JacquelineNovogratz_2007G[杰奎琳.诺沃格拉茨][耐心资本主义].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件I really am honored to be here,and as Chris said,its beenover 20 years since I started working in Africa.我今天很荣幸地站到这里，正如克里斯（ChrisAnderson）所说，我在非洲至少有20年工作经验。00:16My first introduction was at the Abidjan airport on a sweatyIvory Coast morning.我对非洲的第一印象是在科特迪瓦阿比让机场体验的闷热早晨。00:21I had just left Wall Street,cut my hair to look like MargaretMead,given away most everything that I owned,and arrivedwith all the essentials-some poetry,a few clothes,and,ofcourse,a guitar-because I was going to save the world,andI thought I would just start with the African continent.那时我刚刚离开华尔街，并且把我的头发剪成玛格丽特米德的样式，以及把我的东西几乎全部赠送出去，然后带着我需要的必需品 几本诗集，一些衣服和理所当然的一把吉它 来到这里，因为我要来拯救世界，于是我第一站就来到非洲。00:27But literally within days of arriving I was told,in no uncertainterms,by a number of West African women,that Africansdidnt want saving,thank you very much,least of all not byme.但自从我到达这里，就不断有西非妇女 明确地告诉我非洲人不需要被拯救，尤其是被我这样的人拯救，非常感谢你。00:45I was too young,unmarried,I had no children,didnt reallyknow Africa and besides,my French was pitiful.那时我还很年轻，并且没有结婚生子，而且对非洲的情况不太了解，除此之外，我的法语说的很不好。00:56And so,it was an incredibly painful time in my life,and yet itreally started to give me the humility to start listening.因此，那时候是我一生中最痛苦的一段时光，但也使我不再自大以及开始去聆听人们的心声。01:03sweaty:adj.出汗的;吃力的;使人出汗的 Mead:n.蜂蜜酒;草地 essentials:n.法要件,概要;生活必需品(essential的复数);基本营养素 uncertain:adj.无常的;含糊的;靠不住的;迟疑不决的 unmarried:adj.法未婚的;单身的;独身的/v.离婚(unmarry的过去分词)pitiful:adj.可怜的,令人同情的 humility:n.谦卑,谦逊I think that failure can be an incredibly motivating force aswell,so I moved to Kenya and worked in Uganda,and I met agroup of Rwandan women,who asked me,in 1986,to moveto Kigali to help them start the first microfinance institutionthere.我认为失败可以成为一股极大激励人心的力量，所以我搬到了肯尼亚并且在乌干达工作，在1986年，我与一群来自卢旺达的妇女见面，她们请求我搬至基加利（卢旺达首都）去帮助开设第一家小额信贷机构。01:11And I did,and we ended up naming it Duterimbere,meaningto go forward with enthusiasm.And while we were doingit,而我照做了，并且叫它作Duterimbere，它意味着“热情地前进”。当我在这所信贷机构工作时，01:25I realized that there werent a lot of businesses that wereviable and started by women,and so maybe I should try torun a business too.我意识到很多切实可行的事务妇女们是没有涉足的，因此我应尝试运营一所商店。01:32And so I started looking around,and I heard about a bakerythat was run by 20 prostitutes.于是我开始关注四周，然后我听闻了一所 由二十位妓女开设的糕饼店。01:39And,being a little intrigued,I went to go meet this group,and what I found was 20 unwed mothers who were trying tosurvive.出于好奇心我与这群人见了面，而我发现她们只是一群想要生存的未婚妈妈。01:43And it was really the beginning of my understanding thepower of language,and how what we call people so oftendistances us from them,and makes them little.从那时起，我始明白语言的力量，我们对别人的称呼可以使双方隙缝增大，并且使她们感觉到自己是很渺小的。01:52motivating:v.激励;刺激;调动的积极性(motivate的ing形式)go forward:发生,前进 enthusiasm:n.热心,热忱,热情viable:adj.可行的;能养活的;能生育的 bakery:n.面包店 prostitutes:妓女 intrigued:adj.好奇的;被迷住了的/v.引起的兴趣;使迷惑;策划阴谋(intrigue的过去分词)unwed:adj.未婚的;没有结婚的I also found out that the bakery was nothing like a business,that in fact,it was a classic charity run by a well-intentionedperson who essentially spent 600 dollars a month我同时发现这间面包店不像一所企业，事实上，这是一位好心人开设的慈善机构，并且每月要花600美元02:02to keep these 20 women busy making little crafts and bakedgoods,and living on 50 cents a day,still in poverty.来使这二十位女人制作小工艺品和烘烤食品，但她们每天只有50美分的工资，这意味着她们还处于困境中。02:14So,I made a deal with the women.I said,Look,we get rid of因此我向她们提出了一次交易。我说：“听我说，让我们摆脱慈善援助吧，而我则来帮助你们商业TED演讲者：Jacqueline Novogratz|杰奎琳.诺沃格拉茨演讲标题：Tackling poverty with patient capital|耐心资本主义内容概要：Jacqueline Novogratz founded and leads Acumen Fund,a nonprofit that takes abusinesslike approach to improving the lives of the poor.In her new book,The Blue Sweater,she tells stories from the new philanthropy,which emphasizes sustainable bottom-up solutionsover traditional top-down aid.杰奎琳.诺沃格拉茨与我们一共分享“耐心资本”是如何将可持续发展的岗位、商品、服务和尊严带给世界上最贫穷的人们的故事。So,I made a deal with the women.I said,Look,we get rid ofthe charity side,and we run this as a business and Ill helpyou.让我们摆脱慈善援助吧，而我则来帮助你们商业化运作这间店铺。02:22They nervously agreed,I nervously started,and of course,things are always harder than you think theyre going to be.她们很紧张地答应了，而我也很紧张地开始了，当然，万事开头难。02:28First of all,I thought,well,we need a sales team,and weclearly arent the A-Team here,so lets-I did all thistraining,and the epitome was when I literally marched intothe streets首先，我认为我们需要一支销售团队，但我们很明显不是这里最好的团队，所以让我（来做这件事）我以前接受过这方面的培训，而这其中最经典的一幕就是当我真正走上Nyamirambo的街道时，02:34of Nyamirambo,which is the popular quarter of Kigali,with abucket,and I sold all these little doughnuts to people,and Icame back,and I was like,You see?基加利最繁华的地区时，手提一只木桶，然后我将木桶里的小甜甜圈都售出了，当我回到店铺里时，我向她们说：“你们看！”02:45well-intentioned:adj.好意的,好心的;出于善意的 crafts:n.工艺品,手艺(craft的复数形式)baked:adj.烤的;烘焙的/v.烘培;烧制(bake的过去分词)nervously:adv.神经质地;焦急地;提心吊胆地 First of all:adv.首先 epitome:n.缩影;摘要;象征marched:n.行军,进军;进行曲;示威游行/vi.进军;走过/vt.迫使前进 doughnuts:n.甜甜圈,甜甜圈面包;糖粉炸面包(doughnut的复数)And the women said,You know,Jacqueline,who inNyamirambo is not going to buy doughnuts out of anorange bucket from a tall American woman?And like-她们则回答：“杰奎琳，你得知道，在Nyamirambo没有人会从一位高大的 美国女人的橙色木桶里买甜甜圈？”就像02:53(Laughter)Its a good point.（笑声）这是个很好的观点。03:01So then I went the whole American way,with competitions,team and individual.Completely failed,but over time thewomen learnt to sell on their own way.我完全是按照美国方式运作，需要竞争，团队合作以及独立工作。然后这完全失败了，但随着时间流逝，这群妇女习得用自己的方式来销售。03:03And they started listening to the marketplace,and they cameback with ideas for cassava chips and banana chips andsorghum bread,and before you knew it,we had corneredthe Kigali market,and the women were earning three to fourtimes the national average.她们也开始倾听市场的需求，并且带回来制作木薯片、香蕉片和高粱面包的主意，甚至在你们反应过来之前，?我们已垄断了基加利的市场，而这群妇女收入是全国人均收入的三至四倍。03:12And with that confidence surge,I thought,well,Its time tocreate a real bakery,so lets paint it.And the women said,Thats a really great idea.由于信心的上扬，我想是时候来创建一所真正的糕点店，所以让（我们）来粉刷下这间店。这群妇女则回答：“这真是一个很好的想法。”03:24And I said,Well,what color do you want to paint it?Andthey said,Well,you choose.And I said,No,no,Im learningto listen-you choose.Its your bakery,your street,yourcountry,not mine.接着我便问道：“你们想用什么颜色的油漆？”她们回答道:“好吧，你来选。”我则说：“不，不，我正在学习倾听的艺术 你们选吧。这是你们的糕点店，你们的街道，你们家乡，而不是我的。”03:32good point:问得好,说得好;好点;好主意 competitions:n.比赛,生态竞争(competition的复数形式)learnt:v.学习(learn的过去式和过去分词)cassava:n.木薯(等于cassawa)sorghum:n.高粱;作物蜀黍;甜得发腻的东西 cornered:adj.有角的;被困得走投无路的/vt.把逼入绝境(corner的过去式)surge:n.汹涌;大浪,波涛;汹涌澎湃;巨涌/v.汹涌;起大浪,蜂拥而来But they wouldnt give me an answer.不过她们不会给我一个答复。03:40So one week,two weeks,three weeks went by,and finally Isaid,Well,how about blue?一个星期，两个星期，三个星期过去了，终于我说：“好吧，我们不如用蓝色吧？”03:42And they said,Blue,blue,we love blue.Lets do it blue.她们则回答说：“蓝色，蓝色，我们喜欢蓝色。我们就蓝色来粉刷吧。”03:47So,I went to the store,I brought Gaudence,the recalcitrantone of all,and we brought all this paint and fabric to makecurtains,and on painting day we all gathered inNyamirambo,因此我前往将最执拗的一位店员Gaudence带回来，我们一起去买了油漆和做窗帘的布料，到了粉刷的那一天，我们全部聚集在Nyamirambo，03:49and the idea was we would paint it white with blue as trim,like a little French bakery.But that was clearly not assatisfying as painting a wall of blue like a morning sky.而我们起初是想用白色作主色调，蓝色作装饰色，就有点像一些小小的法国糕点铺。不过说实话 这还不如把满墙都刷成蓝色有如蔚蓝的晨空。04:00So,blue,blue,everything became blue;the walls were blue,the windows were blue,the sidewalk out front was paintedblue.所以，蓝色，蓝色，所有的东西都被粉刷成蓝色；墙面被刷成蓝色，窗框被刷成蓝色，店铺前面的人行道也被刷成蓝色。04:09And Aretha Franklin was shouting R.E.S.P.E.C.T.,同时Aretha Franklin正在大声喊出 R.E.S.P.E.C.T.（尊重），04:16the womens hips were swaying and little kids were trying tograb the paintbrushes,but it was their day.她们的臀部晃来晃去，小孩子们想抓住那些毛刷（玩），这就是她们的日子。04:20recalcitrant:adj.反抗的;反对的;顽强的/n.顽抗者;不服从的人 curtains:n.建窗帘(curtain的复数);灾难 satisfying:adj.令人满意的;令人满足的 sidewalk:n.人行道 swaying:v.使摇动;支配;偏向一边(sway的ing形式)grab:vt.攫取;霸占;将深深吸引/vi.攫取;夺取/n.攫取;霸占;夺取之物 paintbrushes:n.画笔(paintbrush的复数)And at the end of it,we stood across the street and we粉刷完毕后，我们站在街对面，欣赏我们完成的作品，然后我说：“这真悦目。”04:25And at the end of it,we stood across the street and welooked at what we had done,and I said,It is so beautiful,作品，然后我说：“这真悦目。”04:25and the women said,It really is.而她们也答道：“的确是。”04:31And I said,And I think the color is perfect,我跟着说：“我认为这个颜色很好。”04:33and they all nodded their head,except for Gaudence,and Isaid,What?除了Gaudence，她们全部都点点头，我则问：“什么？”04:36And she said,Nothing,and I said,What?她回答说：“没什么。”我继续问：“什么？”04:40And she said,Well,it is pretty,but you know our color,really,it is green.And-她就答复我说：“好吧，这的确很靓丽，不过你懂得我们的颜色，真的，这是绿色。”然后04:42(Laughter).（笑声）。04:48And I learned then that listening isnt just about patience,but that when youve lived on charity and dependent yourwhole life long,its really hard to say what you mean.我学到倾听不只是需要耐心，当一个人一生都在依靠救济生活的时候，他们很难说清楚他们需要点什么。04:51And,mostly because people never really ask you,and whenthey do,you dont really think they want to know the truth.而且大多时候他们不会主动向你提问，即使他们这样做了，估计你也不想将真相告之于他们。05:03And so then I learned that listening is not only about waiting,but its also learning how better to ask questions.因此我懂得了倾听不只只是需要等待，同时也学会了要以更好的方式提问。05:10And so,I lived in Kigali for about two and a half years,doingthese two things,and it was an extraordinary time in my life.是故我住在基加利的两年半时间里就做了两件事，这是我一生中最难忘的一个时期。05:17And it taught me three lessons that I think are so importantfor us today,and certainly in the work that I do.这期间我得到了三个教训，我认为这些教训对我们仍是很重要的，当然对我现在的工作也一样重要。05:23The first is that dignity is more important to the human spiritthan wealth.第一点就是尊严比财富更可贵。05:30As Eleni has said,when people gain income,they gain choice,and that is fundamental to dignity.正如埃莱尼所说，有收入就会有选择 这应是尊严的基本要素。05:34But as human beings we also want to see each other,and wewant to be heard by each other,and we should never forgetthat.但是作为人类我们希望能见到其他人，能与他人沟通交流，我们应永不忘这些基本元素。05:40The second is that traditional charity and aid are never goingto solve the problems of poverty.第二点就是传统的慈善救援 是无法解决贫困问题的。05:47I think Andrew pretty well covered that,so I will move to thethird point,which is that markets alone also are not going tosolve the problems of poverty.我相信安德鲁已很好的诠释这一点了，所以我就移至第三点，那就是单靠市场本身 也不能解决贫困问题。05:52Yes,we ran this as a business,but someone needed to paythe philanthropic support that came into the training andthe management support,the strategic advice and maybemost important of all,the access to new contacts,networksand new markets.是的，我们将慈善事业商业化运行，不过都需要人们的善意（金钱）支持 来维持培训和管理机构的运作，还需要战略建议 以及最重要的一点，就是与新人、新关系和新市场的接触。06:00philanthropic:adj.博爱的;仁慈的www.XiYuS锡育软件And so,on a micro level,theres a real role for thiscombination of investment and philanthropy.所以从微观角度来讲，投资和慈善结合 是意义重大的。06:17And on a macro level,some of the speakers have inferredthat even health should be privatized.从宏观角度来讲，在我之前的一些演讲者也推断出，卫生保健（事业）都应私有化。06:24But,having had a father with heart disease,and realizing thatwhat our family could afford was not what he should havegotten,and having a good friend step in to help,假如你们家庭有一位患有心脏病的父亲，而你意识到你们家庭的负担能力 不足以支付他的治疗费用，可是最后却有一位好友前来帮你们出钱治疗，06:30I really believe that all people deserve access to health atprices they can afford.我深切相信所有人都应享有 他们可负担得起的医疗。06:42I think the market can help us figure that out,but theres gotto be a charitable component or I dont think were going tocreate the kind of societies we want to live in.我认为市场可以帮我们解决这个问题，不过却需要有慈善成分，要不我想我们是无法建设出我们理想中的社会。06:47And so,it was really those lessons that made me decide tobuild Acumen Fund about six years ago.因此，那些教训迫使我在六年前 建立起Acumen基金。06:55Its a nonprofit venture capital fund for the poor,a fewoxymorons in one sentence.这是一个为穷人建立的非营利性风险投资基金，这句话里有几个矛盾之处。07:01micro:adj.极小的;基本的;微小的/n.微型计算机;微处理器 philanthropy:n.博爱,慈善;慈善事业 macro:adj.巨大的,大量的/n.宏,巨(计算机术语)privatized:使私有化(privatize的过去式和过去分词)step in:介入;插手干预;作短时间的非正式访问 charitable:adj.慈善事业的;慷慨的,仁慈的;宽恕的 Acumen:n.聪明,敏锐 nonprofit:adj.非赢利的;不以赢利为目的的venture:vt.敢于/vi.冒险;投机/n.企业;风险;冒险It essentially raises charitable funds from individuals,foundations and corporations,and then we turn aroundand we invest equity and loans in both for-profit andnonprofit entities它根本上从个人、基金会和公司募集慈善基金，然后将这笔资金投资或贷款给 营利性或非营利性机构，07:06that deliver affordable health,housing,energy,clean water,to low income people in South Asia and Africa,so that theycan make their own choices.而他们则可以为南亚和非洲的贫困人口们 输出低廉的卫生保健服务、住房、能源和净水，从而使贫苦大众可以掌握他们自己的命运。07:15Weve invested about 20 million dollars in 20 differententerprises,and have,in so doing,created nearly 20,000 jobs,and delivered tens of millions of services to people whootherwise would not be able to afford them.我们已向二十种不同的企业投入了两千万美元，并且提供了近两万份岗位，以及向贫困人群输送了数以百万计的服务，这些都是他们平常无法负担的（服务）。07:24I want to tell you two stories.Both of them are in Africa.我想和你们分享两个故事。这两个故事都是在非洲发生的。07:39Both of them are about investing in entrepreneurs who arecommitted to service,and who really know the markets.它们都是和企业投资有关，这些企业都承诺去服务大众而且他们都很熟悉市场。07:42Both of them live at the confluence of public health andenterprise,and both of them,because theyremanufacturers,create jobs directly,and create incomesindirectly,because theyre in the malaria sector,and Africaloses about 13 billion dollars a year because of malaria.这两个企业都处于公共卫生和企业的汇流点，而且由于他们两位都是生产商，所以他们直接为贫苦人群提供工作，和间接创造收入，?并且他们皆属疟疾领域的，而非洲每年都因疟疾损失一百三十亿美元。07:48corporations:n.贸易公司,经企业(corporation的复数形式)turn around:转向反方向;(生意或经济)好转;船只留港equity:n.公平,公正;衡平法;普通股;抵押资产的净值 for-profit:以盈利为目的的 entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体 affordable:adj.负担得起的 investing:n.机熔模铸造/v.投资;授与(invest的现在分词)entrepreneurs:n.企业家(entrepreneur的复数)confluence:n.(河流的)汇合,汇流点;(人或物的)聚集 manufacturers:经制造商;经厂商 indirectly:adv.间接地;不诚实;迂回地 malaria:n.内科疟疾;瘴气And so as people get healthier,they also get wealthier.而当人们更为健康的时候，他们的财富也因此增长。08:04The first one is called Advanced Bio-Extracts Limited.第一个企业名为Advanced 生物提取物有限责任公司。08:08Its a company built in Kenya about seven years ago by anincredible entrepreneur named Patrick Henfrey and histhree colleagues.七年前，这个企业由一位神奇的企业家PatrickHenfrey 同他的三位同僚一起在肯尼亚创建。08:11These are old-hand farmers whove gone through all theagricultural ups and downs in Kenya over the last 30 years.他们都是农业老手了，他们也经历过肯尼亚三十年来 大大小小的农业起伏。08:17Now,this plant is an Artemisia plant,its the basiccomponent for artemisinin,which is the best-knowntreatment for malaria.现在，有一种蒿属植物 是可以从里面提取出青蒿素的基本组成部分，而青蒿素是治疗疟疾的最著名药物。08:23Its indigenous to China and the Far East,but given that theprevalence of malaria is here in Africa,这种植物原产于中国和远东地区，但由于肆虐于非洲的疟疾，08:30Patrick and his colleagues said,Lets bring it here,becauseits a high value-add product.Patrick和他的同僚商议说：“我们不如将这种 高增值率的植物移植到这边来吧。08:36The farmers get three to four times the yields that theywould with maize.这群农民从中所获利益乃是种植玉米的三至四倍。08:42wealthier:富有的(wealthy的比较级)entrepreneur:n.企业家;承包人;主办者 agricultural:adj.农业的;农艺的 ups anddowns:n.沉浮;盛衰;高低 Artemisia:n.艾;艾属 artemisinin:n.青蒿素(抗疟药);青蒿提取物 indigenous:adj.本土的;土著的;国产的;固有的 prevalence:n.流行;普遍;广泛 yields:n.生产量,投资效益(yield的复数形式)/v.经生产;投降,力屈服(yield的三单形式)maize:adj.黄色的,玉米色的/n.玉米;黄色,玉米色因此，使用这笔耐心资本，这笔他们早期 以低于市场回报募得的钱款，并且愿意跑长跑以及 使管理援助和战略援助融合的帮助下，他们现已建立起一个可供七千五百农民工作的公司。08:48So thats about 50,000 people affected.这大约影响了五万人。09:05And I think some of you may have visited-these farmers arehelped by KickStart and TechnoServe,who help thembecome more self-sufficient.而且我相信你们中的一些人应该已经探访过这些被KickStart和TechnoServe帮助过的农民，这两个机构使得这些农民迈向了自给自足的道路。09:07They buy it,they dry it and they bring it to this factory whichwas purchased in pa