AndrewYoun_2016[允安竹][我们能打赢贫穷的三个理由].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件Ive been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years,and Iwant to share a field perspective with you on global poverty.我在东非乡下住了大约十年,我想跟大家从农作的实务观点来谈全球贫穷问题。00:13I believe that the greatest failure of the human race is the factthat weve left more than one billion of our members behind.我相信人类最大的失败,就是把超过十亿的同类抛诸在后这个事实。00:19Hungry,extreme poverty:these often seem like gigantic,insurmountable problems,too big to solve.饥饿、赤贫:这些常常被视为巨大、难以克服的问题,大到无法可解。00:26But as a field practitioner,I believe these are actually verysolvable problems if we just take the right strategies.但是身为农作实务工作者,我相信这些都是可以实际解决的问题,只要我们用对策略。00:34Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker,and he taught usthat if we lean on the right levers,we can move the world.阿基米德是古希腊思想家,他教导我们,要是用对槓杆,我们就能举起地球。00:42In the fight against extreme poverty,I believe there are threepowerful levers that we can lean on.要对抗赤贫,我相信我们可以用 三个有力的槓杆。00:48This talk is all about those levers,and why they make povertya winnable fight in our lifetimes.这场演讲就是要谈这三个槓杆,以及为什么这些方法 能让我们在有生之年打赢贫穷之战。00:54rural:adj.农村的，乡下的；田园的，有乡村风味的 gigantic:adj.巨大的，庞大的 insurmountable:adj.不能克服的;不能超越的;难以对付的 practitioner:n.开业者,从业者,执业医生 solvable:adj.可以解决的;可以解的;可溶的 strategies:n.策略,战略(strategy的复数形式)Archimedes:n.阿基米德(古希腊数学家,物理学家,发明家,学者)lean on:依赖;靠在上 levers:n.杠杆;手段(lever的复数)/v.用杠杆撬动(lever的第三人称单数)winnable:adj.能赢得的;可成功的 lifetimes:n.一生;使用期(lifetime的复数形式)What is extreme poverty?什么是赤贫？00:59When I first moved to rural East Africa,I stayed overnightwith a farm family.我第一次搬到东非乡下时,我在某户农家度过一晚。01:02They were wonderful people.他们都是很好的人。01:06They invited me into their home.We sang songs togetherand ate a simple dinner.他们邀我到家里。我们一起唱了几首歌,吃了一顿简便的晚餐。01:08They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor.他们给了我一条毯子,让我睡在地上。01:12In the morning,however,there was nothing to eat.但是到了早上,没有东西可吃。01:15And then at lunchtime,I watched with an increasingly sickfeeling as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as asubstitute for lunch.然后到了午餐时间,我目睹了一场愈看愈难过的景象,这户人家的大女儿煮了一锅粥充当午餐。01:18For that meal,every child drank one cup to survive.每个孩子都喝一碗粥熬过那天。01:26And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt when they handedone of those cups to me,and I knew I had to accept theirhospitality.他们分我一碗时,我真的无法用言语形容 我那时有多羞愧,而且我知道我必须接受他们的款待。01:31Children need food not only to survive but also to growphysically and mentally.孩童需要食物不仅是为了生存,还为了能让身心都能成长。01:38Every day they fail to eat,they lose a little bit of their future.不够吃的每一天,都在蚕食他们的未来。01:43eldest:adj.最年长的;年事最高的(old的最高级)/n.最年长者 porridge:n.粥,糊;麦片粥/vt.服刑 hospitality:n.好客；殷勤mentally:adv.精神上,智力上;心理上Amongst the extreme poor,one in three children arepermanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.在赤贫人口中,三分之一的孩子 因为一辈子都吃得太少而永久发育不良。01:47When thats combined with poor access to health care,one in10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five.再加上没有医疗保健,十分之一的赤贫孩童会在五岁前死亡。01:54And only one quarter of children complete high schoolbecause they lack school fees.只有四分之一的孩童能念完中学,因为他们没钱缴学费。02:01Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in everypossible way.饥饿与赤贫会百般抑制人类的潜能。02:05We see ourselves as a thinking,feeling and moral humanrace,but until we solve these problems for all of our我们视自己为会思考、会感觉、有道德的人类,但是在我们为自己的同类解决这些问题之前,我们愧对于那个标准,因为世上的每一个人都很重要。TED演讲者：Andrew Youn|允安竹演讲标题：3 reasons why we can win the fight against poverty|我们能打赢贫穷的三个理由内容概要：Half of the worlds poorest people have something in common:theyre smallfarmers.In this eye-opening talk,activist Andrew Youn shows how his group,One Acre Fund,is helping these farmers lift themselves out of poverty by delivering to them life-sustainingfarm services that are already in use all over the world.Enter this talk believing well never beable to solve hunger and extreme poverty,and leave it with a new understanding of the scale ofthe worlds biggest problems.全球一半的穷人都有一个共通点：他们都是小农。社运人士允安竹在这场启发性演讲中，谈到他的组织一亩金(One Acre Fund)如何在全世界提供维持生计的农场服务，幫助农夫脱离贫穷。演讲始于我们认为饥饿与赤贫问题不可解，但最终会对此全球大问题的规模产生新的认识。race,but until we solve these problems for all of ourmembers,we fail that standard,because every person on thisplanet matters.对于那个标准,因为世上的每一个人都很重要。02:12This child matters.这个孩子很重要。02:24These children matter.这些孩童很重要。02:27This girl matters.这个女孩很重要。02:29You know,we see things like this,and were upset by them,but they seem like such big problems.你知道吗,我们看到像这样的事,我们会很生气,但是问题好像太大了。02:32We dont know how to take effective action.我们不知道该如何采取有效的行动。02:37But remember our friend Archimedes.但是请记得我们的朋友阿基米德。02:40permanently:adv.永久地,长期不变地 stunted:adj.发育不良的;成长受妨碍的;长得矮小的/v.阻碍发展(stunt的过去式及过去分词形式)fees:n.会计费用(fee的复数);规费 curb:n.抑制;路边;勒马绳/vt.控制;勒住Global poverty has powerful levers.解决全球贫穷的有力槓杆,02:43Its a problem like any other.就像其他的问题一样。02:45I live and work in the field,and as a practitioner,I believethese are very solvable problems.我在田间生活、工作,身为实务工作者,我相信这些是有办法解决的问题。02:48So for the next 10 minutes,lets not be sad about the state ofthe world.所以接下来十分钟,我们不要为这世界的状态难过。02:53Lets engage our brains.让我们动动大脑。02:57Lets engage our collective passion for problem-solving andfigure out what those levers are.让我们集思广益,用解决问题的热情,一同找出可用的槓杆。02:58Lever number one:most of the worlds poor are farmers.槓杆一号:这世界最穷的人绝大多数是农夫。03:04Think about how extraordinary this is.想想这有多不寻常。03:08If this picture represents the worlds poor,then more thanhalf engage in farming as a major source of income.如果这张照片代表世界的穷人,那么有一半以上是以农耕当他们的主要收入。03:10This gets me really excited.这让我非常兴奋。03:16All of these people,one profession.这么多人,一种职業。03:18Think how powerful this is.想想这力量有多大。03:21When farmers become more productive,then more than halfthe worlds poor earn more money and climb out of poverty.只要农夫能更有生产力,那么全世界半数以上的穷人 就能赚更多钱,爬出贫穷的深渊。03:22problem-solving:adj.问题解决的/n.解决问题;找出问题的答案 Lever:n.杠杆;控制杆/vt.用杠杆撬动;把作为杠杆/vi.用杠杆撬And it gets better.更好的还在后面。03:28The product of farming is,of course,food.农耕的产物当然是食物。03:29So when farmers become more productive,they earn morefood,and they dont just help themselves,but they help tofeed healthy communities and thriving economies.农夫的生产力更好,代表他们会赚更多的食物,这样不只是自助,还能幫忙养活健康的社区,让经济繁榮。03:32And when farmers become more productive,they reduceenvironmental pressure.农夫的生产力更好,就能减少对环境的压力。03:41We only have two ways we can feed the world:we can eithermake our existing farmland a lot more productive,or we canclear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland,whichwould be environmentally disastrous.我们只有两种方法可以喂饱世界:要不是让现有的农地大幅增产,就是继续皆伐森林及疏林莽原转变成更多农地,对环境产生冲击灾难。03:45Farmers are basically a really important leverage point.农夫基本上是非常重要的槓杆作用点。03:57When farmers become more productive,they earn moreincome,they climb out of poverty,they feed theircommunities and they reduce environmental land pressure.农夫的生产力更高,就能赚更多收入,爬出贫穷深渊,喂饱他们的社区,减少对土地环境的压力。04:01Farmers stand at the center of the world.农夫站在世界的中心。04:10thriving:adj.繁荣的;蒸蒸日上的;旺盛的/v.兴旺(thrive的ing形式)farmland:n.农田 savannah:n.大草原,热带草原(等于savanna)environmentally:adv.有关环境方面 disastrous:adj.灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的 leverage:n.手段,影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效率/v.利用;举债经营www.XiYuS锡育软件And not a farmer like this one,but rather this lady.农夫都不像这样,反而比较像这位女士。04:14Most of the farmers I know are actually women.大部分我认识的农夫都是妇女。04:18Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman.看看这位女士散发出的力量及意志。04:20She is physically strong,mentally tough,and she will dowhatever it takes to earn a better life for her children.她的身体强壮,心志刚强,她会不惜一切给孩子更好的生活。04:23If were going to put the future of humanity in one personshands,then Im really glad its her.如果我们要将人类的未来交在某人的手中,那我真的很高兴是交给她。04:29(Applause)Theres just one problem:many smallholderfarmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.（掌声）只有一个问题:许多小农得不到基本的工具及知识。04:34Currently,they take a little bit of saved food grain from theprior year,they plant it in the ground and they till it with a目前,他们把一点去年留下来的食物种子 种在土里,而且用锄头犁地。04:46prior year,they plant it in the ground and they till it with amanual hand hoe.These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age,and its why many farmers are still very poor.这是青铜时代留下来的农作法,这也是为什么许多农夫仍然非常贫穷。04:53But good news,again.但是再说一次,这是好消息。05:00Lever number two:humanity actually solved the problem ofagricultural poverty a century ago.槓杆二号:人类其实在一个世纪前就解决了务农贫困的问题。05:02radiating:adj.v.发射出(光,热等)(radiate的现在分词);(使品质或情感)显出,流露;射出,向四周伸出;散热 humanity:n.人类；人道；仁慈；人文学科 smallholder:n.小农;小佃农 agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的Let me walk you through the three most basic factors infarming.让我带大家看一下三个最基本的农事因子。05:08First,hybrid seed is created when you cross two seedstogether.第一,你将两种种子杂交就会产生杂交种子。05:11If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety togetherwith a drought-resistant variety,you get a hybrid thatinherits positive traits from both of its parents.如果你让高产量的品种 与抗旱品种自然授粉,你就会得到从双方遗传到好性状的杂交种。05:16Next,conventional fertilizer,if used responsibly,isenvironmentally sustainable.第二,负责地使用惯行肥料,就是对环境的永续经营。05:25If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer to a plant thatstaller than I am,you unlock enormous yield gain.只要施与微剂量的肥料,比我还高的植物 也能有庞大的产量。05:31These are known as farm inputs.这些被称为农场投入（资源）。05:39Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.农场投入资源要与好的农作法结合。05:41hybrid:n.杂种,混血儿;混合物/adj.混合的;杂种的 pollinate:vt.对.授粉 high-yielding:adj.高产的 drought-resistant:adj.抗旱的 inherits:继承 traits:n.特性,特质,性格(trait的复数)fertilizer:n.肥料肥料;受精媒介物;促进发展者responsibly:adv.负责地,可信赖地 sustainable:adj.可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的 pinch:vt.捏；勒索；使苦恼；掐掉某物，修剪/n.匮乏；少量；夹痛/vi.夹痛；节省/taller:adj.更高的;高一点的 enormous:adj.庞大的，巨大的；凶暴的，极恶的 inputs:n.自电子输入;投入(input的复数)When you space your seeds and plant with massive amountsof compost,farmers multiply their harvests.如果你撒种时留一定的间隔,并且施与大量堆肥,农夫就能倍增收获。05:43These proven tools and practices have more than tripledagricultural productivity in every major region of the world,moving mass numbers of people out of poverty.这些证实有效的工具及方法 已使世界各主要地区农業产量增加三倍,使众多百姓脱离贫穷。05:50We just havent finished delivering these things to everybodyjust yet,particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.我们只是还没把这些方法提供给所有人而已,特别是下撒哈拉非洲的居民。05:59So overall,this is amazing news.所以总体而言,这是非常好的消息。06:05Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago,in theory.理论上,人类早在一世纪前就解决了务农贫困的问题,06:07We just havent delivered these things to everybody just yet.我们只是还没把这些方法提供给所有人而已。06:12In this century,the reason that people remain poor isbecause maybe they live in remote places.这个世纪还有人贫穷的原因,是因为他们可能住在偏远地区,06:16They lack access to these things.他们拿不到这些东西。06:20Therefore,ending poverty is simply a matter of deliveringproven goods and services to people.因此,终结贫穷只要 把这些可靠的货品及服务送到他们手上就好。06:24We dont need more genius types right now.我们现在不需要更多天才。06:30compost:n.堆肥;混合物/vt.堆肥;施堆肥 harvests:n.收获;产量;结果/vt.收割;得到/vi.收割庄稼 tripled:adj.三倍的;三方的/n.三倍数;三个一组/vi.增至三倍/vt.使成三倍 Sub-Saharan:撒哈拉以南地区The humble delivery guy is going to end global poverty inour lifetime.谦卑的送货员就能在我们有生之年终结全球贫穷。06:32So these are the three levers,and the most powerful lever issimply delivery.所以这就是我说的三个槓杆,而最有力的槓杆就是递送。06:38Wherever the worlds companies,governments andnonprofits set up delivery networks for life-improvinggoods,we eliminate poverty.无论公司、政府或非营利团体 在哪里建立递送网络,分发改善生活的货品,我们都能消灭贫穷。06:43OK,so that sounds really nice in theory,but what about inpractice?好,所以这在理论上听起来很不错,但是要如何实施？06:52What do these delivery networks look like?递送网络长什么样子？06:55I want to share the concrete example that I know best,myorganization,One Acre Fund.我想跟大家分享我最了解的实例,就是我的组织,One Acre Fund（一亩金）。06:58We only serve the farmer,and our job is to provide her withthe tools that she needs to succeed.我们只为农夫服务,我们的工作是提供她所需的工具及种子。07:03We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places.我们从递送农场投入资源到极偏僻的农村开始。07:08Now,this may appear initially very challenging,but its乍看这很具挑战性,但这真的可行,我来说明一下。07:11Now,this may appear initially very challenging,but itspretty possible.Let me show you.07:11We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmernetwork,and store it in 20 warehouses like this.我们向网络内的农夫集资,买进农场投入资源 贮存在 20 间像这样的仓庫里。07:15nonprofits:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的 start off:出发,开始 initially:adv.最初，首先；开头 warehouses:仓库,货栈(warehouse的名词复数)Then,during input delivery,we rent hundreds of 10-tontrucks and send them out to where farmers are waiting in thefield.然后,在递送投入资源的期间,我们会租几百辆 10吨大货车,派去农夫等待的田间。07:21They then get their individual orders and walk it home totheir farms.然后他们会取自己所订的货物,带回家拿到田里。07:28Its kind of like Amazon for rural farmers.这有点像给农民用的亚马逊。07:32Importantly,realistic delivery also includes finance,a way topay.很重要的是,实际可行的递送服务也包括财务,即付款的方式。07:35Farmers pay us little by little over time,covering most of ourexpenses.农夫可以分期付款,尽量打平我们绝大部分的支出。07:40And then we surround all that with training.然后我们提供训练。07:45Our rural field officers deliver practical,hands-on training tofarmers in the field every two weeks.我们的农村外勤人员,提供实际的操作训练 给在田间工作的农夫,每两星期一次。07:48Wherever we deliver our services,farmers use these tools toclimb out of poverty.我们递送服务可达的地方,农夫都用这些工具 脱离贫穷。07:55This is a farmer in our program,Consolata.这位是参与我们计画的农民,康莎拉塔。08:01Look at the pride on her face.看看她得意的样子！08:04She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is thehuman right of every hardworking person on the planet.她现在家境小康,已达到我认为08:06little by little:渐渐;逐渐地 hands-on:adj.亲身实践的,亲自动手的 hardworking:adj.努力工作的;不辞辛劳的,苦干的/v.努力工作(hardwork的ing形式)Today,Im proud to say that were serving about 400,000farmers like Consolata.今天,我可以很自豪地说我们服务了约四十万位像她这样的农民。08:13(Applause)The key to doing this is scalable delivery.（掌声）做这件事的重点是可扩充式递送。08:18In any given area,we hire a rural field officer who delivers ourservices to 200 farmers,on average,with more than 1,000people living in those families.我们在每一个服务地区都雇用农村外勤人员,他们将我们的服务提供给平均二百位农夫,超过一千人生活在这些家庭里。08:26Today,we have 2,000 of these rural field officers growingvery quickly.今天,我们有二千名农村外勤人员,成长非常快速。08:35This is our delivery army,and were just one organization.这就是我们的递送大军,而我们只是一个组织。08:40There are many companies,governments and nonprofits thathave delivery armies just like this.还有很多公司、政府及非营利组织 有像这样的递送大军。08:44And I believe we stand at a moment in time wherecollectively,we are capable of delivering farm services to allfarmers.我相信我们正站在一个重要时刻,我们能一起递送农村服务给所有的农夫。08:50Let me show you how possible this is.让我跟大家说明这要如何达成。08:57This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa,with a map of the UnitedStates for scale.这是下撒哈拉非洲地图,旁边是美国地图做比例对照。08:59I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge deliveryterritory.我选择下撒哈拉非洲因为这是非常广大的递送区。09:03scalable:adj.可攀登的;可去鳞的;可称量的 delivers:交付/递送 collectively:adv.共同地,全体地Its very challenging.非常具挑战性。09:07But we analyzed every 50-mile by 50-mile block on thecontinent,and we found that half of farmers live in just theseshaded regions.但是我们把非陆画成50 平方哩的区块来分析,我们发现一半的农夫都住在这几块阴影区里。09:09Thats a remarkably small area overall.整体来看这是非常小的一块区域。09:19If you were to lay these boxes next to each other within amap of the United States,they would only cover the EasternUnited States.如果你把这几个区块 在美国地图内一个接一个排起来,只会盖住美东地区。09:22You can order pizza anywhere in this territory and itll arriveto your house hot,fresh and delicious.在这片区域的任何地方,你都能叫比萨外送,然后香噴噴热腾腾的现做比萨就会送到你家。09:29If America can deliver pizza to an area of this size,thenAfricas companies,governments and non-profits can deliverfarm services to all of her farmers.如果美国能做到在这样大小的地区送比萨,那非洲的公司、政府及非营利组织 也能做农村递送服务给所有的农夫。09:36This is possible.这是可行的。09:45Im going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming.我要扩大到农業之外的面向来总结。09