RobertBallard_2008[罗伯特.巴拉德][深海探险].pdf

www.XiYuS锡育软件The first question is this.请听第一个问题。00:12Our country has two exploration programs.美国有两个探险计划。00:14One is NASA with a mission to explore the great beyond,toexplore the heavens,which we all want to go to if were lucky.一个是美国宇航局的，担负着探索来世、探索天堂的使命。要是幸运的话，我们都想去。00:17And you can see we have Sputnik,and we have a Saturn andwe have other manifestations of space exploration.你们可以发现，我们有人造地球卫星，我们有“土星”运载火箭，还有空间探险的其他证明。00:25Well,theres also another program in another agency withinour government,in ocean exploration.噢，对了，在我们政府的另一个机构里，还有另外一个计划海洋勘探。00:32Its in NOAA,the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration.海洋勘探由NOAA,也就是国家海洋与大气管理局负责。00:37And my question is this-Why are we ignoring theoceans?我的问题是：我们为什么忽视海洋？00:41Heres the reason,or not the reason but heres why I ask thatquestion.理由是，或者不成其为理由，只是我为什么要问这个问题的理由。00:47If you compare NASAs annual budget to explore theheavens,that one year budget would fund NOAAs budgetto explore the oceans for 1,600 years.美国宇航局探测太空的年度预算 与国家海洋与大气管理局的预算比起来，足够海洋勘探计划进行1,600年。00:51Why?Why are we looking up?Is it because its heaven?为什么？为什么我们总是抬头望天？是因为天堂在上，01:05Sputnik:n.人造卫星(前苏联制造)manifestations:n.临床表现(manifestion的复数);显示;证明 Oceanic:adj.海洋的;海洋产出的;在海洋中生活的;广阔无垠的 Atmospheric:adj.大气的,大气层的And hell is down here?Is it a cultural issue?而地狱在下？这是一个文化问题吗？01:10Why are people afraid of the ocean?为什么人们害怕海洋？01:13Or do they just assume the ocean is just a dark,gloomyplace that has nothing to offer?或者，他们只是在推测，海洋不过是一个黑暗、沉闷、没有什么东西可以给我们的地方？01:15Im going to take you on a 16 minute trip on 72 percent ofthe planet,so buckle up.我要带你们到占地球表面积百分之72的地方进行16分钟的旅行，好了，请系好安全带。01:23OK.And what were going to do,is were going to immerseourselves in my world.很好。下面我们将要做的，就是要把我们自己沉浸在我的世界里。01:29And what Im going to try-I hope I make the followingpoints.而且我打算尝试，我希望解释以下几点。01:33Im going to make it right now in case I forget-iseverything Im going to present to you was not in mytextbooks when I went to school.我打算现在就解释，以免忘了。我将要呈现到你们面前的一切，不在我念书时的教科书里。01:36And most of all,it was not even in my college textbooks.尤其是，甚至不在我的大学教科书里。01:44Im a geophysicist and all my earth science books when I wasa student,I had to give the wrong answer to get an A.我是一个地球物理学者，我还是一名学生的时候，就学了所有的地球科学教科书，为了得到一个A,我不得不给出一个错误的答案。01:48We used to ridicule continental drift.It was something welaughed at.我们过去常常嘲笑大陆漂移说。那是我们曾经嘲笑的东西。01:57gloomy:adj.黑暗的；沮丧的；阴郁的 buckle:vi.扣住;变弯曲/vt.扣住;使弯曲/n.皮带扣,带扣 immerse:vt.沉浸;使陷入geophysicist:n.地物地球物理学者 ridicule:vt.嘲笑;嘲弄;愚弄/n.嘲笑;笑柄;愚弄 continental:adj.大陆的;大陆性的/n.欧洲人We learned of Marshall Kays geosynclinal cycle,which is abunch of crap.我们学了马歇尔.凯的构造循环，那就是一派胡言乱语。02:00In todays context it was a bunch of crap,but it was the law ofgeology,vertical tectonics.在今天的语境中，它是一派胡言。但当时它就是地质学定律，即地壳垂直运动构造理论。02:03All the things were going to walk through in ourexplorations and discoveries of the oceans were mostlydiscoveries made by accident.在我们进行海洋探险和发现的 整个过程中，大多数发现都是偶然得到的。02:09Mostly discoveries made by accident.大多数发现纯系偶然。02:18We were looking for something and found something else.我们在寻找某件东西，却发现了别的东西。02:20TED演讲者：Robert Ballard|罗伯特.巴拉德演讲标题：Exploring the ocean.s hidden worlds|深海探险内容概要：On more than 120 deep-sea expeditions,Robert Ballard has made many majornatural discoveries,such as the deep-sea vents.Oh,and he found the Titanic.海洋探险家罗伯特.巴拉德将带领我们去海底世界进行一次令人震惊的旅行，在那儿，他和其他研究者们正不断发现奇异的生命、资源，甚至新的山脉。他提出，对深海进行认真的探测和绘图具有充足的理由。像谷歌海洋，还有谁?And everything were going to talk about represents a one10th of one percent glimpse,because thats all weve seen.而我们将要谈到的一切 不过是冰山一角，因为这就是我们所看到的全部。02:23I have a characterization.我这儿有一个描绘。02:31This is a characterization of what it would look like if youcould remove the water.如果你能去掉水，它看起来就是这个样子。02:33It gives you the false impression its a map.你以为这是一张地图。02:37It is not a map.这不是地图。02:39In fact,I have another version at my office and I ask people,Why are there mountains here on this area here but thereare none over here?And they go,Well,gee,事实上，我办公室有另一个版本，我会问大家：“为什么这片区域有山脉，但这上方什么也没有哇？”他们会走上前，“什么？咦！02:41a bunch of:一群;一束;一堆 geology:n.地质学；地质情况 tectonics:n.建构造学,地质构造地质学 explorations:n.探索;探险(exploration的复数);勘查;医探察术 by accident:偶然;意外地 characterization:n.描述;特性描述I dont know,saying,Is it a fracture zone?Is it a hot spot?不知道，”他们答道。“这是一个断裂带吗？是一个热点吗？”02:52No,no,thats the only place a ships been.不，不，这只是一艘船所在的地方。02:56Most of the southern hemisphere is unexplored.南半球大多数地方尚未勘探。03:00We had more exploration ships down there during CaptainCooks time than now.Its amazing.库克船长时代去那些海域探险的船只 比现在要多。这太令人吃惊了。03:03All right.So were going to immerse ourselves in the 72percent of the planet because,you know,its really naive tothink that the Easter Bunny put all the resources on thecontinents.很好，现在我们要沉浸到 占地球表面积72%的地方去了，你知道，认为复活节兔子会把所有的资源 都放到欧洲，这种想法实在是太天真了。03:09(Laughter)You know,its just ludicrous.（笑声）你知道，这简直是荒谬的。03:22We are always constantly playing the zero sum game.我们总是在不断地玩着零和游戏。03:27You know,were going to take it away from something else.要知道，我们打算把它从某些别的东西上拿开。03:32I believe in just enriching the economy.我相信，经济就要充实起来。03:35And were leaving so much on the table,72 percent of theplanet.而我们竟要把占地球表面积72%，如此巨大的版图，闲置起来。03:37fracture:n.破裂,断裂;外科骨折/vi.破裂;折断/vt.使破裂 hemisphere:n.半球 unexplored:adj.地质未勘查过的 naive:adj.天真的,幼稚的 Bunny:n.兔子(特别是小兔子);可爱女郎 continents:n.地理大陆,大洲(continent复数)ludicrous:adj.滑稽的;荒唐的 enriching:n.浓缩/v.使富足;增进的价值;装饰(enrich的ing形式)And as I will point out later in the presentation,50 percent ofthe United States of America lies beneath the sea.同样地，在稍后的报告中，我将指出，美利坚合众国的50%，躺在海底。03:4150 percent of our country that we own,have all legaljurisdiction,have all rights to do whatever we want,liesbeneath the sea and we have better maps of Mars than that50 percent.对国家的这50%，我们有着全部的合法的管辖权，这片我们想干什么就干什么的版图，竟然躺在海底，因为我们有比这50%更好的火星地图！03:49Why?OK.Now,I began my explorations the hard way.为什么？好了，现在，我开始了我艰难的探索之旅。03:59Back then-actually my first expedition was when I was 17years old.It was 49 years ago.回到那时实际上，我的第一次探险 是在我17岁的时候。那是49年前。04:07我算算，我现在是66岁了。那时我们乘着一艘小船出海，我们几乎在巨浪中沉没，我的确是太年轻了，你知道，我觉得真是棒极了！04:12I was a body surfer and I thought,Wow,that was anincredible wave!我是个冲浪运动员，这时我想，“哇，真是难以置信的大浪！”04:22And we almost sunk the ship,but I became enraptured withmounting expeditions.And over the last 49 years我们差点把船弄沉，但我却为越来越多的探险而欣喜若狂。在过去的整整49年中，04:25Ive done about 120,121-I keep doing them-expeditions.我已进行了大约120次、121次探险，我没间断地在做这件事。04:32But in the early days the only way I could get to the bottomwas to crawl into a submarine,a very small submarine,andgo down to the bottom.但早年，我能够去到海底的唯一途径 就是爬进一艘潜艇，一艘很小的潜艇，然后下到海底。04:36point out:指出,指明 jurisdiction:n.司法权,审判权,管辖权;权限,权力 expedition:n.远征;探险队;迅速 enraptured:adj.狂喜的;著迷的/v.狂喜(enrapture的过去式)mounting:n.装备,装配;上马;衬托纸/v.增加(mount的ing形式);爬上/adj.逐渐增加的 expeditions:n.探险(expedition的复数);远征 submarine:n.潜水艇;海底生物/adj.海底的;水下的/vt.用潜水艇攻击/vi.在下疾行;在下滑动www.XiYuS锡育软件I dove in a whole series of different deep divingsubmersibles.我潜过全部不同的深潜器。04:44Alvin and Sea Cliff and Cyana,and all the major deepsubmersibles we have,which are about eight.阿尔文号、海崖号和喜鹊号，以及我们拥有的全部主要的深潜器，大约8艘。04:46In fact,on a good day we might have four or five humanbeings at the average depth of the earth-maybe four orfive human beings out of whatever billions weve got going.事实上，在一个风和日丽的日子，我们可能有四、五个人 在地球的平均深度上 也许是几十亿人中的四、五个人开始行动了。04:52And so its very difficult to get there if you do it physically.所以如果你真要行动，到那儿去，那是非常困难的。05:03But I was enraptured,and in my graduate years was thedawn of plate tectonics.And we realized that the greatestmountain range on earth lies beneath the sea.但我却喜不自胜，因为我毕业的年代 正处在板块构造学的萌芽期。那时我们意识到 地球上最大的山脉躺在海底。05:06The Mid Ocean Ridge runs around like the seam on abaseball.大洋中脊就像环绕在棒球上的接缝。05:17This is on a Mercator projection.这是在墨卡托投影上。05:20But if you were to put it on an equal area projection,youdsee that the mid-ocean ridge covers 23 percent of the earthstotal surface area.但要是你要把它放到一个等积投影上，你就会发现，大洋中脊覆盖了 地球总表面积的23%。05:22dove:n.鸽子;鸽派人士/v.潜水(dive的过去式)submersibles:adj.能潜水的;能沉入水中的 Alvin:n.阿尔文(男子名);艾文(美国得克萨斯州一城市名)seam:n.缝;接缝/vt.缝合;接合;使留下伤痕/vi.裂开;产生裂缝 projection:n.投射;规划;突出;发射;推测mid-ocean:adj.海洋中部的/n.海中央Almost a quarter of our planet is a single mountain rangeand we didnt enter it until after Neil Armstrong and BuzzAldrin went to the moon.我们这个行星的几乎四分之一是一条单独的山脉，然而，直到尼尔.阿姆斯特朗 和巴兹奥尔德林登月之后，我们才进入这条山脉。05:30So we went to the moon,played golf up there,before wewent to the largest feature on our own planet.所以，在去到我们自己的行星上最大的地貌之前，我们就到了月球，在那上面玩高尔夫了。05:37And our interest in this mountain range,as earth scientists inthose days was not only because of its tremendous sizedominating the planet,but the role it plays in the genesis ofthe earths outer skin.在那些日子里，做为地球科学家，我们之所以对于这条山脉感兴趣，不仅由于它的在这个行星上硕大无朋，而且由于它在地球外壳的起源上所起的作用。05:44Because its along the axis of the mid-ocean ridge where thegreat crustal plates are separating.因为这条山脉的走向正沿着大洋中脊的轴线，在那儿，巨大的地壳板块正在分裂。05:53And like a living organism,you tear it open it bleeds itsmolten blood,rises up to heal that wound from theasthenosphere,hardens,forms new tissue and moveslaterally.就像一个活体，你把它撕开，它流着炽热的鲜血，奋起治愈岩流圈的创伤，然后变硬，形成新的组织，再向两侧运动。05:57Armstrong:n.阿姆斯特朗(美国宇航员,登月第一人)Aldrin:n.农药艾氏剂;阿耳德林(一种杀虫剂)tremendous:adj.极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的 dominating:adj.主要的;独裁的;专横的/v.支配;统治(dominate的ing形式)genesis:n.发生;起源 axis:n.轴；轴线；轴心国 bleeds:v.印刷出血(bleed的第三人称单数);感到疼痛/n.出血版;活门;细管(bleed的复数)molten:adj.熔化的；铸造的；炽热的/v.换毛；脱毛(molt的过去分词)/hardens:vi.变硬,变坚固;变坚强;变冷酷/vt.使变硬;使坚强;使冷酷;使麻木不仁 laterally:adv.旁边地But no one had actually gone down into the actual site of theboundary of creation as we call it-into the Rift Valley-until a group of seven of us但没有人能真的下去，进入那个撕裂的边界的现场 进入我们称为大裂谷的地方06:08crawled in our little submarines in the summer of1973/1974 and were the first human beings to enter theGreat Rift Valley.直到1973年和1974年的夏天，我们一行7人爬进小潜艇，于是，我们成为进入大裂谷的第一批人。06:15We went down into the Rift Valley,this is all accurate exceptfor one thing-its pitch black.我们潜到海底进入大裂谷，除了一件事这里一片漆黑，一切都准确无误。06:23Its absolutely pitch black because photons cannot reach theaverage depth of the ocean,which is 12,000 feet.In the RiftValley its 9,000 feet.这里是绝对的黑暗，因为光子无法到达海洋的平均深度 12,000英尺。大裂谷是9,000英尺。06:28Most of our planet does not feel the warmth of the sun.地球的大部分地方感觉不到太阳的温暖。06:36Most of our planet is in eternal darkness.我们行星的大部分区域处于永恒的黑暗中。06:40And for that reason you do not have photosynthesis in thedeep sea.因此，在深海没有光合作用。06:42And with the absence of photosynthesis you have no plantlife,and as a result,you have very little animal life living inthis underworld.由于没有光合作用，就没有植物，因此，也就极少有动物生活在这片深海中。06:46Rift:n.裂缝;不和;木裂口/vt.使断裂;使分开/vi.裂开 crawled:vi.爬行;匍匐行进/vt.爬行;缓慢地行进/n.爬行;养鱼池;匍匐而行submarines:n.潜艇;潜水艇(submarine的复数)for one thing:首先;一则 photons:n.物光子;量子光量子(photon的复数)eternal:adj.永恒的;不朽的 photosynthesis:n.光合作用 underworld:n.黑社会;地狱;下层社会;尘世Or so we thought.And so in our initial explorations we weretotally focused on exploring the boundary of creation,looking at the volcanic features running along that entire42,000 miles.我们大概就是这样想的。所以在我们最初的探险中，我们把全部精力集中在勘测正在形成的边界上，研究贯穿整个42,000英里的火山地貌。06:53Running along this entire 42,000 miles are tens of thousandsof active volcanoes.在这整个42,000英里的延伸线上，是数以万计的活火山。07:06Tens of thousands of active volcanoes.数以万计的活火山。07:11There are more active volcanoes beneath the sea than onland by two orders of magnitude.海底比陆上有 多两个数量级的活火山。07:13So its a phenomenally active region,its not just a darkboring place.Its a very alive place.所以，这里显然是一个非常活跃的区域，而非一个黑暗乏味的地方。这是一个很有生气的地方。07:18And its then being ripped open.但那时，它正在被撕裂开。07:25But we were dealing with a particular scientific issue backthen.但回到那时，我们正涉及到一个特殊的科学问题。07:27We couldnt understand why you had a mountain undertension.我们无法理解，为什么张力下会产生一座山脉。07:30In plate tectonic theory we knew that if you had platescollide,it made sense,they would crush into one another,you would thicken the crust,youd uplift it.在板块构造理论中，我们知道，如果板块相撞，这讲得通，它们会相互挤压进对方，外壳会变厚，会抬高。07:33volcanic:adj.火山的;猛烈的;易突然发作的/n.火山岩 volcanoes:n.火山爆发,火山;火山群(volcano复数)magnitude:n.大小;量级;地震震级;重要;光度 phenomenally:adv.现象上地;明白地;从感官认识到 tectonic:adj.地质构造的;建筑的;地壳构造上的 collide:vi.碰撞;抵触,冲突/vt.使碰撞;使相撞 one another:彼此,互相 thicken:vt.使变厚;使模糊;使变复杂/vi.变浓;变厚;变得模糊;变粗;变复杂 uplift:vt.提高;抬起/vi.提高;上升;升起/n.举起,抬起;道德的向上;精神的高涨Thats why you get,you know,you get sea shells up onMount Everest.这就是为什么，你知道，你会在珠峰上捡到海贝的原因。07:41Its not a flood,it was pushed up there.它不是因为洪水，它是被推上那儿的。07:44We understood mountains under compression,but we couldnot understand why we had a mountain under tension.我们理解挤压作用下的山脉，但我们无法理解为什么张力下也会形成山脉。07:46It should not be.Until one of my colleagues said,It looks tome like a thermal blister,and the Mid Ocean Ridge must bea cooling curve.We said,Lets go find out.不应该是这样的。直到我的一位同事说，“在我看来，这就像是一个热气泡，大洋中脊 一定是一条冷却曲线。”我们说，“我们去找。”07:51We punched a bunch of heat probes.Everything madesense,except at the axis there was missing heat.It wasmissing heat.我们施放了大量探热仪。一切都顺理成章，除了在轴线上有丢失热的现象外。它正在丢失热。07:59It was hot.It wasnt hot enough.它是热的，但不够热。08:05So we came up with multiple hypotheses,theres little greenpeople down there taking it.所以我们提出了多种假设，有小绿人在那儿带走了热。08:07Theres all sorts of things going on.各种各样的事情都在发生。08:11But the only logical was that there were hot springs.但唯一符合逻辑的解释还是热泉。08:13So there must be underwater hot springs.所以一定是有水下热泉。08:15compression:n.压缩,浓缩;压榨,压迫 thermal:adj.热的;热量的;保热的/n.上升的热气流 blister:n.水泡;水疱;气泡;砂眼;起泡剂/vt.使起水泡;痛打;猛烈抨击/vi.起水泡 punched:adj.穿孔,无孔的/v.戳;用拳猛击;用力推进(punch的过去分词)probes:n.探索;电子医探针;试样(probe的复数)/v.探查;用尖物刺穿(probe的三单形式)underwater:adj.在水中的;水面下的/adv.在水下/n.水下We mounted an expedition to look for the missing heat.我们进行了一次探险，以寻找丢失的热。08:17And so we went along this mountain range in an area alongGalapagos Rift,and did we find the missing heat.因此，我们沿加拉帕哥斯裂谷区域中的这条山脉行进，终于发现了失踪的热。08:19It was amazing.These giant chimneys.Huge giant chimneys.太令人吃惊了。这些巨大的烟囱。巨大的烟囱。08:26We went up to them with our submersible.我们乘潜艇到达这些烟囱上，08:30We wanted to get a temperature probe,we stuck it in there,looked at it-it pegged off scale.想去取一个温度传感器，我们把它插在那儿了。瞧这，已经超过读数了。08:32The pilot made this great observation:Thats hot.驾驶员报告了这一伟大的观察：“它是热的！”08:36(Laughter)And then we realized our probe was made out ofthe same stuff-It could have melted.But it turns out theexiting temperature was 650 degrees Fahrenheit,hot enoughto melt lead.（笑声）这时我们意识到我们的探热仪都是同样的材料制造的 它可能已经熔化了。但这就证明了出口的温度 是650华氏度，这个热度足可熔化铅。08:38This is what a real one looks like on the Juan de Fuca Ridge.这是胡安.德.富卡洋中脊中的一个实例。08:48What youre looking at is an incredible pipe organ ofchemicals coming out of the ocean.你看到的是一个从海底伸出来的 化学管，真是不可思议。08:51mounted:adj.骑马的;安装好的;裱好的/v.安装(mount的过去式和过去分词);爬上;骑上 chimneys:n.烟囱;烟囱型;灯罩(chimney的复数形式)submersible:adj.能潜水的;能沉入水中的 probe:n.探针;调查/vi.调查;探测/vt.探查;用探针探测pegged:钉住 melted:adj.融化的;溶解的/v.融化;溶解(melt的过去式)Everything you see in this picture is commercial grade-copper,lead,silver,zinc and gold.这幅照片中你看见的一切都具有商业价值铜、铅、银、锌和金。08:55So the Easter Bunny has put things in the ocean floor,andyou have massive heavy metal deposits that were making inthis mountain range.所以复活节兔子已经把东西放到了海底，在这条山脉，有含量丰富的重金属矿床。08:59Were making huge discoveries of large commercial gradeore along this mountain range,but it was dwarfed by whatwe discovered.沿着这条山脉，我们不断发现大量具有高商品等级的矿石，然而较之我们的发现，这不过是小巫见大巫而已。09:07We discovered a profusion of life in a world that it shouldnot exist.Giant tube worms,10 feet