PeterDoolittle_2013G[彼得.杜利特尔][你的”短期记忆“如何理解世界].pdf
www.XiYuS锡育软件So yesterday,I was out in the street in front of this building,and I was walking down the sidewalk,and I had company,several of us,and we were all abiding by the rules of walkingdown sidewalks.昨天呢,我出门走在 这幢楼前的大街上。我在人行道上 和几个朋友同行。我们都很守规矩地 走在人行道上。00:12Were not talking each other.Were facing forward.我们什么也不说,就是向前走。00:26Were moving.就这样往前走。00:28When the person in front of me slows down.就这样往前走。00:29And so Im watching him,and he slows down,and finally hestops.我看见他放慢了速度,然后停下了。00:33Well,that wasnt fast enough for me,so I put on my turnsignal,and I walked around him,and as I walked,I looked tosee what he was doing,and he was doing this.然后我很快就赶上他了。正好我要在街角转弯,我就绕过他走。我一边走,一边看他在做什么。他就是这样。00:36He was texting,and he couldnt text and walk at the sametime.他在发短信。因为他不可能一边走路一边打字。00:47Now we could approach this from a working memoryperspective or from a multitasking perspective.现在我们可以 从短期记忆的角度 或从多任务处理的角度来看这件事。00:51Were going to do working memory today.我们今天要讲的就是短期记忆的问题。00:57sidewalk:n.人行道 abiding:adj.持久的,永久的;不变的/v.遵守;容忍;继续存在(abide的现在分词)sidewalks:n.人行道slows:v.减速(slow的第三人称单数)/n.医乳毒病 texting:n.计文本;课文;主题/vt.发短信 multitasking:n.多重任务处理;多重任务执行Now,working memory is that part of our consciousness thatwe are aware of at any given time of day.短期记忆是 每天任何一个有意识的片断里 我们自我意识的一部分。01:00Youre going it right now.你现在就有短期记忆。01:07Its not something we can turn off.我们不可能随时关闭它。01:09If you turn it off,thats called a coma,okay?你要是把它关闭了,那就叫昏迷,对不对?01:11So right now,youre doing just fine.所以,你们现在都做得挺好。01:14Now working memory has four basic components.短期记忆有四个基本元素。01:17It allows us to store some immediate experiences and a littlebit of knowledge.它使我们能够存储一些很直接的体验 和很少的一部分知识。01:19It allows us to reach back into our long-term memory andpull some of that in as we need it,mixes it,processes it inlight of whatever our current goal is.它允许我们去追溯我们的长期记忆 找到我们需要的,进行组合和处理,这主要取决于我们的当前动机是什么。01:24Now the current goal isnt something like,I want to bepresident or the best surfer in the world.那么当前动机不是象 我想要总统或是做世界最佳冲浪手这样的动机。01:33Its more mundane.Id like that cookie,or I need to figureout how to get into my hotel room.它更世俗化,比如我要吃那块饼干,或者我要找到今晚住宿的酒店。01:37consciousness:n.意识;知觉;觉悟;感觉 coma:n.医昏迷;天彗形像差 long-term:adj.长期的/从长远来看 mixes:n.混淆;调拌料(mix的复数)/v.混合(mix的第三人称单数)in light of:根据;鉴于;从观点 mundane:adj.世俗的,平凡的;世界的,宇宙的Now working memory capacity is our ability to leverage that,our ability to take what we know and what we can hang ontoand leverage it in ways that allow us to satisfy our currentgoal.短期记忆的能力 是我们能够利用记忆的能力,是我们利用知识的能力。我们可以依赖,我们可以依赖,我们眼前的目标。01:43Now working memory capacity has a fairly long history,andits associated with a lot of positive effects.短期记忆能力 有相当长的历史,它能带来很多积极效应。01:57People with high working memory capacity tend to be goodstorytellers.短期记忆能力强的人 一般会很擅长讲故事。02:03They tend to solve and do well on standardized tests,however important that is.他们一般很善于应付标准化测试,不管是多么重要的考试。02:07TED演讲者：Peter Doolittle|彼得.杜利特尔演讲标题：How your working memory makes sense of the world|你的”短期记忆“如何理解世界内容概要：Life comes at us very quickly,and what we need to do is take that amorphous flowof experience and somehow extract meaning from it.In this funny,enlightening talk,educational psychologist Peter Doolittle details the importance-and limitations-of yourworking memory,that part of the brain that allows us to make sense of what.s happeningright now.“人生飞快地迎面而来，我们必须在飘忽而过的万象经验中提炼出意义来。”在这个趣味横生，启发深省的演讲里，教育心理学家彼得.杜利特尔详细介绍了大脑短期记忆的重要性和局限性，使我们对”当下“更加心领神会。however important that is.Theyre able to have high levels of writing ability.他们很善于写作。02:14Theyre also able to reason at high levels.他们善于提出深层次的问题。02:18So what were going to do here is play a little bit with someof that.那么这里呢,我们来做个短期记忆能力的小游戏。02:20So Im going to ask you to perform a couple tasks,and weregoing to take your working memory out for a ride.我会让你们完成两个任务,带你们的短期记忆出来兜兜风。02:23You up for that?Okay.你们想玩儿吧？好！02:29Im going to give you five words,and I just want you to hangon to them.我会给你们五个词,我要你们记住这些词,02:32leverage:n.手段,影响力;杠杆作用;杠杆效率/v.利用;举债经营 storytellers:n.说故事的人(storyteller的复数)standardized:adj.标准的;标准化的;定型的/v.使合乎标准;按标准校准;制定标准(standardize的过去分词)hang on:坚持下去;不挂断;握住不放Dont write them down.Just hang on to them.不是把它们写下来,而是用脑子记住它们。02:36Five words.五个词。02:37While youre hanging on to them,Im going to ask you toanswer three questions.你记着它们的同时,还要回答我三个问题。02:39I want to see what happens with those words.我想看看你们记这五个词儿记得怎么样02:42So heres the words:tree,highway,mirror,Saturn andelectrode.好吧,这五个词儿是:树,公路,镜子,土星 和电极。02:44So far so good?没问题吧？02:59Okay.What I want you to do is I want you to tell me what theanswer is to 23 times eight.好！现在我要你们 回答我的问题,23乘以8是多少。03:01Just shout it out.喊出来就行。03:08(Mumbling)(Laughter)In fact its-(Mumbling)-exactly.(Laughter)All right.I want you to take out your left hand andI want you to go,One,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,10.(喃喃自语)（笑声）事实上它等于 (喃喃自语)完全正确。（笑声）好吧。那现在我要你们伸出你的左手,你们要数:“一、二、三、四、五、六、七、八、九,十。03:12Its a neurological test,just in case you were wondering.它是一个神经功能测试,如果你想知道。03:26All right,now what I want you to do is to recite the last fiveletters of the English alphabet backwards.好吧,我现在要你们 倒着读出来 英语字母表中的最后五个字母。03:29You should have started with Z.要从 Z 开始读。03:38hang on to:紧紧抓住;紧握 electrode:n.电电极;电焊条 neurological:adj.神经病学的,神经学上的(Laughter)All right.How many people here are still prettysure youve got all five words?（笑声）好吧。这里有多少人 还记得我刚才给出的那五个单词？03:40Okay.Typically we end up with about less than half,right,which is normal.There will be a range.好吧。通常会有不到一半的人还记得。没错,这是很正常的。就是这么个范围。03:48Some people can hang on to five.有些人可以记住五个。03:53Some people can hang on to 10.有些人可以记住十个。03:55Some will be down to two or three.有的人只能记住两三个。03:56What we know is this is really important to the way wefunction,right?我们知道,这个对大脑功能确实很有用,对吧？03:58And its going to be really important here at TED becauseyoure going to be exposed to so many different ideas.在TED尤其重要,因为你会接触到很多不同的想法。04:02Now the problem that we have is that life comes at us,and itcomes at us very quickly,and what we need to do is to takethat amorphous flow of experience and somehow extractmeaning from it with a working memory thats about the sizeof a pea.现在我们的问题是 我们迎面而来的生活,它来得非常快。我们需要做的是收集那些模糊的 体验,然后用短期记忆来提炼 它的意义所在。差不多一个豌豆大小。04:07Now dont get me wrong,working memory is awesome.别搞错,短期记忆是很不简单的。04:23Working memory allows us to investigate our currentexperience as we move forward.它允许我们 在继续前行时 检视我们当前的体验。04:26Typically:adv.代表性地;作为特色地 amorphous:adj.无定形的;无组织的;物非晶形的 extract:vt.提取;取出;摘录;榨取/n.汁;摘录;榨出物;选粹 awesome:adj.令人敬畏的;使人畏惧的;可怕的;极好的www.XiYuS锡育软件It allows us to make sense of the world around us.它让我们理解我们周围的世界。04:32But it does have certain limits.但它确实是有极限的。04:35Now working memory is great for allowing us tocommunicate.短期记忆让我们能够和人交流。04:37We can have a conversation,and I can build a narrativearound that so I know where weve been and where weregoing and how to contribute to this conversation.我们可以谈话,我可以通过叙述来说明 我们讲到哪儿了,要说什么 以及怎么说。04:41It allows us to problem-solve,critical think.它让我们解决问题,慎重思考。04:49We can be in the middle of a meeting,listen to somebodyspresentation,evaluate it,decide whether or not we like it,askfollow-up questions.我们可能在一个会议期间,听别人的发言,评价它,决定我们是否喜欢它,然后提出问题。04:51All of that occurs within working memory.然后提出问题。04:58It also allows us to go to the store and allows us to get milkand eggs and cheese when what were really looking for isRed Bull and bacon.(Laughter)它让我们去商店 买牛奶、鸡蛋和奶酪,当我们真正想买的 是红牛饮料和培根时。（笑声）05:02Gotta make sure were getting what were looking for.要确保我们知道我们要找的是什么。05:12Now,a central issue with working memory is that its limited.现在,短期记忆的一个主要问题是 它的局限性。05:15make sense of:搞清的意思 narrative:n.叙述;故事;讲述/adj.叙事的,叙述的;叙事体的 contribute to:有助于;捐献follow-up:adj.后续的;增补的/n.随访;跟进;后续行动Its limited in capacity,limited in duration,limited in focus.它的能力和时长都是有局限的。它的聚焦点也有局限。05:19We tend to remember about four things.我们一般可以记住四件事情。05:23Okay?It used to be seven,but with functional MRIs,apparently its four,and we were overachieving.对吧？以前说是七件,但用功能性核磁共振成像检测,其实是四件 我们以前是逞强了。05:26Now we can remember those four things for about 10 to 20seconds unless we do something with it,unless we process it,unless we apply it to something,unless we talk to somebodyabout it.现在我们在大约10到20秒时间内 可以记住四件事,如果我们利用它,处理它,应用它,讨论它。05:32When we think about working memory,we have to realizethat this limited capacity has lots of different impacts on us.我们谈到短期记忆的时候 我们需要意识到它的局限性 对我们的影响。05:44Have you ever walked from one room to another and thenforgotten why youre there?你以前有没有从一个房间走到另个房间 突然忘了你要干什么？05:53You do know the solution to that,right?你知道怎么解决这样的事,对吧？05:59You go back to that original room.(Laughter)Have you everforgotten your keys?你就回到原来的那个房间去想想。（笑声）你曾经忘记过你的钥匙吧？06:01You ever forgotten your car?你曾经忘记过你的车吧?06:08You ever forgotten your kids?你曾经忘记过你的孩子吧？06:10Have you ever been involved in a conversation,and yourealize that the conversation to your left is actually moreinteresting?(Laughter)你有没有在聊天时,意识到你左边那人的谈话 其实更有趣？（笑声）06:13functional:adj.功能的 overachieving:vi.完成得比预期要好/vt.做得比预期的更好 impacts:n.影响(impact的复数);力冲击/v.压紧;冲撞;对产生不良影响(impact的三单形式)So youre nodding and youre smiling,but youre reallypaying attention to this one over here,until you hear that lastword go up,and you realize,youve been asked a question.(Laughter)嗯,你在点头,你在笑,你一直很专心地听我讲 直到你听到我说的最后一个字音调升高,你才意识到,我是在问你一个问题。（笑声）06:20And youre really hoping the answer is no,because thatswhat youre about to say.然后你们希望答案是否定的。因为那是你要说的。06:31All of that talks about working memory,what we can do andwhat we cant do.我们讲的就是这些短期记忆,我们能做什么,不能做什么。06:36We need to realize that working memory has a limitedcapacity,and that working memory capacity itself is how wenegotiate that.我们必须认识到短期记忆 的能力是有限的。短期记忆的能力在于我们怎么平衡它。06:41We negotiate that through strategies.我们通过一些策略来平衡。06:47So what I want to do is talk a little bit about a couple ofstrategies here,and these will be really important becauseyou are now in an information target-rich environment forthe next several days.我现在想讲的就是两个策略。这两个确实很重要。因为接下来的几天 你将处在一个信息爆炸的环境里。06:49Now the first part of this that we need to think about and weneed to process our existence,our life,immediately andrepeatedly.首先我们需要思考 我们需要整理我们的体验,迅速地和反复地。06:59We need to process whats going on the moment it happens,not 10 minutes later,not a week later,at the moment.我们需要处理正在发生的事情 就在当下,而不是十分钟后,更不是一周后,就在当下。07:06nodding:adj.点头的,低垂的;昏昏欲睡的/v.点头;打盹;摆动(nod的ing形式)strategies:n.策略,战略(strategy的复数形式)So we need to think about,well,do I agree with him?我们需要考虑,嗯,我同意他吗？07:14Whats missing?What would I like to know?不足的地方有那些？我想知道有哪些？07:18Do I agree with the assumptions?我同意这个假设吗？07:20How can I apply this in my life?我怎么把它用到我这儿？07:23Its a way of processing whats going on so that we can use itlater.我们就这么处理正在发生的事情 然后就可以利用它。07:24Now we also need to repeat it.We need to practice.那么,我们还需要重复它,需要实践。07:28So we need to think about it here.所以需要不断琢磨它。07:31In between,we want to talk to people about it.同时需要和别人谈论它。07:34Were going to write it down,and when you get home,pullout those notes and think about them and end up practicingover time.回家后还要写下它。然后拿出那些记录,再考虑考虑它。就这样结束记忆的训练。07:36Practice for some reason became a very negative thing.为某些原因而重复记忆是一件非常消极的事。07:43Its very positive.但它其实有非常积极的意义。07:46The next thing is,we need to think elaboratively and we needto think illustratively.下一件事就是,我们需要考虑如何精练 和如何阐述我们的记忆。07:47Oftentimes,we think that we have to relate new knowledgeto prior knowledge.很多时候,我们将新知识和旧知识联系起来。07:52What we want to do is spin that around.把它们融会贯通。07:56pull out:离开,撤离;拔出;渡过难关;恢复健康;折叠的大张插页;飞机进场重新飞起 Oftentimes:adv.时常地We want to take all of our existence and wrap it around thatnew knowledge and make all of these connections and itbecomes more meaningful.我们想要把所有我们旧的体验 都围绕着新的知识展开,让新旧知识融合在一起使它变得更有意义。07:58We also want to use imagery.We are built for images.我们还需要运用图像。人类对图像天生敏感。08:05We need to take advantage of that.我们需要利用这一点。08:08Think about things in images,write things down that way.思考图像里面的事实,把它记下来。08:10If you read a book,pull things up.如果你在读一本书,从里面提炼出想要的东西。08:14I just got through reading The Great Gatsby,我以前通读过伟大的盖茨比,08:16and I have a perfect idea of what he looks like in my head,somy own version.我很清楚地知道他是怎样的人。在我的脑海里,我有我自己的看法。08:18The last one is organization and support.最后一个就是组织和支持。08:24We are meaning-making machines.Its what we do.人天生喜欢追寻意义。我们做的也就是这个。08:26We try to make meaning out of everything that happens tous.我们努力从任何事情中寻求意义所在。08:28Organization helps,so we need to structure what were doingin ways that make sense.大脑的组织整理功能帮助我们,所以我们要 让做的事情更加合情合理。08:32If we are providing knowledge and experience,we need tostructure that.如果我们提供知识和经验,就需要去构建它。08:36wrap:vt.包;缠绕;隐藏;掩护/vi.包起来;缠绕;穿外衣/n.外套;围巾 imagery:n.像;意象;比喻;形象化 make sense:有意义;讲得通;言之有理And the last one is support.最后一个是支持。08:40We all started as novices.我们都是从初学者起步的。08:42Everything we do is an approximation of sophistication.我们做的一切都是一点点趋向成熟。08:44We should expect it to change over time.We have to supportthat.这就需要时间使我们成熟起来。我们需要支持体系。08:47The support may come in asking people questions,givingthem a sheet of paper that has an organizational chart on itor has some guiding images,but we need to support it.这个支持体系通过问人们问题,给他们有表格的纸张,或一些提示性图片,我们需要这样的支持体系。08:50Now,the final piece of this,the take-home message from aworking memory capacity standpoint is this:what weprocess,we learn.现在,最后我要说的就是 从短期记忆能力的角度来看是这样的:我们整理思考什么信息,就学习什么。09:00If were not processing life,were not living it.我们不整理思考人生,我们就是行尸走肉。09:12Live life.Thank you.过好你的人生。谢谢。09:16(Applause)（掌声）09:18novices:n.新手,初学者(novice的复数形式)approximation:n.数近似法;接近;数近似值 sophistication:n.复杂;诡辩;老于世故;有教养 organizational:adj.组织的;编制的 guiding:adj.引导的;控制的;制导的/n.航导向;控制;定向/v.指导;管理(guide的ing形式);支配 take-home:=take-homepay*Warning:本文是由生成导出，请用于个人学习，不要用于商业用途。否则，导致的一切法律后果，均由您个人承担，锡育软件概不负责。*
