EOWilson_2012P[E.O. 威尔逊][给年轻科学家的忠告].pdf
www.XiYuS锡育软件I want you to smile.Thank you.(Applause)What Im going todo is to just give a few notes,and this is from a book Impreparing called Letters to a Young Scientist.我希望你可以抱以微笑。谢谢。（掌声）882982Id thought itd be appropriate to present it,on the basis thatI have had extensive experience in teaching,counselingscientists across a broad array of fields.因为我在许多领域有教育和辅导科学家的00:23And you might like to hear some of the principles that Ivedeveloped in doing that teaching and counseling.总结出的一些原则.00:33So let me begin by urging you,particularly you on theyoungsters side,on this path youve chosen,to go as far asyou can.走的尽可能的远一些00:41The world needs you,badly.这个世界非常需要你.00:50Humanity is now fully into the techno-scientific age.00:53There is going to be no turning back.这一趋势不可扭转.00:58Although varying among disciplines-say,astrophysics,molecular genetics,the immunology,the microbiology,thepublic health,to the new area of the human body as asymbiont,to public health,environmental science.分子遗传学,免疫学,微生物学,公共卫生学,还有将人体看作共生有机体的新的领域的学科,以及环境科学,01:00counseling:n.咨询服务/v.建议;劝告;商讨(counsel的ing形式)urging:v.说服,催促;激励,驱策;清除(urge的ing形式)varying:adj.不同的;变化的/v.变化,改变(vary的现在分词)disciplines:n.管理纪律(discipline的复数);科目/v.训导;使有纪律(discipline的单三形式)astrophysics:n.天体物理学 molecular:adj.化学分子的;由分子组成的 genetics:n.遗传学immunology:n.免疫免疫学 microbiology:n.微生物学 symbiont:n.生态共生者;共生有机体(等于symbiote)Knowledge in medical science and science overall isdoubling every 15 to 20 years.每15到20年都会增加一倍.01:18Technology is increasing at a comparable rate.科技发展的速度也是如此.01:24Between them,the two already pervade,as most of you hereseated realize,every dimension of human life.01:27So swift is the velocity of the techno-scientific revolution,sostartling in its countless twists and turns,that no one canpredict its outcome even a decade from the present moment.技术科学的进步速度是如此之快,其变化是如此令人应接不暇,01:35There will come a time,of course,when the exponentialgrowth of discovery and knowledge,which actually began inthe 1600s,has to peak and level off,but thats not going tomatter to you.会到达顶峰并开始减缓 不过这和你关系不大,01:50The revolution is going to continue for at least several moredecades.因为这个革命02:01Itll render the human condition radically different from whatit is today.人们那时所处的环境02:06doubling:n.加倍;并线;折回;防护板;衬里/v.使加倍;使成双(double的ing形式);绕过;握紧/adj.双重的;折叠的 pervade:vt.遍及;弥漫 dimension:n.方面;数维;尺寸;次元;容积vt.标出尺寸/adj.规格的 velocity:n.【物】速度 countless:adj.无数的;数不尽的 twists:n.力扭曲,一扭(twist的复数形式)/v.力扭曲,拧(twist的三单形式)exponential:adj.指数的/n.指数 leveloff:趋平;呈平稳状态;把.弄平 radically:adv.根本上；彻底地；以激进的方式Traditional fields of study are going to continue to grow andin so doing,inevitably they will meet and create newdisciplines.它们将不可避免的相互交叉而产生新的学科.02:10In time,all of science will come to be a continuum ofdescription,an explanation of networks,of principles andlaws.成为一个对其所形成网络的解释.02:21Thats why you need not just be training in one specialty,butalso acquire breadth in other fields,related to and evendistant from your own initial choice.所以你不应该只学习一门专业,而应该获取其它领域广博的知识.这些领域可能和你最初的选择很接近但也可能相距甚远02:30Keep your eyes lifted and your head turning.02:41The search for knowledge is in our genes.对知识的追寻就在我们的基因里.02:45TED演讲者：E.O.Wilson|E.O.威尔逊演讲标题：E.O.Wilson:Advice to young scientists|给年轻科学家的忠告内容概要：Biologist E.O.Wilson explores the world of ants and other tiny creatures,and writesmovingly about the way all creatures great and small are interdependent.”这个世界非常需要你“，着名生物学家 E.O.Wilson 在他给一个年轻科学家的信中这样开头。作为对他即将出版的着作的一个预览，他给出了从自己一身经历总结出的几个忠告-告诫我们奇迹和创造力是科学生活的中心。（摄于 TEDMED）It was put there by our distant ancestors who spread acrossthe world,and its never going to be quenched.那是我们散布在世界各个角落的遥远的祖先02:49To understand and use it sanely,as a part of the civilizationyet to evolve requires a vastly larger population ofscientifically trained people like you.由于人类的一部分文明还需要进化,需要大量的像你们一样受到科技教育的人,02:55In education,medicine,law,diplomacy,government,business and the media that exist today.包括今天存在的教育,医学,法律,外交,03:08inevitably:adv.不可避免地；必然地 continuum:n.数连续统;经连续统一体;闭联集 specialty:n.专业，专长；特产；特性；招牌菜/adj.特色的；专门的；独立的 quenched:adj.淬火的;猝熄的(quench过去式)vastly:adv.极大地;广大地;深远地diplomacy:n.外交;外交手腕;交际手段Our political leaders need at least a modest degree ofscientific literacy,which most badly lack today-noapplause,please.我们的政治领袖至少需要一定程度的科学知识,但现在极其缺乏-03:17It will be better for all if they prepare before entering officerather than learning on the job.如果他们能在就职之前就做好这些准备 而不是边做边学 那么对于所有人来说都是有好处的03:26Therefore you will do well to act on the side,no matter howfar into the laboratory you may go,to serve as teachersduring the span of your career.在你的职业生涯当中03:33Ill now proceed quickly,and before else,to a subject that isboth a vital asset and a potential barrier to a scientific career.但也可能成为一个障碍.03:45If you are a bit short in mathematical skills,dont worry.如果你数学能力不太强,不用太担心.03:53Many of the most successful scientists at work today aremathematically semi-literate.数学能力都比较一般.03:58A metaphor will serve here:Where elite mathematicians andstatisticians and theorists often serve as architects in theexpanding realm of science,the remaining large majority of但其他大部分的基础应用科学家,04:05on the job:在工作;在忙著 serve as:担任,充当;起的作用 asset:n.资产;优点;有用的东西;有利条件;财产;有价值的人或物 mathematically:adv.算术地,数学上地 semi-literate:半文盲 metaphor:n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法 mathematicians:n.数数学家(mathematician的复数形式)statisticians:n.统计学家,统计员 theorists:理论家basic applied scientists,including a large portion of thosewho could be said to be of the first rank,are the ones whomap the terrain,they scout the frontiers,they cut thepathways,they raise the buildings along the way.其中有很多可称为一流水平,他们的工作则是,测量疆土,开发前线,并一路盖起栋栋高楼.04:22Some may have considered me foolhardy,but its been myhabit to brush aside the fear of mathematics when talking tocandidate scientists.有些人或许会觉得我不太明智,但我在和未来科学家交谈时,04:38During 41 years of teaching biology at Harvard,I watchedsadly as bright students turned away from the possibility of ascientific career or even from taking non-required courses inscience because they were afraid of failure.在我41年哈佛生物教学的职业生涯中,我很痛心地看到,04:47These math-phobes deprive science and medicine ofimmeasurable amounts of badly needed talent.这些对于数学的恐惧让科学和医学领域 丧失了无数急切需要的人才05:03Heres how to relax your anxieties,if you have them:Understand that mathematics is a language ruled like otherverbal languages,or like verbal language generally,by itsown grammar and system of logic.数学是一门语言,它就像其它口头语言一样 由它们自己的语法和逻辑系统来支配05:10terrain:n.地理地形,地势;领域;地带 frontiers:n.边疆(frontier的复数);尖端科学 pathways:n.小路;小径(pathway的复数)foolhardy:adj.有勇无谋的;蛮干的 brush aside:v.扫除;漠视;不理,不顾 deprive:vt.使丧失,剥夺 immeasurable:adj.无限的;数不可计量的;不能测量的 anxieties:担心/渴望 verbal:adj.口头的;言语的;动词的;照字面的/n.动词的非谓语形式Any person with average quantitative intelligence who learnsto read and write mathematics at an elementary level will,asin verbal language,have little difficulty picking up most ofthe fundamentals if they choose to master the mathspeak ofmost disciplines of science.只要他有小学水平的数学的读写能力,学习很多基础内容都不会太困难 就如同学习口头语言一样05:25The longer you wait to become at least semi-literate theharder the language of mathematics will be to master,just asagain in any verbal language,but it can be done at any age.掌握难度就会越大,同样就象任何一门口语一样 只不过对于前者 不管你年龄多大,都是可以做到的05:45I speak as an authority on that subject,because Im anextreme case.因为我就是这方面的一个极端例子05:58I didnt take algebra until my freshman year at the Universityof Alabama.学习代数06:03They didnt teach it before then.在那之前他们没有这门课06:09I finally got around to calculus as a 32-year-old tenuredprofessor at Harvard,where I sat uncomfortably in classeswith undergraduate students,little more than half my age.我才和比我年龄一半多点的本科生很不舒服地坐在一起,学习微积分06:11quantitative:adj.定量的；量的，数量的 fundamentals:n.基本面;基本原理(fundamental的复数)authority:n.权威；权力；当局 algebra:n.代数学 calculus:n.病理结石;微积分学 tenured:adj.(美)享有终身职位的/v.授予终身职位(tenure的过去分词)uncomfortably:adv.不舒适地;不自在地;令人不快地A couple of them were students in a course I was giving onevolutionary biology.06:23I swallowed my pride,and I learned calculus.我收敛了我的骄傲 学习了微积分06:28I found out that in science and all its applications,what iscrucial is not that technical ability,but it is imagination in allof its applications.我发现对于科学和所有其应用来说,重要的不是技术能力 而是应用科学过程中的想象力06:33The ability to form concepts with images of entities andprocesses pictured by intuition.形成概念的能力06:44I found out that advances in science rarely come upstreamfrom an ability to stand at a blackboard and conjure imagesfrom unfolding mathematical propositions and equations.通过解释数学命题和公式06:51They are instead the products of downstream imaginationleading to hard work,during which mathematical reasoningmay or may not prove to be relevant.相反 它们往往是下游的想象以及由这些想象引发的努力工作的结果07:03evolutionary:adj.进化的;发展的;渐进的 concepts:n.概念,观念;思想(concept复数形式)entities:n.实体;存在(entity的复数形式);字符实体 intuition:n.直觉;直觉力;直觉的知识 upstream:adv.逆流地;向上游/adj.向上游的;逆流而上的/n.上游部门blackboard:n.黑板 conjure:vt.念咒召唤;用魔法驱赶;提出,想象;恳求/vi.施魔法;变魔术 unfolding:n.演变;生化伸展;生物物理解折叠/v.展开(unfold的ing形式)propositions:数命题 equations:n.方程式;等式;均等;均势(equation的复数形式)downstream:adv.下游地;顺流而下/adj.下游的;顺流的 reasoning:n.推理;论证;评理/adj.推理的/v.推论;说服(reason的ing形式)Ideas emerge when a part of the real or imagined world isstudied for its own sake.07:13www.XiYuS锡育软件Of foremost importance is a thorough,well-organizedknowledge of all that is known of the relevant entities andprocesses that might be involved in that domain youpropose to enter.这包括所有和这个领域相关的所有已知的实体和流程07:20When something new is discovered,its logical then that oneof the follow-up steps is to find the mathematical andstatistical methods to move its analysis forward.很自然接下来要做的一件事 就是用数学和统计方法来做进一步分析07:34If that step proves too difficult for the person or team thatmade the discovery,a mathematician can then be added bythem as a collaborator.来说过于困难,那可以增加一个数学家,07:45Consider the following principle,which I will modestly callWilsons Principle Number One:It is far easier for scientistsincluding medical researchers,to require neededcollaboration in mathematics and statistics than it is formathematicians and statisticians to find scientists able tomake use of their equations.我很谦虚地称之为Wilson的第一原则:科学家,包括医学研究人员 更容易得到数学和统计方面 相反如果数学家和统计学家想找到 科学家来使他们的数学公式能派上用处的话,那要更困难一些07:59follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的/n.随访;跟进;后续行动 statistical:adj.统计的;统计学的 mathematician:n.数学家/善作数字计算的人 collaborator:n.劳经合作者;勾结者;通敌者 modestly:adv.谨慎地;适当地 collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌statistics:n.统计;统计学;统计统计资料 make use of:使用,利用It is important in choosing the direction to take in science tofind the subject at your level of competence that interestsyou deeply,and focus on that.很重要一点,就是要选择既在你能力之内08:25Keep in mind,then,Wilsons Second Principle:For everyscientist,whether researcher,technician,teacher,manager orbusinessman,working at any level of mathematicalcompetence,there exists a discipline in science or medicinefor which that level is enough to achieve excellence.然后请注意Wilson第二原则:对任何一个科学家,不管是研究人员,技术人员,教师,管理者或商人,无论他们用什么样的数学水平来工作08:37Now Im going to offer quickly several more principles thatwill be useful in organizing your education and career,or ifyoure teaching,how you might enhance your own teachingand counseling of young scientists.现在我很快的再提供 或者如果你们选择教学,09:00In selecting a subject in which to conduct original research,or to develop world-class expertise,take a part of thechosen discipline that is sparsely inhabited.或成为第一流专家的课题的时候,09:17Judge opportunity by how few other students andresearchers are on hand.涉猎这一部分的学生和研究人员越少,09:30competence:n.能力，胜任；权限；作证能力；足以过舒适生活的收入 Keep in mind:记住 excellence:n.优秀;美德;长处world-class:n.世界级/adj.世界级的 expertise:n.专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见 sparsely:adv.稀疏地;贫乏地inhabited:adj.有人居住的/v.占据(inhabit的过去分词);居住于This is not to de-emphasize the essential requirement ofbroad training,or the value of apprenticing yourself inongoing research to programs of high quality.但这并不是说广泛学习中的基本要求09:36It is important also to acquire older mentors within thesesuccessful programs,and to make friends and colleagues ofyour age for mutual support.朋友和同事09:48But through it all,look for a way to break out,to find a fieldand subject not yet popular.但是无论如何 都要想办法找到一个不常见的领域和学科,并取得突破09:58We have seen this demonstrated already in the talkspreceding mine.在我之前的演讲中我们已经看到这样的例子10:05There is the quickest way advances are likely to occur,asmeasured in discoveries per investigator per year.那这是最快取得成绩的途径.10:08You may have heard the military dictum for the gathering ofarmies:March to the sound of the guns.向有枪声的方向前进10:17In science,the exact opposite is the case:March away fromthe sound of the guns.10:25de-emphasize:vt.不再重视,不再强调 apprenticing:n.学徒;生手/vt.使当学徒/vi.当学徒 mentors:n.导师,教练(mentor复数)break out:v.爆发;突发 not yet:还没有,还没 demonstrated:演示 preceding:adj.在前的；前述的/v.在.之前(precede的ing形式)investigator:n.研究者;调查者;侦查员 dictum:n.格言;声明;法官的附带意见So Wilsons Principle Number Three:March away from thesound of the guns.这就是Wilson的第三原则:10:32Observe from a distance,but do not join the fray.在一定距离外观察,但不要加入战场,10:38Make a fray of your own.10:42Once you have settled on a specialty,and the profession youcan love,and youve secured opportunity,your potential tosucceed will be greatly enhanced if you study it enough tobecome an expert.并且已经取得了机会后,只要你刻苦学习以成为一个专家.10:44There are thousands of professionally delimited subjectssprinkled through physics and chemistry to biology andmedicine.从物理,化学,11:02And on then into the social sciences,where it is possible inshort time to acquire the status of an authority.以及社会科学的各个领域.当一门专业里研究人员非常少的时候,11:09When the subject is still very thinly populated,you can withdiligence and hard work become the world authority.成为一个权威.而且只要你刻苦努力,11:18fray:n.争论;打架;磨损处/vt.使磨损;变得令人紧张,急躁/vi.被磨损 enhanced:adj.加强的;增大的/v.提高;加强(enhance的过去分词)professionally:adv.专业地;内行地 delimited:v.划定的界限;限定(delimit的过去分词)/adj.划定界限的;被限定了的sprinkled:撒 sciences:n.科学(science的复数)thinly:adv.薄;稀疏地;细;瘦 populated:adj.粒子数增加的/v.居住于中;构成的人口(populate的过去分词)diligence:n.勤奋,勤勉;注意的程度The world needs this kind of expertise,and it rewards thekind of people willing to acquire it.这个世界需要这样的专业知识,也会得到丰盛的奖励.11:26The existing information and what you self-discover may atfirst seem skimpy and difficult to connect to other bodies ofknowledge.现有的信息和你的独自的发现 最开始可能让你觉得11:35Well,if thats the case,good.Why hard instead of easy?如果是那样的话,很好.那为什么要困难而不要容易呢?11:45The answer deserves to be stated as Principle Number Four.11:51In the attempt to make scientific discoveries,every problemis an opportunity,and the more difficult the problem,thegreater will be the importance of its solution.在进行科学发现的尝试时,每个问题都是一次机会,它被解决的意义就越重大.11:56Now this brings me to a basic categorization in the wayscientific discoveries are made.这把我带到科学发现的 一个基本分类.12:06Scientists,pure mathematicians among them,follow one orthe other of two pathways:First through early discoveries,aproblem is identified and a solution is sought.第一,通过早期发现,一个问题被识别,解决方法被探索.12:13The problem may be relatively small;for example,whereexactly in a cruise ship does the norovirus begin to spread?这个问题或许相对很小;12:25rewards:n.劳经奖励;奖品(reward的复数)/v.劳经奖赏;酬谢;报答(reward的单三形式)skimpy:adj.不足的;吝啬的 stated:adj.规定的;阐明的;定期的/v.规定(state的过去分词);陈述;阐明 in the way:妨碍;挡道Or larger,whats the role of dark matter in the expansion ofthe universe?12:33As the answer is sought,other phenomena are typicallydiscovered and other questions are asked.在寻求答案的过程中,其它现象又会出现,其它问题
