自考英语(二)unit-4-how-to-start-your-own-business(课堂PPT).ppt

unit 4how to start your own business New wordssimultaneousadj.同时发生的，同时存在的；同时的；联立的 We need a simultaneous interpreter.我们需要一个同声翻译。This event was almost simultaneous with that one.这件事几乎是与那件事同时发生的。paradoxn.反论，悖论；似非而是的论点；自相矛盾的人或事；The faster he tried to finish,the longer Itseemed to take him.It is quite a paradox.他越是想快点完成，似乎就做得越慢，这实在是很矛盾。paradoxicaladj.矛盾的；反常的，荒谬的；We were a team of individuals as paradoxical as that sounds.我们是一个保持了个体的团队尽管这听起来自相矛盾。New words obiligationn.义务，责任；adj.移民的，移来的；侨民的The United States will do that which is necessary to meet its obligations to its own citizens.美国将为自己的公民尽其应尽的义务。Every player is under an obligation to keep the rules.每个选手都必须遵守这些规则。obligedadj.感激，感谢 v.迫使做(oblige的过去式和过去分词)；使负义务；满足请求；施惠 Parents are obliged by law to send their children to school.法律规定父母必须送子女入学。Im much obliged to you for helping us.承蒙相助，本人不胜感激。I would be obliged if you could read it to us.您若能把它读给大家听，我将不胜感激。If you ever need help with the babysitting,Id be glad to oblige.如果你什么时候需要找人照看孩子，我很乐意帮忙。New wordsprivilegedadj.享有特权的；特许的，专用的；秘密的，保密的；幸运的 I felt very privileged to work at the university.在这所大学工作，我感到非常荣幸。Those in authority were in a privileged position.有地位者自有特权。They are only interested in preserving the power of the privileged.他们只对维护特权阶层的权力有兴趣。New wordsexcludevt.排除，不包括；排斥；驱除，赶出The army should be excluded from political life.军队不应该涉足政治。They eat only plant foods,and take care to exclude animal products from other areas of their lives.他们只吃素食，在生活的其他方面也注意拒绝使用动物产品。.We can exclude the possibility of total loss from our calculations.我们可以在预测中把彻底失败的可能性排除在外。includeThe list includes many British internationals.名单中包括了许多英国国际级选手。The atlas contains forty maps,including three of Great Britain.这本地图集有40幅地图，其中包括3幅英国地图。tem2111New wordsexclusiveadj.专用的；高级的；排外的；单独的 n.独家新闻；专有物；独家经营的产品（或项目、设计等）；排外者 He is already a member of Britains most exclusive club.他已经是英国最高级俱乐部的成员了。Many of their cheeses are exclusive to our stores in Britain.在英国，他们生产的奶酪很多只在我们商店出售.Some papers thought they had an exclusive.一些报纸认为自己是独家报道。All charges for service are exclusive of value added tax.所有服务费都不包括增值税。The fight against inflation took priority over measures to combat the deepening recession.抵制通货膨胀比抑制日益加剧的经济衰退更为重要。I disagree with the premise that economic development has priority over the environment.我不赞成经济发展应优先于环境保护这个前提。tem2111New wordsapply for申请He applied for a passport.他申请护照。to apply for a visa 申请签证 Dont apply for that job:youre in danger of overreaching yourself.不要申请那份工作，以免有不自量力之嫌。(因过于雄心勃勃而失败)apply to适用于；运用；These principles apply to learning maths.这些原则适用于学习数学。New wordsbargain for为购买（某物）讨价还价；料到，考虑到（某情况）；预料 The women in the market often bargain away for hours.女人们经常在市场里一连几小时讨价还价。The wife of Lieutenant-Governor does not bargain for such an experience.省代理总督的妻子也不曾料到会发生这样的事。I didnt bargain for that.那是我所没有料到的。New wordsin place在对的位置；适当的；在工作；准备就绪1.在对的位置,在适当的位置 They put in place the tools of my new business.他们把我干这一新行当所需要的用具安放得井井有条。2.适当的,适合的 The proposal is not quite in place.那个提议并不十分适当。3.在工作；准备就绪 We already have our core team in place.我们的骨干团队已经就位了。New wordslie in在于；位于；躺在(lay lain)The Rocky Mountains lie in the west part of America.落基山脉位于美国西部。All their hopes lie in him.他们把所有希望都寄托在他身上。lay vt.放置；铺放；涂，敷；产卵lay表示将某物放于某处或某个位置，意思上与动词lie有相关之处。如某人把某物安放（lay）在某处，此物即放（lie）在那里。lay的过去式和过去分词均为laid，它通常用作及物动词。例如，They laid him on the floor（他们把他放在地上）。lie则为不及物动词，其过去式为lay，过去分词为lain：I lay on the floor with my legs in the air（我躺在地上，双腿抬起）。Mothers routinely lay babies on their backs to sleep.母亲们一般让婴儿平躺着睡。Freezing weather in spring hampered the hens ability to lay.春天严寒的天气降低了母鸡的产蛋能力。主谓一致的概念：主语和其谓语动词在人称 和数上保持一致。主谓一致分为三种情况：语法一致内容一致就近一致主谓“三”一致(1)如果主语后面跟有如果主语后面跟有with、together with,along with,but,except,like,in addition to,including,besides,as well as,as much as,rather than,more than 等短语再加一个等短语再加一个名词时，谓语动词仍与主语（第一个词）名词时，谓语动词仍与主语（第一个词）保持一致。保持一致。如：如：A library together with 5000 books was given to our school as a gift.Mr.Johnson as well as his wife and childrenis visiting the Great Wall now.All but Tom have gone to the cinema.语法一致语法一致(2)用用and连接的并列主语，如果主语是连接的并列主语，如果主语是同一个人、同一事物或同意概念时，同一个人、同一事物或同意概念时，谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数，否则用，否则用复数复数。如：如：A teacher and writer is going to give us a speech.Bread and butter is usually my breakfast.The professor and scientist has already come.A teacher and a writer are in the office.语法一致语法一致(3)不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数单数。如：如：To learn English well takes effort.Serving the people is my great happiness.When well go for an outing has not been decided yet.How he can speak so good English interests us all.语法一致语法一致(4)用用 and 连接的并列主语被连接的并列主语被each，every，no 或或 many a 修饰时，谓语动词用修饰时，谓语动词用单数单数。如：如：Each boy and each girl has been given a gift.No teacher and no student is in the classroom.Every pen and every book _(lay)on the desk already.Many a boy and many a girl is interested in her lesson.has been laid 语法一致语法一致(5)each of+复数代词复数代词，谓语动用，谓语动用单数单数。复数代词复数代词+each，谓语动词用，谓语动词用复数复数。如：如：Each of us has something to say.Each of them has been given a piece of bread.We each have a dictionary.They each have done their work.语法一致语法一致语法一致语法一致(6)none作主语，修饰可数名词复数时，作主语，修饰可数名词复数时，谓语动词谓语动词可用单数也可用复数可用单数也可用复数，但修饰，但修饰 不可数名词时，谓语动词不可数名词时，谓语动词只能用单数只能用单数。如：如：None of us are(is)perfect.None of these books are(is)mine.None of his money has been found again.None of this worries me.语法一致语法一致(7)名词如名词如trousers,scissors,glasses,goods,clothes 等作主语时，谓语动词必须用等作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数复数，但当它们前面有但当它们前面有a pair of 或或one pair of 修饰修饰 时，谓语动词只能用时，谓语动词只能用单数单数。如：如：My trousers are black.His glasses are expensive.A pair of trousers lies on my bed.A pair of glasses was given to me as a gift.语法一致语法一致(8)形复意单名词如：形复意单名词如：news;以以-ics结尾的学科结尾的学科 名词如：名词如：physics,mathematics,economics;国名如：国名如：the United States;报纸名如：报纸名如：the New York Times;书名如：书名如：Arabian Nights天方夜谭天方夜谭；以及；以及the United Nations 等作主语时，谓语动词要用等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数单数。如：如：Arabian Nights is full of interesting stories.The New York Times is a popular reading material for students.Physics is my favourite subjects.语法一致语法一致(9)“a/an+名词名词+and a half”,“one and a half+名词名词”“the number of+名词名词”等作主语时，等作主语时，谓语动词要用谓语动词要用单数单数。如：。如：An apple and a half is on the table.One and a half days has passed.The number of the students in our class is 63.语法一致语法一致(10)百分数（或分数）百分数（或分数）+of+可数名词单数可数名词单数 （或不可数名词）谓语动词用（或不可数名词）谓语动词用单数单数；百分数（或分数）百分数（或分数）+of+可数名词复数，可数名词复数，谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数。如：如：Twenty percent of land has been turned into a playground.Two thirds of the apple is rotten.Sixty percent of the workers in the factory are women.语法一致语法一致(11)Many a/an+n.+V(单数）单数）+O.表示复数的意思，译作表示复数的意思，译作“很多很多”。如：如：Many a student is interested in English.很多学生对英语感兴趣。很多学生对英语感兴趣。Many a teacher has resigned.很多老师已经辞职了。很多老师已经辞职了。Many an apple has gone bad.很多苹果已经坏了。很多苹果已经坏了。Many a mistake has been made by him.他犯了很多错误。他犯了很多错误。语法一致语法一致（12）A(large)quantity of+N.+V+O.动词的数由名词决定；动词的数由名词决定；A(large)ammount of+N.(不可数名词）不可数名词）+V(单三单三）+O.谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数，但是，但是，Large quantities of+N.(pl.or uc）+V(复数复数）+O.Large ammounts of+N.(不可数名词）不可数名词）+V(复数复数）+O.谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数。A large quantity of sugar has been put in the boiled water.Large quantities of money have been wasted on the project.A larege ammount of time has been spent on English.Large ammounts of time have been saved by the new invention.语法一致语法一致(13)“This kind of+复数名词复数名词”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数；“复数名词复数名词+of this kind”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数。如：。如：This kind of apples was imported from America.Apples of this kind were imported from America.语法一致语法一致(14)“A/An+单数名词单数名词+or two”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数；“One or two+复数名词复数名词”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数。如：。如：A day or two is enough for this work.One or two days are enough for this work.A man or two is to be sent there to help them.One or two men are to be sent there to help them.语法一致语法一致（15）“A set of+复数名词复数名词”及及 “A series of+复数名词复数名词”作主语时，作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用单数单数。如：。如：A series of debates was scheduled for the weekend.The sales man told me that a good set of tires was guaranteed to run at least fifty thousand miles.语法一致语法一致(15)在在“one of+复数名词复数名词+定语从句定语从句”结构中，结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的用定语从句中谓语动词的用复数复数；但如果；但如果one 前面有前面有the only 修饰时，定于从句的谓语修饰时，定于从句的谓语 动词只能用动词只能用单数单数。如：如：Mary is one of the students that have been invited to sing at the concert.Mary is the only one of the students that has been invited to sing at the concert.(1)不定代词不定代词all,most,some 等作助于书，等作助于书，谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代的谓语动词的单复数取决于它们所指代的 名词的数。名词的数。如：如：内容一致内容一致内容一致内容一致（2）”the+形容词（或分词）形容词（或分词）”指一类人，指一类人，如：如：the rich(富人富人),the living(活着的人活着的人),the wounded(伤者）作主语时，伤者）作主语时，谓语动词用谓语动词用复数复数。如：如：The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.The rich are eager to help the poor.The wounded have been taken good care of.The living have to cheer up and continue to live.内容一致内容一致(3)用用and 连接的成对名词习惯上被看做一个连接的成对名词习惯上被看做一个 整体时，如：整体时，如：bread and butter(面包加黄油面包加黄油),knife and fork(刀叉刀叉)等作主语时，谓语动词等作主语时，谓语动词 用单数。如：用单数。如：内容一致内容一致（4）不定数量的词组，如：）不定数量的词组，如：a part of,a lot of,lots of,one of,a number of,plenty of 等作主语时，谓等作主语时，谓 语动词的单复数取决于语动词的单复数取决于 它们所修饰的名词。它们所修饰的名词。如：如：A part of the textbooks have arrived.A part of the apple has beeb eaten up by the pig.A lot of people have heared the news.A lof of money has been spent on this project.内容一致内容一致(5)表示时间、金钱、距离、度量等的名词作表示时间、金钱、距离、度量等的名词作 主语，尽管是复数形式，它们作为一个单主语，尽管是复数形式，它们作为一个单 一的概念时，其谓语动词用一的概念时，其谓语动词用单数单数形式。形式。如如：One million dollars is a lot of money.Ten miles is a long distance.Two years is enough is learn a foreign language.就近一致就近一致（1）由）由here,there,where 以及状语从句提前以及状语从句提前 构成的倒装句中，构成的倒装句中，(有时主语不止一个时有时主语不止一个时)谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。如：谓语与靠近它的主语保持一致。如：Here comes the bus.There is a pen,two books and three pencils on the desk.On top of the mountain stands a tower.Where is your mother?Where are your friends?就近一致就近一致（2）由连词）由连词or,either or,neither nor,not only but also,not but 等连接等连接 的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语的并列主语，谓语动词与靠近它的主语 保持一致。保持一致。如：如：Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.He or you have taken my pen.Not only Tom but I am satisfied with the result.Not only they but also we are interested in the film.