JimYongKim_2017[金墉][每个人都应有生活得更好的机会].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件I just want to share with you what I have been experiencingover the last five years in having the great privilege oftraveling to many of the poorest countries in the world.想与你们分享 在过去的五年中 有幸去到 许多贫困国家的经历 在各地都可以见到这一幕00:12This scene is one I see all the time everywhere,and theseyoung children are looking at a smartphone,and thesmartphone is having a huge impact in even the poorestcountries.这些年幼的孩子 正盯着一部智能手机 即使是在最贫困的国家中,智能手机也有极大的影响力00:21I said to my team,you know,what I see is a rise in aspirationsall over the world.我对我的团队说,你们知道吗？我看到的是世界各地愈发强烈的愿望00:32In fact,it seems to me that theres a convergence ofaspirations.实际上,在我看来,人们的愿望正在趋于统一00:38And I asked a team of economists to actually look into this.我与一众经济学家仔细研究了这一现象00:42Is this true?这是事实吗？00:46Are aspirations converging all around the world?世界各地的愿望正在统一？00:47So they looked at things like Gallup polls about satisfactionin life and what they learned was that if you have access tothe internet,your satisfaction goes up.因此,他们安排了类似盖洛普民意测验的测试来调查人们的生活满意度 研究发现,如果可以访问互联网 人们的满意度就会有所提高00:50poorest:可怜的/低劣的/贫困的(poor的最高级)smartphone:n.智能手机 aspirations:n.愿望 convergence:n.数收敛;会聚,集合 look into:调查;观察;窥视;浏览;看 converging:n.合并,会聚/adj.会聚的,收敛/v.聚合,集中于一点(converge的ing形式)Gallup:vi.进行民意测验/vt.对进行民意测验 polls:n.民意调查;投票;投票模块(poll的复数形式)/v.对进行民意测验,使投票(poll的单三形式)But another thing happens thats very important:yourreference income,the income to which you compare yourown,also goes up.与此同时,另一件重要的事情是:你的参考收入 与你自身收入相对比的收入 也在提高01:00Now,if the reference income of a nation,for example,goes up10 percent by comparing themselves to the outside,then onaverage,peoples own incomes have to go up at least fivepercent to maintain the same level of satisfaction.如果一个国家的参考收入 相比于外界提高了10%那么人均收入至少要提高5%才能维持同样的满意度01:10But when you get down into the lower percentiles of income,your income has to go up much more if the reference incomegoes up 10 percent,something like 20 percent.不过,当你的收入较低时 你的收入需要提高更多 当参考收入提高10%时 你的收入可能需要提高20%01:26And so with this rise of aspirations,the fundamental questionis:Are we going to have a situation where aspirations arelinked to opportunity and you get dynamism and economicgrowth,like that which happened in the country I was bornin,in Korea?随着人们愿望加强 根本问题在于 我们是否能提供一个大环境 愿望与机遇并存 是否能充满活力,维持经济增长 就像我的祖国那样,像在韩国？01:34Or are aspirations going to meet frustration?或者说,愿望是否会受挫？01:50This is a real concern,because between 2012 and 2015,terrorism incidents increased by 74 percent.这是我所关心的。在2012至2015年期间 恐怖袭击事件增加了74%01:55The number of deaths from terrorism went up 150 percent.受害人数上升了150%02:03dynamism:n.活力;动态;物力论;推动力;精神动力作用 frustration:n.挫折Right now,two billion people live in conditions of fragility,conflict,violence,and by 2030,more than 60 percent of theworlds poor will live in these situations of fragility,conflictand violence.现在,有二十亿人口 生活在支离破碎,充满暴力的环境中 直至2030年,全球将有超过60%的贫困人民生活于这样的水深火热之中02:07And so what do we do about meeting these aspirations?我们怎么做才能实现这些愿望？02:21Are there new ways of thinking about how we can rise tomeet these aspirations?是否有新的思维方式 指引我们如何提高以实现愿望？02:24Because if we dont,Im extremely worried.如果不这样做,我十分担心02:29Aspirations are rising as never before because of access to因为互联网的普及,愿望的增强前所未有02:32TED演讲者：Jim Yong Kim|金墉演讲标题：Doesnt everyone deserve a chance at a good life?|每个人都应有生活得更好的机会内容概要：Aspirations are rising as never before across the world,thanks in large part tosmartphones and the internet-will they be met with opportunity or frustration?As Presidentof the World Bank Group,Jim Yong Kim wants to end extreme poverty and boost sharedprosperity.He shares how the institution is working to improve the health and financial futuresof people in the poorest countries by boosting investment and de-risking development.归功于智能手机和互联网，全球愿望的崛起前所未有。这是机遇，还是挫折？作为世界银行行长，金墉想要终结极端贫穷，促进共享繁荣。他与我们分享了机构是如何通过促进投资及冒险发展来改善贫困国家人民未来的健康状况及经济发展的。Aspirations are rising as never before because of access tothe internet.Everyone knows how everyone else lives.每个人都知道其他人是怎样生活的02:36Has our ability to meet those aspirations risen as well?我们的能力是否足以满足这些愿望 即使它们愈发强烈？02:38And just to get at the details of this,I want to share with youmy own personal story.为了了解更多的细节 我想和你们分享我自己的故事02:43This is not my mother,but during the Korean War,mymother literally took her own sister,her younger sister,on herback,and walked at least part of the way to escape Seoulduring the Korean War.这不是我的母亲 但在朝鲜战争期间 我的母亲也是这样带着她的妹妹,背着她 至少走了一长段路 逃离首尔02:47Now,through a series of miracles,my mother and fatherboth got scholarships to go to New York City.经过一系列奇迹 我的父母都获得了去纽约的奖学金03:01fragility:n.脆弱;力易碎性;虚弱 risen:adj.升起的/v.升高;站起来;反抗(rise的过去分词)scholarships:n.奖学金/学问成就They actually met in New York City and got married in NewYork City.他们在纽约相遇,结婚03:09My father,too,was a refugee.我的父亲也是一名难民03:13At the age of 19,he left his family in the northern part of thecountry,escaped through the border and never saw hisfamily again.19岁那年,他离开了朝鲜的家 逃离了边境 再也没有见过他的家人03:16Now,when they were married and living in New York,myfather was a waiter at Patricia Murphys restaurant.他们在纽约结婚并定居 我的父亲曾是帕特丽夏墨菲酒店的服务员03:23Their aspirations went up.他们有着伟大的梦想03:30They understood what it was like to live in a place like NewYork City in the 1950s.他们知道在纽约这样的城市的生活是怎样的 即使是在20世纪50年代03:32Well,my brother was born and they came back to Korea,andwe had what I remember as kind of an idyllic life,but whatwas happening in Korea at that time我的哥哥出生后,他们回到了韩国 我们开始了记忆中的田园生活 但那时的韩国是怎样的03:38was the country was one of the poorest in the world andthere was political upheaval.它是世上最贫困的国家之一 并且政治动荡03:49There were demonstrations just down the street from ourhouse all the time,students protesting against the militarygovernment.我家门前的街道常年有示威游行 学生们和军阀政府水火不容03:54Murphy:n.马铃薯,土豆 idyllic:牧歌的/田园诗的/悠闲的 upheaval:n.剧变;隆起;举起 demonstrations:n.示范,展示(demonstration复数)protesting:vi.抗议;断言/vt.抗议;断言/n.抗议/adj.表示抗议的;抗议性的 military:adj.军事的；军人的；适于战争的/n.军队；军人And at the time,the aspirations of the World Bank Group,theorganization I lead now,were extremely low for Korea.那时 世界银行集团,我现在所领导的这一机构,对韩国抱有极低的期望04:02Their idea was that Korea would find it difficult withoutforeign aid to provide its people with more than the barenecessities of life.他们认为,没有外国援助 韩国将很难维持它的子民的基本生活04:10So the situation is Korea is in a tough position,my parentshave seen what life is like in the United States.韩国正处于水深火热中 而我的父母已经见过了美国的生活是怎样的04:19They got married there.My brother was born there.他们在那里结婚,我的哥哥在那里出生04:25And they felt that in order to give us an opportunity to reachtheir aspirations for us,we had to go and come back to theUnited States.他们意识到,为了给我们提供实现梦想的机会 我们必须离开,回到美国04:27Now,we came back.现在,我们回来了04:36First we went to Dallas.最初,我们去到了达拉斯04:38My father did his dental degree all over again.在那里,我的父亲重新考取了牙医学士学位04:40And then we ended up moving to Iowa,of all places.之后我们搬去了爱荷华州04:43We grew up in Iowa.我在那儿长大04:46And in Iowa,we went through the whole course.我在爱荷华州完成了所有课程的学习04:47I went to high school,I went to college.高中,大学04:50necessities:n.必需品(necessity的复数)Dallas:n.达拉斯(美国城市)And then one day,something that Ill never forget,my fatherpicked me up after my sophomore year in college,and hewas driving me home,and he said,Jim,what are youraspirations?有一天,我想我永不会忘记 我的父亲接到我,那时大二刚结束 他载我回家 他问我:“Jim,你的梦想是什么？04:53What do you want to study?What do you want to do?你想学什么？又想做些什么？”05:05And I said,Dad,My mother actually was a philosopher,and had filled us with ideas about protest and social justice,and I said,Dad,Im going to study political science andphilosophy,and Im going to become part of a political我回答到:“爸爸.”我的母亲是一名哲学家 她向我们传递了很多抗议和社会公正的观点 我说:“父亲,我想学政治科学与哲学 我想参与政治活动”05:07philosophy,and Im going to become part of a politicalmovement.My father,the Korean dentist,slowly pulled the car over tothe side of the road 我的父亲,一位韩国牙医 慢慢地把车停在了路边05:21www.XiYuS锡育软件(Laughter)He looked back at me,and he said,Jim,you finishyour medical residency,you can study anything you want.（笑声）他转过头来看着我说:“Jim,你修完住院医师的课程后,你可以学任何你想学的”05:26(Laughter)Now,Ive told this story to a mostly Asianaudience before.（笑声）我向很多亚洲观众讲过这个故事05:33Nobody laughs.They just shake their head.没有人笑,他们只是摇摇头05:39Of course.当然了05:42(Laughter)（笑声）05:43(Applause)So,tragically,my father died at a young age,30years ago at the age of 57,what happens to be how old I amright now,and when he died in the middle of my medicaland graduate studies（掌声）不幸的是,我父亲很年轻时就去世了 30年前,他年仅57岁 到了我现在这个年龄会发生什么 他在我学医的研究生期间去世了05:44sophomore:n.大学二年级生;(美)有二年经验的人/adj.二年级的;二年级学生的 residency:n.住处;住院医生实习期tragically:adv.悲剧地;悲惨地You see,I actually got around it by doing medicine andanthropology.你们看,我确乎通过学习医学和人类学实现了它06:00I studied both of them in graduate school.我在研究生期间学习了它们06:03But then right about that time,I met these two people,Ophelia Dahl and Paul Farmer.Ophelia Dahl和Paul Farmer在那个时候,我遇到了这两个人06:07And Paul and I were in the same program.Paul和我在同一个团队里06:13We were studying medicine and at the same time gettingour PhDs in anthropology.我们一起学了医学 并同时获得了人类学的博士学位06:15And we began to ask some pretty fundamental questions.我们开始探讨一些根本问题06:20For people who have the great privilege of studyingmedicine and anthropology I had come from parents whowere refugees.对那些有幸学习医学和人类学的人而言 我的父母都是难民06:23Paul grew up literally in a bus in a swamp in Florida.Paul在佛罗里达州的一片沼泽地里的一辆公共汽车上长大06:30He liked to call himself white trash.他喜欢称自己为“白色垃圾”06:34And so we had this opportunity and we said,what is it thatwe need to do?我们有了这次机会 我们想 我们需要做些什么06:36Given our ridiculously elaborate educations,what is thenature of our responsibility to the world?我们接受了荒谬的精英教育 那我们对社会所需承担的责任的本质是什么？06:43anthropology:n.人类学/人类学家 graduate school:研究所,研究院 refugees:难民 trash:n.垃圾;废物/vt.丢弃;修剪树枝ridiculously:adv.可笑地;荒谬地 elaborate:adj.精心制作的;详尽的;煞费苦心的/vt.精心制作;详细阐述;从简单成分合成(复杂有机物)/vi.详细描述;变复杂And we decided that we needed to start an organization.我们决定组建一个组织06:49Its called Partners in Health.它被称为健康伙伴06:52And by the way,theres a movie made about that.顺便说说,有一部电影以它为原型展开06:53(Applause)Theres a movie that was just a brilliant moviethey made about it called Bending the Arc.（掌声）他们拍摄了一部很精彩的电影 叫做Bending the Arc06:56It launched at Sundance this past January.一月在圣丹斯国际电影节上映07:02Jeff Skoll is here.Jeff Skoll就在这里07:05Jeff is one of the ones who made it happen.Jeff是促成其发生的人员之一07:07And we began to think about what it would take for us toactually have our aspirations reach the level of some of thepoorest communities in the world.之后,我们开始思考 我们究竟想做什么？对于世界上那些 最贫穷的社区而言07:09This is my very first visit to Haiti in 1988,and in 1988,weelaborated a sort of mission statement,which is we aregoing to make a preferential option for the poor in health.这是1988年我第一次访问海地 1988年,我们制定了一个使命宣言 表明我们将会进行穷人优先的抉择 在医疗健康上07:20Now,it took us a long time,and we were graduate studentsin anthropology.现在,经过了很长时间,我们攻读完人类学的研究生07:34Bending:n.弯曲度/v.弯曲(bend的ing形式)take for:认为;以为 Haiti:n.海地 elaborated:详尽的/复杂的/精心的/精美的/v.详细地说明(elaborate的过去式和过去分词)/详细制定/用心制作/推敲/变得复杂 statement:n.声明；陈述，叙述；报表，清单 preferential:adj.优先的;选择的;特惠的;先取的We were reading up one side of Marx and down the other.我们了解了马克思的一面,也进行了延伸阅读07:37Habermas.Fernand Braudel.哈贝马斯,费尔南布罗代尔07:40We were reading everything and we had to come to aconclusion of how are we going to structure our work?我们读尽每一本书 我们必须得出结论,我们将如何安排我们的工作？07:43So O for the P,we called it,a preferential option for thepoor.“O for the P”,我们这样称呼它 穷人优先07:48The most important thing about a preferential option for thepoor is what its not.穷人优先最重要的一点在于 它不是07:52Its not a preferential option for your own sense of heroism.不是以你的个人英雄主义优先07:57Its not a preferential option for your own idea about how tolift the poor out of poverty.不是以你自己如何帮助穷人 脱贫的想法优先08:02Its not a preferential option for your own organization.不是以您自己的组织优先08:08And the hardest of all,its not a preferential option for yourpoor.最重要的是 不是以你们的贫穷优先08:10Its a preferential option for the poor.它是以穷人们优先08:15So what do you do?那么,你会做些什么？08:18Well,Haiti,we started building Everyone told us,the cost-effective thing is just focus on vaccination and maybe afeeding program.我们开始建设海地 每个人都告诉我们,为了节约成本 我们可以专注于疫苗接种或是供膳计划08:19heroism:n.英勇,英雄气概;英雄行为;勇敢的事迹 cost-effective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient)vaccination:n.接种疫苗;种痘But what the Haitians wanted was a hospital.但海地想要的是一所医院08:29They wanted schools.是学校08:32They wanted to provide their children with the opportunitiesthat theyd been hearing about from others,relatives,forexample,who had gone to the United States.是为孩子提供他们所听到的学习机会 从其它人,亲戚 那些去过美国的人那儿听到的机会08:34They wanted the same kinds of opportunities as my parentsdid.他们想要和我父母一样的机会08:42I recognized them.我了解他们08:48And so thats what we did.We built hospitals.所以我们做了这些,我们修建了学校08:49We provided education.提供教育08:51And we did everything we could to try to give themopportunities.我们竭尽全力为他们提供机会08:54Now,my experience really became intense at Partners inHealth in this community,Carabayllo,in the northern slumsof Lima,Peru.我的感受越来越强烈 这一社区的健康伙伴,在卡拉瓦伊略区 在秘鲁利马北部的贫民窟08:57And in this community,we started out by really just going topeoples homes and talking to people,and we discovered anoutbreak,an epidemic of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.在这个社区 我们开始走访 我们发现了一场疫情,多耐药结核病的流行09:06Haitians:n.海地人(Haitian的复数)relatives:n.亲属;语关系词(relative的复数)intense:adj.强烈的；紧张的；非常的；热情的 slums:n.贫民,经贫民区(slum的复数)/v.到贫民窟去;过贫苦生活(slum的第三人称单数)Lima:n.利马(秘鲁首都)outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作/vi.爆发 multidrug-resistant:多药耐药 tuberculosis:n.肺结核;结核病This is Melquiades.这位是Melquiades09:18Melquiades was a patient at that time,he was about 18 yearsold,and he had a very difficult form of drug-resistanttuberculosis.Melquiades当时是一位病人,大约18岁 他患有难以治疗的耐药性结核病09:19All of the gurus in the world,the global health gurus,said it isnot cost-effective to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis.全球所有健康专家都说 治疗耐药性结核病并不划算09:28Its too complicated.Its too expensive.它太复杂了,也太昂贵。09:37You just cant do it.It cant be done.你不能做到,这不可能完成09:38And in addition,they were getting angry at us,because theimplication was if it could be done,we would have done it.除此之外,他们对我们大为光火 因为这意味着 如果可以做到,早就该完成了。09:41Who do you think you are?你以为你是谁？09:48And the people that we fought with were the World HealthOrganization and probably the organization we fought withmost was the World Bank Group.我们与世界卫生组织为敌 也许更多的是与世界银行集团相对抗09:50Now,we did everything we could to convince Melquiades totake his medicines,because its really hard,and not onceduring the time of treatment did Melquiadess family eversay,Hey,you know,Melquiades is just not cost-effective.现在,我们竭尽全力 说服Melquiades服药 这真的很难 在治疗期间,他的家人不止一次说过,“你知道吗,治疗Melquiades并不划算,09:58gurus:n.古鲁(指印度教等宗教的宗师或领袖);领袖;专家 angry at:发怒;为生气Why dont you go on and treat somebody else?你们为什么不去治疗其他人”10:13(Laughter)I hadnt seen Melquiades for about 10 years andwhen we had our annual meetings in Lima,Peru a couple ofyears ago,the filmmakers found him and here is us gettingtogether.（笑声）我已经有10年没有见过Melquiades了当我们在秘鲁利马举行年度会议时 几年前 电影制片人找到了他 这是我们聚在一起10:15(Applause)He has become a bit of a media star because hegoes to the film openings,and he knows how to work anaudience now.（掌声）他已经成为了一个媒体明星,他去了电影首映礼 他现在已经知道如何驾驭观众了10:28(Laughter)But as soon as we won We did win.We won theargument.（笑声）但我们取得胜利后 我们确实获胜了,我们赢得了争论10:41You should treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis weheard the same arguments in the early 2000s about HIV.你应当治疗多耐药结核病 在二十一世纪初,我们听到了同样的