BarbaraBlock_2010Z[芭芭拉 布劳克][在深海中标记金枪鱼].pdf
www.XiYuS锡育软件Ive been fascinated for a lifetime by the beauty,form andfunction of giant bluefin tuna.我一生都为 巨型蓝鳍金枪鱼的美丽、外形和机能所着迷。00:12Bluefin are warmblooded like us.蓝鳍金枪鱼像我们一样是恒温动物。00:20Theyre the largest of the tunas,the second-largest fish inthe sea-bony fish.他们是体型最大的金枪鱼,海洋中的第二大的硬骨鱼。00:23They actually are a fish that is endothermic-powersthrough the ocean with warm muscles like a mammal.他们实际上是一种 温血动物-以充满温血的肌肉（如同哺乳动物一样）横扫海洋00:29Thats one of our bluefin at the Monterey Bay Aquarium.那是在蒙特雷湾水族馆中的一种蓝鳍金枪鱼。00:37You can see in its shape and its streamlined design itspowered for ocean swimming.你看它的形状和它流线型的设计 使得它在海洋中游刃有余。00:40It flies through the ocean on its pectoral fins,gets lift,powersits movements with a lunate tail.靠着它的胸鳍,它在海洋中飞翔,上下沉浮,新月状的鱼尾更增进了它 的行动能力。00:46Its actually got a naked skin for most of its body,so itreduces friction with the water.实际上它的大部分身体都是裸露着的皮肤,这样减小了与水的摩擦阻力。00:53bluefin:n.(蓝鳍)金枪鱼;作生鱼片的精品鱼肉 tunas:n.金枪鱼(tuna的复数)bony:adj.骨的;多骨的;瘦骨嶙峋的;似骨的endothermic:adj.热吸热的;温血的 mammal:n.脊椎哺乳动物 Aquarium:n.水族馆;养鱼池;玻璃缸 streamlined:adj.流线型的;改进的;最新型的/v.使成流线型;使合理化(streamline的过去式和过去分词)pectoral:adj.胸的;肺病的/n.胸饰;治疗胸肺药物 fins:n.鳍片,散热翅片;五元纸币(fin的复数形式)/v.切除鳍;装上翅(fin的第三人称单数)lunate:adj.新月状的;半月形的 reduces:v.降低;减少;将归纳;折合(reduce的第三人称单数形式)friction:n.摩擦,力摩擦力This is what one of natures finest machines.这是自然界最棒的机器之一。00:59Now,bluefin were revered by Man for all of human history.蓝鳍金枪鱼 在整个人类历史中 都受到人们的尊敬。01:02For 4,000 years,we fished sustainably for this animal,and itsevidenced in the art that we see from thousands of yearsago.4000年来,我们以可持续性的方式对它们进行捕捞,几千年前的艺术品 可以充分的 证明这一点。01:09Bluefin are in cave paintings in France.在法国,蓝鳍金枪鱼出现在洞穴壁画中。01:18Theyre on coins that date back 3,000 years.它们早在 3000年前就出现在硬币上。01:21This fish was revered by humankind.这类鱼类是受人类尊重的。01:26It was fished sustainably till all of time,except for ourgeneration.一直以来 人类都可持续地捕捞它们,除了我们这一代。01:29Bluefin are pursued wherever they go-there is a gold rushon Earth,and this is a gold rush for bluefin.蓝鳍金枪鱼无论到那里都被捕捞。地球曾经出现过淘金热,而这次是追求蓝鳍金枪鱼的热潮。01:35There are traps that fish sustainably up until recently.捕捞原本一直是可持续的 而今非昔比。01:42And yet,the type of fishing going on today,with pens,withenormous stakes,is really wiping bluefin ecologically off theplanet.而且,现在的捕捞方式 有大量资金和舆论支持,这等于是正在将蓝鳍金枪鱼 从地球的生态版图上抹去。01:47revered:v.崇敬,尊崇,敬畏(revere的过去式和过去分词)fished:vi.捕鱼,钓鱼;用钩捞取/n.鱼,鱼类/vt.钓鱼,捕鱼;搜寻evidenced:证实(evidence的过去式和过去分词)humankind:n.人类(总称)pursued:v.追击,追踪;继续从事(pursue的过去分词形式)wiping:n.擦拭;船消磁/v.擦干;使消失(wipe的ing形式)ecologically:adv.从生态学的观点看Now bluefin,in general,goes to one place:Japan.总的来说现在的蓝鳍金枪鱼 都到了 日本。01:57Some of you may be guilty of having contributed to thedemise of bluefin.在座的各位中可能 就有间接导致它们走向灭绝的刽子手。02:01Theyre delectable muscle,rich in fat-absolutely tastedelicious.它们美味的肉 富含脂肪的肉 一定让人回味无穷吧02:05And thats their problem;were eating them to death.但这就是问题了,我们正将它们吃到灭亡！02:11Now in the Atlantic,the story is pretty simple.现在在大西洋,故事很简单。02:14Bluefin have two populations:one large,one small.蓝鳍金枪鱼群有两大分布,一大一小02:17The North American population is fished at about 2,000 ton.西边 也就是北美那边 大概每年捕捞2,000吨02:20The European population and North African-the Eastern南边也就是欧洲,北非那边的蓝鳍金枪鱼 正以惊人的速度被捕捞 在过去10年里几乎每年50,000吨。TED演讲者：Barbara Block|芭芭拉 布劳克演讲标题：Barbara Block:Tagging tuna in the deep ocean|在深海中标记金枪鱼内容概要：Barbara Block studies how tuna,billfish and sharks move around(and stay warm)inthe open ocean.Knowing how these large predators travel through pelagic waters will help usunderstand their role in the wider ocean ecosystem.金枪鱼是海中的运动健将一种迅捷，运动范围广泛的肉食鱼类，而我们才刚刚开始了解它们的行为。海洋生物学家芭芭拉 布劳克将金枪鱼加以可追踪标记（并布置好转发器），记录了有关这些令人惊叹的濒危的鱼类以及它们所处的海洋环境的前所未有的大量数据。The European population and North African-the Easternbluefin tuna-is fished at tremendous levels:50,000 tonsover the last decade almost every year.的速度被捕捞 在过去10年里几乎每年50,000吨。02:25The result is whether youre looking at the West or theEastern bluefin population,theres been tremendous declineon both sides,as much as 90 percent if you go back withyour baseline to 1950.结果就是无论你对 西边 或东边 蓝鳍金枪鱼的数量都有如果以1950年 的数量为基准来衡量的话,金枪鱼的数量都已经出现了90%左右的 急剧的下滑。02:34in general:总之,通常;一般而言 contributed:adj.贡献的,分配的;已缴入的/v.有助于,贡献(contribute的过去分词)demise:n.死亡,终止;转让;传位/vt.遗赠;禅让 delectable:adj.美味的;令人愉快的 rich in:富有;富于 tremendous:adj.极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的 baseline:n.基线;底线For that,bluefin have been given a status equivalent totigers,to lions,to certain African elephants and to pandas.因此,蓝鳍金枪鱼被给予了 与老虎,狮子 某些非洲象 和 熊猫相同的地位02:47These fish have been proposed for an endangered specieslisting in the past two months.两个月前这些鱼被提议 列入濒危物种的清单。02:57They were voted on and rejected just two weeks ago,despiteoutstanding science that shows from two committees thisfish meets the criteria of CITES I.但在两个星期前的投票中 这一提议被否决。即使两个委员会的 杰出研究显示 这个鱼种符合濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约附录1（CITES I）的标准。03:02And if its tunas you dont care about,perhaps you might beinterested that international long lines and pursing chasedown tunas and bycatch animals such as leatherbacks,sharks,marlin,albatross.就算如果你对金枪鱼感到无所谓,那你可能会对 国际性捕捞企业 追捕金枪鱼和附带捕捞的动物 如棱皮龟,鲨鱼,枪鱼,信天翁感兴趣。03:14These animals and their demise occurs in the tuna fisheries.这些动物它们的终结 同样发生在金枪鱼的捕捞地区。03:27The challenge we face is that we know very little about tuna,and everyone in the room knows what it looks like when anAfrican lion takes down its prey.我们面对的挑战是 我们对金枪鱼几乎一无所知,所有这间房里的人们都能认出非洲狮 扑到猎物 的场景。03:32equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 proposed:adj.被提议的;所推荐的/v.提议;计划(propose的过去式和过去分词)endangered:adj.濒临灭绝的;有生命危险的 committees:n.委员会;街道办事处 CITES:n.引文(cite的复数形式)/v.援引(cite的第三人称单数形式)pursing:n.(女士)手提袋 marlin:n.枪鱼,青枪鱼;四鳃旗鱼 albatross:n.鸟信天翁;沉重负担 fisheries:n.渔业;渔场(fishery的复数);捕鱼术;渔业公司I doubt anyone has seen a giant bluefin feed.但我怀疑不是所有人都见过蓝鳍金枪鱼捕食。03:44This tuna symbolizes whats the problem for all of us in theroom.这种金枪鱼代表着 一个普遍问题03:47Its the 21st century,but we really have only just begun toreally study our oceans in a deep way.现在是21世纪,但我们对海洋的深入了解 才刚刚开始。03:53Technology has come of age thats allowing us to see theEarth from space and go deep into the seas remotely.科技使我们来到这样一个时代:我们能在太空中远观地球,也能在深入观察远海。03:59And weve got to use these technologies immediately to geta better understanding of how our ocean realm works.我们必须将这些技术运用起来 使我们对海洋王国有一个更加深刻的了解04:07Most of us from the ship-even I-look out at the oceanand see this homogeneous sea.我们中的大多数,包括我,面对海洋,看到的是广阔的单一的海水。04:14We dont know where the structure is.我们不知道大海的结构,04:19We cant tell where are the watering holes like we can on anAfrican plain.不能像在非洲平原上 找到哪里有水潭。04:21We cant see the corridors,and we cant see what it is thatbrings together a tuna,a leatherback and an albatross.我们不知道海洋的经纬,我们不知道是什么 将金枪鱼 和信天翁联系在了一起04:27symbolizes:vt.象征;用符号表现/vi.采用象征;使用符号;作为的象征 come of age:达到法定年龄 remotely:adv.遥远地;偏僻地;(程度)极微地,极轻地 homogeneous:adj.均匀的；数齐次的；同种的 watering:n.浇水;灌溉;排水沟/adj.灌溉的;浇水用的/v.浇水;灌溉(water的ing形式)corridors:n.廊道,建走廊(corridor的复数形式)leatherback:n.棱皮龟;革龟Were only just beginning to understand how the physicaloceanography and the biological oceanography cometogether to create a seasonal force that actually causes theupwelling that might make a hot spot a hope spot.我们才刚刚开始了解 物理上的海洋学 是如何与生物上的海洋学 相结合 从而创造出一个可能形成 一个聚集点 的上涌的季节性力量。04:35The reasons these challenges are great is that technically itsdifficult to go to sea.挑战之所以巨大,是因为 技术上说,海上作业是困难的。04:50Its hard to study a bluefin on its turf,the entire Pacific realm.我们很难在蓝鳍金枪鱼的地盘-整个太平洋 研究它。04:55Its really tough to get up close and personal with a makoshark and try to put a tag on it.人真的很难接近灰鲭鲨 给它上面贴标签更是困难。04:59And then imagine being Bruce Mates team from OSU,getting up close to a blue whale and fixing a tag on the bluewhale that stays,an engineering challenge weve yet to really想象下 俄亥俄州立大学的布鲁斯麦特的团队吧,接近一个蓝鲸 并在它上面固定标签 可以说 是一个工程难题 我们至今还没真正克服这项难题。05:05whale that stays,an engineering challenge weve yet to reallyovercome.So the story of our team,a dedicated team,is fish and chips.而我们这个敬业的队伍的主要方向是 鱼与芯片。（双关语:又指西方流行食品炸鱼薯条）05:17We basically are taking the same satellite phone parts,or thesame parts that are in your computer,chips.我们基本上是用 卫星电话的组件,或者是你电脑中的组件。05:22oceanography:n.海洋学 seasonal:adj.季节的;周期性的;依照季节的 upwelling:n.上涌;海洋上升流(指海水由较深层上升到较浅层的过程)/v.上涌(upwell的ing形式)turf:n.草皮;泥炭;跑马场/vt.覆草皮于 mako:n.(大西洋和太平洋发现的)条纹状鲨鱼www.XiYuS锡育软件Were putting them together in unusual ways,and this istaking us into the ocean realm like never before.我们将其以特殊的方式合并,这将以前所未有的方式 将我们带如海洋世界。05:29And for the first time,were able to watch the journey of atuna beneath the ocean using light and photons to measuresunrise and sunset.我们第一次 能够观察金枪鱼在水下的行动 并利用光 来测量日落和日出。05:36Now,Ive been working with tunas for over 15 years.我已经与金枪鱼一起工作15年了。05:46I have the privilege of being a partner with the Monterey BayAquarium.我有幸成为蒙特雷湾水族馆 的合作成员。05:49Weve actually taken a sliver of the ocean,put it behindglass,and we together have put bluefin tuna and yellowfintuna on display.我们将海中非常小的一部分 放在了玻璃后,我们也把蓝鳍金枪鱼与黄鳍金枪鱼进行展出。05:53When the veil of bubbles lifts every morning,we can actuallysee a community from the Pelagic ocean,one of the onlyplaces on Earth you can see giant bluefin swim by.当每天早晨保护罩升起时 我们可以看到水与远洋的交换,世上没有几个地方能让 你看到巨大的蓝鳍从你眼前游过。06:02We can see in their beauty of form and function,theirceaseless activity.我们可以从它们形态和作用的美中看到,它们无尽的活力。06:13photons:n.物光子;量子光量子(photon的复数)sliver:n.梳毛,梳棉;裂片/vi.成为薄片;裂成小片/vt.使成薄片;使裂成小片yellowfin:n.黄鳍金枪鱼 veil:n.面纱;面罩;遮蔽物;托词/vt.遮蔽;掩饰;以面纱遮掩;用帷幕分隔/vi.蒙上面纱;出现轻度灰雾bubbles:n.泡沫;气泡(bubble的复数)/v.沸腾;冒泡;发出气泡声(bubble的第三人称单数形式)lifts:n.建升降机,电梯(lift的复数)/v.举起;升高(lift的第三人称单数)Pelagic:adj.浮游的;远洋的,深海的 ceaseless:adj.不断的;不停的Theyre flying through their space,ocean space.它们在海中自由穿梭06:18And we can bring two million people a year into contact withthis fish and show them its beauty.我们每年可以使两百万人 亲眼看到这些鱼 并向他们展示它们的美06:21Behind the scenes is a working lab at Stanford Universitypartnered with the Monterey Bay Aquarium.在这美景的后面是与蒙特雷湾水族馆合作的 斯坦福大学的实验室。06:28Here,for over 14 or 15 years,weve actually brought in bothbluefin and yellowfin in captivity.就在这里,十四五年以来 我们将 蓝鳍和黄鳍金枪鱼放在这里。06:33Wed been studying these fish,but first we had to learn howto husbandry them.我们研究这些鱼 但是首先我们要学会饲养它们。06:39What do they like to eat?它们想吃什么？06:43What is it that theyre happy with?它们喜欢什么？06:45We go in the tanks with the tuna-we touch their naked skin-its pretty amazing.It feels wonderful.我们进入有金枪鱼的水箱。我们抚摸它们裸露的皮肤。这感觉非常好！06:47And then,better yet,weve got our own version of tunawhisperers,our own Chuck Farwell,Alex Norton,who cantake a big tuna and in one motion,put it into an envelope ofwater,so that we can actually work with the tuna and learnthe techniques it takes to not injure this fish who never sees aboundary in the open sea.然后,更好的是,我们找到了自己的鱼语者,我们的ChuckFarwell与 Alex Norton 他们能够将一个大金枪鱼 以一个方向 放入几乎正好大小的水中,因此我们能真正的研究金枪鱼们 并且学会 不伤害那些不知海洋边界的 鱼儿们的技术。06:53Behind the scenes:在幕后;秘密地 partnered:n.伙伴;合伙人;配偶/vi.合伙;合股;成为搭档/vt.使合作;与合伙 captivity:n.囚禁;被关 husbandry:n.饲养;务农,耕种;家政 whisperers:n.窃窃私语的人;拨弄是非的人;告密者 envelope:n.信封,封皮;包膜;天包层;包迹 in the open:在户外;在野外Jeff and Jason there,are scientists who are going to take atuna and put it in the equivalent of a treadmill,a flume.Jeff 和 Jason两位科学家 正将一个金枪鱼 放入一个相当于跑步机的人工管道里07:14And that tuna thinks its going to Japan,but its staying inplace.那个金枪鱼可能认为它将游往日本,但实际上它留在了原地。07:21Were actually measuring its oxygen consumption,its energyconsumption.我们测量它对氧气的消耗 和对能量的消耗07:24Were taking this data and building better models.我们将记录这些数据,做出更好的模型。07:29And when I see that tuna-this is my favorite view-I beginto wonder:how did this fish solve the longitude problembefore we did?当我看到金枪鱼时（这也是我最喜欢的景象）我突然想知道 这些鱼是怎么在我们之前解决经度问题的？07:32So take a look at that animal.所以仔细看了下它07:41Thats the closest youll probably ever get.这大概是能办到的最近的观察了。07:43Now,the activities from the lab have taught us now how togo out in the open ocean.现在,实验室里的工作 已经教会了我们如何走出去,到大海中去继续研究。07:45So in a program called Tag-A-Giant weve actually gone fromIreland to Canada,from Corsica to Spain.所以在一个名为“标个大家伙”我们真的从爱尔兰跑驶了加拿大,从科西嘉岛到了西班牙。07:51Weve fished with many nations around the world in an effortto basically put electronic computers inside giant tunas.我们与世界上许多国家合作 致力于将 电子计算机放到大金枪鱼内。07:59treadmill:n.踏车,跑步机;单调的工作 flume:n.水道;笕槽;引水槽/vt.用引水槽输送;用引水槽引 longitude:n.地理经度;经线 take a look at:看一看;检查 out in the open:公开Weve actually tagged 1,100 tunas.我们已经标记了1,100头金枪鱼。08:09And Im going to show you three clips,because I tagged1,100 tunas.而我现向你们展示三个短片,因为我标记了1,100只金枪鱼。08:12Its a very hard process,but its a ballet.这个过程像芭蕾舞一样,难 但是很美。08:17We bring the tuna out,we measure it.我们取出金枪鱼,测量它08:20A team of fishers,captains,scientists and technicians worktogether to keep this animal out of the ocean for about fourto five minutes.一个由渔夫,船长,科学家和技术人员组成的团队 为了能让它出海4到5分钟 工作在了一起。08:23We put water over its gills,give it oxygen.我们让水流过它的腮,给它氧气。08:32And then with a lot of effort,after tagging,putting in thecomputer,making sure the stalk is sticking out so it sensesthe environment,we send this fish back into the sea.然后给它做标记 再努力吧电脑放进去。并保证有一部分能留在外边,使得电脑能感受外面的坏境。我们将鱼放回大海08:35And when it goes,were always happy.当它离开时,我们总是很开心。08:46We see a flick of the tail.我们能看到它的尾巴摇摆08:48And from our data that gets collected,when that tag comesback,because a fisher returns it for a thousand-dollarreward,we can get tracks beneath the sea for up to five yearsnow,on a backboned animal.从我们收集到的数据来看 当标签回来时 因为 渔夫将其交还给我们 能拿到1000美金的奖励,我们就能了解一个脊椎动物 在水下 最多5年的路线了。08:50tagged:adj.标记的;示踪的;加标记的/v.附以签条(tag的过去分词)clips:n.夹子;回形针(clip的复数);弹片;剪下来的东西/v.夹住;紧缠;围绕(clip的第三人称单数)fishers:渔夫/渔船/食鱼貂(fisher的复数形式)captains:n.(体育运动中的)队长(captain的复数);水运船长;首领;军官 technicians:n.劳经技术员(technician的复数);工作人员 gills:n.鱼鳃(gill的复数);菌褶;解剖腮下肉;吉耳/v.除去鱼的鳃和内脏;用刺网捕(gill的三单形式)tagging:n.标记;锻尖/v.加标签于;附加;把称为(tag的现在分词形式)stalk:n.(植物的)茎,秆;(支持叶子,果实和花的)梗,柄;追踪;高视阔步/vt.追踪,潜近/vi.潜近,偷偷接近 flick:vt.轻弹;忽然摇动;轻轻拂去/vi.轻弹;忽然摇动;轻轻拂去/n.弹开;快速的轻打;轻打声 fisher:n.渔夫;渔船;食鱼貂Now sometimes the tunas are really large,such as this fish offNantucket.有时候,金枪鱼真的很大 就像楠塔基特 附近的的这条09:05But thats about half the size of the biggest tuna weve evertagged.但是这只是 被我们标记过的最大的一半大小。09:10It takes a human effort,a team effort,to bring the fish in.需要一个人的力气 一个团队的努力才能把它拉起来09:14In this case,what were going to do is put a pop-up satellitearchival tag on the tuna.画面中,我们需要做的就是 将一个能自动弹起的卫星标签放在一个金枪鱼上09:18This tag rides on the tuna,senses the environment aroundthe tuna and actually will come off the fish,detach,float tothe surface and send back to Earth-orbiting satellitesposition data estimated by math on the tag,pressure dataand temperature data.标签会固定在它上面 感知周围的环境 然后会离开这条鱼 单独漂浮在水面 并将计算出的位置 的信息传回绕地卫星 压力数据,温度数据09:24And so what we get then from the pop-up satellite tag is weget away from having to have a human interaction torecapture the tag.所以从标签那得到信息 都能在没有人参与的 情况下完成。09:43Both the electronic tags Im talking about are expensive.刚刚提到的提到的两个电子标签都比较昂贵。09:50These tags have been engineered by a variety of teams inNorth America.这些标签都是由许多 北美团队制造的。09:53archival:adj.档案的 come off:举行,成功;表现;脱离 detach:vt.分离；派遣；使超然 estimated:adj.估计的;预计的;估算的recapture:vt.夺回;拿回;再体验;政府征收再经历/n.夺回;取回;政府对公司超额收益或利润的征收 tags:n.标签;(机动车)牌照;称呼(tag的复数)/v.附加;加标签于;给起绰号(tag的单三形式)engineered:adj.设计的,工程/v.设计;指导(engineer的过去分词)They are some of our finest instruments,our new technologyin the ocean today.里面有我们最精密的仪器 和我们在海洋中的新科技。09:58One community in general has given more to help us thanany other community
