RaymondWang_2015Y[雷蒙德.王][病菌是如何在飞机上传播的——以及我们要如何阻止这种传播].pdf
www.XiYuS锡育软件Can I get a show of hands-how many of you in this roomhave been on a plane in this past year?可不可以请大家举一下手 这里有多少人在过去一年中搭乘过飞机？00:13Thats pretty good.看起来很多啊。00:20Well,it turns out that you share that experience with morethan three billion people every year.那么,事实证明你每年会与 超过30亿人共享飞行的经历。00:21And when we put so many people in all these metal tubesthat fly all over the world,sometimes,things like this canhappen and you get a disease epidemic.当我们把这么多人放入所有这些 满世界飞行的金属管时,有时会发生这样的事情 你会感染一种传染病。00:27I first actually got into this topic when I heard about theEbola outbreak last year.我最初开始这个课题,是在去年听说了埃博拉疫情爆发的时候。00:37And it turns out that,although Ebola spreads through thesemore range-limited,large-droplet routes,theres all theseother sorts of diseases that can be spread in the airplanecabin.事实表明,尽管埃博拉病毒是在很有限的范围内,以飞沫传染的方式进行传播的,还有其它很多种疾病 也会在机舱中传播。00:41The worst part is,when we take a look at some of thenumbers,its pretty scary.最糟糕的是,当我们看到一些数字时,会感到很恐惧。00:51So with H1N1,there was this guy that decided to go on theplane and in the matter of a single flight actually spread thedisease to 17 other people.携带有H1N1的这家伙 决定了要登上飞机,就单个航班而言,他可以把疾病传播给其他17个人。00:56tubes:n.材管子,导管;管状虫;伦敦地铁(tube的复数)Ebola:n.埃博拉病毒 outbreak:n.(战争的)爆发;(疾病的)发作/vi.爆发take a look at:看一看;检查 in the matter of:就而论,在方面And then there was this other guy with SARS,who managedto go on a three-hour flight and spread the disease to 22other people.还有另一个家伙携带有“非典“病菌,登上了一个三小时的航班,并把疾病传播给了其他22个人。01:04Thats not exactly my idea of a great superpower.我原先并不知道这种传染性竟然这么强。01:11When we take a look at this,what we also find is that its verydifficult to pre-screen for these diseases.看一下这张图,我们也会发现,事先筛查出这些疾病是非常困难的。01:15So when someone actually goes on a plane,they could besick and they could actually be in this latency period in whichthey could actually have the disease but not exhibit anysymptoms,and they could,in turn,spread the disease tomany other people in the cabin.所以,当有人上了飞机,他们可能是病人,也可能处于疾病的潜伏期,也就是说他们会得上这种病,但是海没有表现出任何症状,于是他们就可能把疾病传染给 机舱中的其他人。01:21How that actually works is that right now weve got aircoming in from the top of the cabin and from the side of thecabin,as you see in blue.这到底是怎么传播的呢？事实上,空气由机舱的顶部和侧边进入,就是你们看到的蓝色箭头的位置。01:35And then also,that air goes out through these very efficientfilters that eliminate 99.97 percent of pathogens near theoutlets.然后,空气通过这些高效的过滤器离开机舱,出口附近99.97%的病菌都会被过滤掉。01:41three-hour:n.美国俚语,青少年用语厌倦,难以忍受 superpower:n.超级大国;超级强权 latency:n.潜伏;潜在因素symptoms:n.临床症状;症候;病徵 filters:n.化工滤器,电子光滤波器;光滤光片(filter的复数)/v.过滤(filter的三单形式)pathogens:n.基医病原体;病原菌;基医致病菌 outlets:n.出路;销售点;排水口;批发商点(outlet的复数形式)What happens right now,though,is that we have this mixingairflow pattern.然而,目前的情况是,空气是按这种混合气流的方式流动着。01:51So if someone were to actually sneeze,that air would getswirled around multiple times before it even has a chance togo out through the filter.所以如果有人打了个喷嚏,周围的空气就会呈漩涡态反复打转,然后才有机会从过滤器排出。01:55TED演讲者：Raymond Wang|雷蒙德.王演讲标题：How germs travel on planes and how we can stop them|病菌是如何在飞机上传播的以及我们要如何阻止这种传播内容概要：Raymond Wang is only 17 years old,but he.s already helping to build a healthierfuture.Using fluid dynamics,he created computational simulations of how air moves onairplanes,and what he found is disturbing when a person sneezes on a plane,the airflowactually helps to spread pathogens to other passengers.Wang shares an unforgettableanimation of how a sneeze travels inside a plane cabin as well as his prize-winning solution:asmall,fin-shaped device that increases fresh airflow in airplanes and redirects pathogen-ladenair out of circulation.雷蒙德.王只有17岁，但已经在帮助创建更加健康的未来。利用流体动力学，他创建了飞机上空气流动的计算模型，并发现了令人不安的事实当有人在飞机上打喷嚏时，气流实质上帮助把病菌传播给了其他乘客。王分享了一段令人印象深刻的视频，包括喷嚏是如何在机舱内传播的以及他获奖的解决方案：一个小型的，鱼鳍状的设备，它增加了飞机中的新鲜气流，并使含有病菌的空气改道退出流通。So I thought:clearly,this is a pretty serious problem.所以我觉得这明显是个严重的问题。02:03I didnt have the money to go out and buy a plane,so Idecided to build a computer instead.我买不起飞机,所以我决定弄台计算机试试看。02:07It actually turns out that with computational fluid dynamics,what were able to do is create these simulations that give ushigher resolutions than actually physically going in andtaking readings in the plane.事实表明,利用计算流体动力学,我们就能够模拟这些情况,相较于真正进入飞机获取数据,这样其实更方便进行数据解析。02:13And so how,essentially,this works is you would start outwith these 2D drawings-these are floating around intechnical papers around the Internet.我们的工作是从这些 2D图形开始的 网络上有很多关于这方面的技术论文。02:24mixing:n.混合;电子混频/v.混合(mix的ing形式)airflow:n.气流(尤指飞机等产生的);空气的流动/adj.让空气自由流动的;气流产生的;流线型的 sneeze:vi.打喷嚏/n.喷嚏 swirled:n.漩涡;打旋;涡状形/vi.盘绕;打旋;眩晕;大口喝酒/vt.使成漩涡computational:adj.计算的 fluid:adj.流动的;流畅的;不固定的/n.流体;液体 dynamics:n.动力学,力学 simulations:n.计模拟(simulation的复数);计仿真 resolutions:n.决议(resolution的复数);解决;决心;物分辨率 start out:出发;着手进行drawings:n.图纸;图示;提用,金融提款(drawing的复数)I take that and then I put it into this 3D-modeling software,really building that 3D model.我把它们导入到3D模型软件中,建立了那个3D模型。02:32And then I divide that model that I just built into these tinypieces,essentially meshing it so that the computer canbetter understand it.然后我把刚刚建好的模型分解成小块,彻底打碎这个模型,使得计算机能够更好地理解每组数据。02:37And then I tell the computer where the air goes in and out ofthe cabin,throw in a bunch of physics and basically sit thereand wait until the computer calculates the simulation.然后我告诉计算机空气出入机舱的位置,在机舱内放置一些物体,然后基本就可以坐在一边直到计算机模拟完成。02:45So what we get,actually,with the conventional cabin is this:youll notice the middle person sneezing,and we go Splat!-it goes right into peoples faces.若是用传统的机舱,我们得到的结果是,中间的乘客打喷嚏时,在“阿欠”一声后气流就会喷向人们的脸部。02:56Its pretty disgusting.实在有点恶心。03:06From the front,youll notice those two passengers sittingnext to the central passenger not exactly having a great time.从前面看,中间乘客身旁的 两位乘客,肯定不会开心。03:08And when we take a look at that from the side,youll alsonotice those pathogens spreading across the length of thecabin.从侧边观察一下,你也会发现那些病菌会在机舱内前后传播。03:14meshing:n.机啮合;建网/v.相啮合(mesh的ing形式);使缠住;使互相协调 a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆 simulation:n.仿真;模拟;模仿;假装 sneezing:n.打喷嚏/v.打喷嚏(sneeze的ing形式)Splat:n.长条木板;溅泼声;啪啦声/v.(使)发出溅泼声The first thing I thought was,This is no good.我的第一反应是“这样可不好”。03:22So I actually conducted more than 32 different simulationsand ultimately,I came up with this solution right here.我实际上创建了32个不同的情况的模拟,并最终得到了这个解决方案。03:24This is what I call a-patent pending-Global Inlet Director.我称它为专利审核中的环流入口导向器。03:31With this,were able to reduce pathogen transmission byabout 55 times,and increase fresh-air inhalation by about190 percent.有了这个,我们可以把病菌传播的可能性 降低55倍,并可以增加190%可吸入的新鲜空气。03:34So how this actually works is we would install this piece ofcomposite material into these existing spots that are alreadyin the plane.那么在实际过程中如何使用呢？我们只需要把这块复合材料 安装到飞机上已经存在的这些位置。03:42So its very cost-effective to install and we can do thisdirectly overnight.安装成本非常低,只需要一个晚上就能全部安装好。03:50All we have to do is put a couple of screws in there andyoure good to go.所有的工作仅仅是要上几颗螺丝,非常简单。03:54And the results that we get are absolutely amazing.我们得到的结果非常惊人。03:57conducted:v.管理(conduct的过去分词);引导;指挥 patent:vt.授予专利;取得的专利权/adj.专利的;新奇的;显然的/n.专利权;执照;专利品 pending:adj.未决定的;行将发生的/prep.在期间;直到时为止;在等待之际/v.待定;悬而不决(pend的ing形式)Inlet:n.入口,进口;插入物 pathogen:n.病原体;病菌 inhalation:n.吸入;吸入药剂 composite:n.复合材料;合成物;菊科/adj.复合的;合成的;菊科的/vt.使合成;使混合 cost-effective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient)screws:n.机螺丝;潜水员病;螺旋体(screw的复数)/v.用螺钉固定;用螺杆操纵(screw的三单形式)Instead of having those problematic swirling airflowpatterns,we can create these walls of air that come down in-between the passengers to create personalized breathingzones.避开了那些有问题的漩涡气流模式,我们能够在乘客中间,建立起这些空气墙,从而创造出私人的呼吸区域。04:00So youll notice the middle passenger here is sneezing again,but this time,were able to effectively push that down to thefilters for elimination.这样你会发现当中间的乘客再打喷嚏时,我们就能够有效地迫使带有病菌的空气向下流动,直接经过滤器排出。04:09And same thing from the side,youll notice were able to从侧边再看一下,可以看到我们能够直接让病菌向And same thing from the side,youll notice were able todirectly push those pathogens down.下流动。04:18So if you take a look again now at the same scenario butwith this innovation installed,youll notice the middlepassenger sneezes,and this time,were pushing that straightdown into the outlet before it gets a chance to infect anyother people.安装了这个新的设计,现在再看一下同样的情形,你会发现中间乘客打喷嚏时,我们能够在其他人受到影响之前,直接把病菌向下推送并排出机舱。04:23So youll notice the two passengers sitting next to the middleguy are breathing virtually no pathogens at all.可以看到中间乘客身边的两位乘客 安全不会吸入病菌。04:37problematic:adj.问题的;有疑问的;不确定的 swirling:n.漩涡;流涡流/adj.打旋的/v.打旋;眩晕;使成漩涡(swirl的现在分词形式)in-between:n.中间人;中间存在者;局中的物体/adj.中间的 personalized:adj.个性化的;个人化的/v.个性化(personalize的过去式);个人化 elimination:n.消除;淘汰;除去 scenario:n.方案;情节;剧本 innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 sneezes:n.打喷嚏/v.打喷嚏/不容小视Take a look at that from the side as well,you see a veryefficient system.再从侧边看一下,这是一个非常有效的系统。04:43And in short,with this system,we win.总而言之,有了这个系统,我们赢了。04:47When we take a look at what this means,what we see is thatthis not only works if the middle passenger sneezes,but alsoif the window-seat passenger sneezes or if the aisle-seatpassenger sneezes.当我们再进一步看看它的效果,可以看到这不仅在当中间位置的乘客打喷嚏时有效,也对窗边或者过道边的乘客 非常有效。04:51And so with this solution,what does this mean for the world?那么,这个解决方案对全世界意味着什么了？05:03Well,when we take a look at this from the computersimulation into real life,we can see with this 3D model that Ibuilt over here,essentially using 3D printing,当我们把视角从计算机模拟 转换到现实生活时,在利用3D打印 做好了这个3D模型后,05:06we can see those same airflow patterns coming down,rightto the passengers.我们能够看到气流直接 对着乘客往下流动。05:17In the past,the SARS epidemic actually cost the world about40 billion dollars.在过去,“非典”足足花费了 全世界400亿美元。05:22And in the future,a big disease outbreak could actually costthe world in excess of three trillion dollars.在将来,一个大型疾病的爆发可能会花费全世界 超过3万亿美元。05:27So before,it used to be that you had to take an airplane outof service for one to two months,spend tens of thousands ofman hours and several million dollars to try to changesomething.以前,我们经常不得不让飞机 停飞一两个月,花费大量人力以及巨资,来试着解决一些问题。05:33trillion:n.数万亿/adj.万亿的/num.数万亿www.XiYuS锡育软件But now,were able to install something essentially overnightand see results right away.但现在我们只需花上一个晚上安装一下这个东西,效果就立竿见影了。05:44So its really now a matter of taking this through tocertification,flight testing,and going through all of theseregulatory approvals processes.实际上,现在只需要把这个结果拿去认证,进行飞行测试,05:49But it just really goes to show that sometimes the bestsolutions are the simplest solutions.事实表明,有时最好的解决方案 恰恰就是最简单的。05:57And two years ago,even,this project would not havehappened,just because the technology then wouldnt havesupported it.然而就两年前,这个项目甚至不可能实施,只是因为那时的技术还无法实现这种设计。06:01But now with advanced computing and how developed ourInternet is,its really the golden era for innovation.但是有了先进的计算技术 和如此发达的网络,我们现在真的处于创新的黄金时期。06:09And so the question I ask all of you today is:why wait?所以今天我要问大家的问题是:还在等什么呢？06:17Together,we can build the future today.一起努力,我们今天就能创造未来。06:20Thanks.谢谢。06:23(Applause)（掌声）06:24certification:n.证明,保证;检定 regulatory:adj.管理的;控制的;调整的*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*
