really inspirational speech to the 2005graduating class at Stanford,where he said to be innovative,youve got to stay hungry,stay foolish.让我们回想史蒂夫 乔布斯 于2005年在斯坦福大学给毕业生做的演讲。他当时说:一个人要创新,就需要保持求知欲,不断地去试错。02:15Right?So these guys are kind of the hungry and foolish andcolorful guys,right?对吧？这些人都是些如饥似渴、懵懵懂懂又个性鲜明的家伙,对吧？02:26And in places like Europe,it might be more equitable,wemight even be a bit better dressed and eat better than theU.S.,but the problem is this damn public sector.在像欧洲这样的地方 社会更公平,我们甚至被美国人穿得更讲究,吃得更可口。但问题在于这些讨厌的公共部门。02:30Its a bit too big,and it hasnt actually allowed these thingslike dynamic venture capital and commercialization toactually be able to really be as fruitful as it could.这些部门有些太庞大了,它实际上没法让 像动态风险资本 和商业化这样能够结出 商业硕果的事物存在。02:41And even really respectable newspapers,some that Imactually subscribed to,the words they use are,you know,thestate as this Leviathan.Right?即使那些很受人推崇的报纸,有些我正在订阅的报纸,你知道,他们把 美国形容成“利维坦”。对吧？【译注:利维坦是霍布斯的同名政治哲学著作里虚构出来的庞然大物】02:52inspirational:adj.鼓舞人心的；带有灵感的，给予灵感的 equitable:adj.公平的,公正的;平衡法的 respectable:adj.值得尊敬的；人格高尚的；相当数量的/n.可敬的人 subscribed:订阅 Leviathan:n.海中怪兽;庞然大物;巨轮This monster with big tentacles.有着巨大触角的怪兽。03:01Theyre very explicit in these editorials.他们在他们的社论里非常明确地这样说。03:03They say,You know,the state,its necessary to fix these littlemarket failures when you have public goods or differenttypes of negative externalities like pollution,but you knowwhat,what is the next big revolution going to be after theInternet?他们说,你知道,美国有必要 去修复这些小小的市场失灵。当你拥有公共物资 或那些负面的外部因素比如污染时。你知道吗,在互联网之后 下一次科技革命是什么吗？03:05We all hope it might be something green,or all of thisnanotech stuff,and in order for that stuff to happen,theysay-this was a special issue on the next industrial revolution-they say,the state,just stick to the basics,right?我们都希望它可能是一场绿色的革命。或者是与纳米技术有关的革命,为了让新科技革命成为可能,他们说 这是关于下一次工业革命的特殊议题 他们说,国家就是要专注于基础建设,对吧？03:19Fund the infrastructure.Fund the schools.给基础设施和学校建设投资。03:30Even fund the basic research,because this is popularlyrecognized,in fact,as a big public good which privatecompanies dont want to invest in,do that,but you knowwhat?也给基础科学研究投资,因为这是 得到共识的。事实上,私营公司不想为 大型的公共设施投资。这是国家需要做的,你知道吗？03:33Leave the rest to the revolutionaries.然后把剩下的（市场）留给革新者。03:41tentacles:n.动触手;动触须(tentacle的复数)explicit:adj.明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述的 editorials:n.社论;述评(editorial的复数)externalities:n.外部性;外部效应 popularly:adv.流行地;通俗地;普及地;大众地 revolutionaries:n.革命分子(revolutionary的复数形式)Those colorful,out-of-the-box kind of thinkers.那些个性鲜明、不拘一格的革新家,03:44Theyre often called garage tinkerers,because some of themactually did some things in garages,even though thatspartly a myth.通常被称为车库工匠,他们中有些人确实是在车库里工作的,这些故事都被传成神话了。03:47And so what I want to do with you in,oh God,only 10minutes,is to really think again this juxtaposition,because itactually has massive,massive implications beyondinnovation policy,which just happens to be the area that Ioften talk with with policymakers.所以我想和你们讲的是,天哪,只剩10 分钟了！（我要讲的）是我们要再考量（国家和市场的）并行。因为这种并行有非常非常巨大的影响力,超越于某些与我合作的决策者 所在地区的 创新政策之上。03:54It has huge implications,even with this whole notion that wehave on where,when and why we should actually be cuttingback on public spending and different types of publicservices which,of course,as we know,are increasingly beingoutsourced because of this juxtaposition.它有非常巨大的影响,甚至影响到整个国家 对我们在何时、何地、为何 要削减公共开支 和其他公共服务部门的开支的决策。我们知道,正是由于这种并行,一些公共服务部门的工作 已经被更多的外包出去了。04:09Right?I mean,the reason that we need to maybe have freeschools or charter schools is in order to make them moreinnovative without being emburdened by this heavy hand ofthe state curriculum,or something.对吧？我是说,我们需要有公立学校或特许学校 通过国民必修课程等的重拳出击 无后顾之忧地把孩子们培养成为创新型人才。04:25garages:n.车库;汽车修理厂;飞机库/vt.把送入车库 juxtaposition:n.并置,并列;毗邻 implications:n.蕴涵式;暗指,暗示;含蓄,含意;卷入(implication的复数)outsourced:adj.外包的/v.转包;外购原料(outsource的过去分词)curriculum:n.课程/总课程So these kind of words are constantly,these juxtapositionscome up everywhere,not just with innovation policy.所以这些词汇的出现都是有一致性的,不仅与创新政策有关,这种并行简直无处不在。04:35And so to think again,theres no reason that you shouldbelieve me,so just think of some of the smartest所以,再回过头来想,你们不需要相信我,就想想你口袋里的一些最绝妙的 革新产品吧。不要打开开关哟。你就拿出来看看你的iPhone吧。04:42believe me,so just think of some of the smartestrevolutionary things that you have in your pockets and donot turn it on,but you might want to take it out,your iPhone.关哟。你就拿出来看看你的iPhone吧。04:42Ask who actually funded the really cool,revolutionarythinking-out-of-the-box things in the iPhone.你会问到底是谁给iPhone那些非常酷的 革新性、突破性的 技术投资的。04:52What actually makes your phone a smartphone,basically,instead of a stupid phone?到底是什么让你的电话 基本上成了智能手机,而不仅仅是一个粗劣的手机呢？04:59So the Internet,which you can surf the web anywhere you arein the world;GPS,where you can actually know where you areanywhere in the world;the touchscreen display,which makesit also a really easy-to-use phone for anybody.通过互联网,你可以在世界上的 任何地方上网冲浪。通过GPS,你可以明确地知道 自己在世界的某个地方。自己在世界的某个地方。任何人都可以轻松学会使用的手机。05:03These are the very smart,revolutionary bits about the iPhone,and theyre all government-funded.iPhone的这些非常巧妙的、革新性的部分 其实全部都是由政府资助的。05:15And the point is that the Internet was funded by DARPA,U.S.Department of Defense.就是说,互联网是由 DARPA美国国防部资助的。05:23juxtapositions:n.并置,并列;毗邻 funded:adj.提供资金的/v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息(fund的过去式)smartphone:n.智能手机GPS was funded by the militarys Navstar program.全球定位系统（GPS)是由军方的 Navstar项目出资的。05:28Even Siri was actually funded by DARPA.甚至语音控制功能(Siri)都实际上是由 DARPA资助的。05:32The touchscreen display was funded by two public grants bythe CIA and the NSF to two public university researchers atthe University of Delaware.触屏显示是 由两个国家部门:中情局（CIA)和国家科学基金会（NSF）资助美公立大学特拉华大学的两位科研人员而开发出来的。05:35Now,you might be thinking,Well,shes just said the worddefense and military an awful lot,现在,您会想,好吧,她只不过是讲了好几遍的 国防和 军事 什么的。05:46but whats really interesting is that this is actually true insector after sector and department after department.有趣的是,这些都是事实。就是由国家的一个又一个的部门,一个又一个的直属单位来做的。05:50So the pharmaceutical industry,which I am personally veryinterested in because Ive actually had the fortune to study itin quite some depth,is wonderful to be asking this question我个人对制药业非常感兴趣。因为我有幸比较 深入地研究了这一行。一个很有趣的问题是关于05:56about the revolutionary versus non-revolutionary bits,because each and every medicine can actually be divided upon whether it really is revolutionary or incremental.革新型和非革新型药物的。因为每种药物都实际上可以 被分为革新型或者改进型。06:05So the new molecular entities with priority rating are therevolutionary new drugs,whereas the slight variations ofexisting drugs-有优先评级的新分子实体药物 是革新型药物。而对原有药物进行细微改进的 06:13grants:n.补助金;津贴(grant的复数);政府奖助/v.专利授予;同意;承认(grant的第三人称单数)pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的/n.药物 incremental:adj.增加的,增值的 molecular:adj.化学分子的;由分子组成的 entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体 rating:n.等级;等级评定;额定功率/v.对评价(rate的ing形式)variations:n.变奏曲,变更;生物变种(variation的复数形式)www.XiYuS锡育软件Viagra,different color,different dosage-are the lessrevolutionary ones.比如伟哥,改变药物颜色、改变药物剂量 这就属于非革新型药物了。06:21And it turns out that a full 75 percent of the new molecularentities with priority rating are actually funded in boring,Kafkian public sector labs.结果呢,75%的 有优先评级的新分子实体 都实际上是由,老掉牙的Kafkian 公共部门实验室提供资金。06:26This doesnt mean that Big Pharma is not spending oninnovation.这并不意味着大型制药公司不把钱花费在创新上。06:36They do.They spend on the marketing part.他们也这样做。他们也往市场营销这一部分投钱。06:39They spend on the D part of R&D.他们只是花钱用于开发市场。06:41They spend an awful lot on buying back their stock,which isquite problematic.他们花费相当多的资金来购回自己的股票,这是很成问题的。06:43In fact,companies like Pfizer and Amgen recently have spentmore money in buying back their shares to boost their stockprice than on R&D,but thats a whole different TED Talkwhich one day事实上,辉瑞和安进这样的大公司最近 为了抬高他们的股票价格,花在购买他们自家股票的资金 远远超过他们花在研发方面的资金。这涉及了一个完全不同的 TED 演讲主题,06:48Id be fascinated to tell you about.有一天我会很高兴讲给你们听的。06:57Now,whats interesting in all of this is the state,in all theseexamples,was doing so much more than just fixing marketfailures.现在,在所有新研发的例子里,最有趣的是,美国这个国家,所做的要比单纯修复市场失灵多得多。07:00It was actually shaping and creating markets.它实际上是在塑造和创造市场。07:08dosage:n.剂量,用量 labs:n.实验室 problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的 shaping:n.塑造;成形/adj.塑造的;成形的/v.塑造(shape的ing形式);(使)成形It was funding not only the basic research,which again is atypical public good,but even the applied research.它不仅给基本研究投资,那是典型的公共利益。它而且给应用研究投资。07:11It was even,God forbid,being a venture capitalist.上帝保佑吧,它甚至成了风险资本家（给风险企业投资）。07:17So these SBIR and SDTR programs,which give smallcompanies early-stage finance have not only been extremelyimportant compared to private venture capital,but also havebecome increasingly important.这些小型企业研发资金项目（SBIR和SDTR)给小型公司提供早期的财政支持。跟私人风险资本来投资比起来,对于小企业这是非常非常重要的。而且变得越来越重要。07:21Why?Because,as many of us know,V.C.is actually quiteshort-term.为什么呢？因为,我们很多人都知道,私人风险投资实际上是相当短期的行为。07:35They want their returns in three to five years.他们想在三至五年内得到回报。07:40Innovation takes a much longer time than that,And so thiswhole notion-I mean,this is the point,right?可是创新需要比那更长的时间,这就是整个的概念 我是说,这是重点,对吧？07:42Whos actually funding the hard stuff?谁实际上在给研发难题提供资金？07:49Of course,its not just the state.当然,不仅仅是国家政府。07:51The private sector does a lot.私营部门也做了很多。07:53But the narrative that weve always been told is the state isimportant for the basics,but not really providing that sort ofhigh-risk,revolutionary thinking out of the box.但是事实总是告诉我们 国家对于奠定研发的基础非常重要。但是它并不是那种高风险的 革新性创意本身。07:54capitalist:n.资本家;资本主义者/adj.资本主义的;资本家的 short-term:adj.短期的In all these sectors,from funding the Internet to doing thespending,but also the envisioning,the strategic vision,forthese investments,it was actually coming within the state.所有这些公共部门,他们从资助互联网 到负担期间的花费。他们甚至提供预想阶段和 战略设想阶段的资金支持。这些资金实际上都是来自于国家政府。08:04The nanotechnology sector is actually fascinating to studythis,because the word itself,nanotechnology,came fromwithin government.纳米技术部门（的科研人员）很醉心于 这项研究。而纳米技术这个词汇本身 就是政府部门给起的。08:13And so theres huge implications of this.它当然会带来巨大的影响。08:20First of all,of course Im not someone,this old-fashionedperson,market versus state.首先,当然我不是那些,守旧的认为“国家对抗市场”的人。08:23What we all know in dynamic capitalism is that what weactually need are public-private partnerships.我们对动态资本主义的理解就是 我们确实需要“公共与私人”这样的伙伴关系。08:27But the point is,by constantly depicting the state part asnecessary but actually-pffff-a bit boring and often a bitdangerous kind of Leviathan,但问题是,政府部门通常被描述成 一个必要的存在,但实际上 噗 有点呆板 一个通常会带来危险的利维坦。08:32I think weve actually really stunted the possibility to buildthese public-private partnerships in a really dynamic way.我想我们真的在阻碍,以一种真正动态的方式 去建立“公共-私人”伙伴关系的可能性。08:43sectors:n.部门;分区;扇区数(sector的复数)/v.把划成扇形;把分成部分(sector的三单形式)envisioning:想像,展望(envision的现在分词)investments:n.经投资,投资的财产;投资学(investment的复数形式)nanotechnology:n.纳米技术First of all:adv.首先 old-fashioned:adj.老式的;过时的;守旧的 partnerships:n.伙伴关系;合伙(partnership的复数)depicting:描绘 stunted:adj.发育不良的;成长受妨碍的;长得矮小的/v.阻碍发展(stunt的过去式及过去分词形式)Even the words that we often use to justify the P part,thepublic part-well,theyre both Ps-with public-privatepartnerships is in terms of de-risking.我们经常为“P 部分辩解,公共（public)部分 其实,如果说到去风险化,这可是两个 P 公共（public)-私人(private)伙伴关系。08:49What the public sector did in all these examples I just gaveyou,and theres many more,which myself and othercolleagues have been looking at,is doing much more thande-risking.在我给大家的讲的这些例子里,以及其他更多的领域里 公共部门的作用 是我和其他的同事都很关心的。公共部门的作用不仅仅是去风险化这一点作用。08:58Its kind of been taking on that risk.Bring it on.公共部门也在承担风险,勇往直前。09:07Its actually been the one thinking out of the box.它实际上也