薄层层析色谱(点板)幻灯片.ppt
DNS-氨基酸的双向聚酰胺薄膜层析检验系生化教研室李莉1 一、吸附层析的概念及原理一、吸附层析的概念及原理吸附:一种物质被聚集在另一种物质表面,吸附:一种物质被聚集在另一种物质表面,这种现象是吸附。这种现象是吸附。吸附剂:凡是能够将其他物质聚集到本身吸附剂:凡是能够将其他物质聚集到本身分子表面的物质称为吸附剂,如氧化铝、分子表面的物质称为吸附剂,如氧化铝、硅胶等。硅胶等。被吸附物:聚集在吸附剂表面的分子就称被吸附物:聚集在吸附剂表面的分子就称为被吸附物。为被吸附物。2吸附层析(吸附层析(Absorption Chromatography):指混合物组分随流动相经过由吸附剂组成指混合物组分随流动相经过由吸附剂组成的固定相时,由于吸附剂对不同物质的吸的固定相时,由于吸附剂对不同物质的吸附能力的不同以及各组分在流动相中的溶附能力的不同以及各组分在流动相中的溶解度不同而加以分离的方法。解度不同而加以分离的方法。3二、薄层层析(二、薄层层析(Thin-layer chromatography,TLC)薄层层析法是在平滑的玻璃板上或在聚脂薄层层析法是在平滑的玻璃板上或在聚脂薄膜上,将吸附剂铺在上面成薄层作为固薄膜上,将吸附剂铺在上面成薄层作为固定相,以溶剂作为流动相,把样品中各组定相,以溶剂作为流动相,把样品中各组分分离。分分离。分离原理:吸附层析、分配层析和离子交换分离原理:吸附层析、分配层析和离子交换层析。层析。4(一)吸附剂(一)吸附剂吸附剂主要是利用溶质在吸附剂和溶剂中的吸附剂主要是利用溶质在吸附剂和溶剂中的可逆平衡以及吸附剂对不同物质吸附力的可逆平衡以及吸附剂对不同物质吸附力的不同而达到分离的目的。因此在薄层层析不同而达到分离的目的。因此在薄层层析中吸附剂是关键的材料。中吸附剂是关键的材料。51、对吸附剂的要求、对吸附剂的要求(1)应不溶于所使用的溶剂以及与所使用的)应不溶于所使用的溶剂以及与所使用的溶剂和样品中各组分不起化学反应;溶剂和样品中各组分不起化学反应;(2)应具有较大的吸附表面(吸附容量)和)应具有较大的吸附表面(吸附容量)和一定的吸附力,对被分离物质应有足够的一定的吸附力,对被分离物质应有足够的分辨力;分辨力;(3)吸附剂颗粒大小要均匀,保持良好的重)吸附剂颗粒大小要均匀,保持良好的重复性。复性。6吸附剂的吸附能力常称为活度,用罗马字吸附剂的吸附能力常称为活度,用罗马字母母、表示。表示。活度活度 减少减少含水量含水量 增大增大72、常用吸附剂、常用吸附剂极性:氧化铝极性:氧化铝 硅胶硅胶 非极性:纤维素非极性:纤维素 聚酰胺:聚酰胺:a.合成:己二酸、己二胺合成:己二酸、己二胺 b.特点:氢键吸附剂特点:氢键吸附剂8聚聚酰酰胺是胺是类类化学化学纤维纤维原料,即原料,即锦纶锦纶(又称尼又称尼龙龙)。由己二酸与己二胺聚合。由己二酸与己二胺聚合而成的称而成的称锦纶锦纶66。因因为为在在这类这类物物质质分子中都含有大量分子中都含有大量酰酰胺胺基基团团,故,故统统称聚称聚酰酰胺。胺。9聚酰胺对很多极性物质有吸附作用,这是由于聚酰聚酰胺对很多极性物质有吸附作用,这是由于聚酰胺的一胺的一CO及及NH基能与被分离物质之间形成氢基能与被分离物质之间形成氢键。如酚类键。如酚类(包括黄酮类、鞣质等包括黄酮类、鞣质等)和酸类和酸类如核苷如核苷酸、氨基酸等酸、氨基酸等)是以其羟基与酰胺键的羰基形成氢是以其羟基与酰胺键的羰基形成氢键;硝基化合物和醌类等物质与酰胺键的氨基形键;硝基化合物和醌类等物质与酰胺键的氨基形成氢键。被分离物质形成氢键能力的强弱,确定成氢键。被分离物质形成氢键能力的强弱,确定吸附能力的差异。在层析过程中,层层溶剂与被吸附能力的差异。在层析过程中,层层溶剂与被分离物质在聚酰胺表面竞相形成氢键。因此选择分离物质在聚酰胺表面竞相形成氢键。因此选择适当的展层溶剂,使被分离物质在溶剂与聚酰胺适当的展层溶剂,使被分离物质在溶剂与聚酰胺表面之间的分配系数能有较大差异,经过吸附与表面之间的分配系数能有较大差异,经过吸附与解吸的展层过程,可以一一分离解吸的展层过程,可以一一分离.10(二)溶剂(二)溶剂不同溶剂具有不同的结构性质,依极性大小不同溶剂具有不同的结构性质,依极性大小各种溶剂的洗脱能力各不相同。各种溶剂的洗脱能力各不相同。一般所选溶剂要求:一般所选溶剂要求:a.纯度合格纯度合格b.黏度要小,易与样品中各组分相分离黏度要小,易与样品中各组分相分离c.与所欲分离样品和吸附剂不起化学反应与所欲分离样品和吸附剂不起化学反应11溶剂选择考虑因素:溶剂选择考虑因素:1、溶剂与吸附剂之间的相互作用力、溶剂与吸附剂之间的相互作用力2、溶剂与样品之间的作用因素、溶剂与样品之间的作用因素溶剂的选择可通过实验来确定。溶剂的选择可通过实验来确定。12(三)薄层层析的操作(三)薄层层析的操作1、点样、点样样品最好溶解在挥发性的溶剂中,如氯仿、样品最好溶解在挥发性的溶剂中,如氯仿、丙酮等,避免用水每次点少量样品,可在丙酮等,避免用水每次点少量样品,可在溶剂挥发后反复进行至点完为止。溶剂挥发后反复进行至点完为止。样品原点直径样品原点直径3mm132.平衡平衡3.展开展开方法:上行层析法方法:上行层析法 下行层析法下行层析法 双向展开法双向展开法144、显色、显色1)有色物质(如黄体酮)展开后即可显)有色物质(如黄体酮)展开后即可显出斑点出斑点2)紫外灯下显出荧光斑点,如核苷酸和)紫外灯下显出荧光斑点,如核苷酸和某些生物碱某些生物碱3)显色剂显色)显色剂显色15荧光试剂:荧光试剂:DNS-Cl二甲氨基萘磺酰氯二甲氨基萘磺酰氯蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸可与其游离氨基结合,蛋白质、多肽、氨基酸可与其游离氨基结合,DNS-aa发出黄绿色荧光发出黄绿色荧光16DNS-C1在在pH过过高高时时,水解,水解产产生生副副产产物物DNS-OH,即:,即:17在在DNS-C1过过量量时时,会,会产产生生DNSNH2,即:,即:18DNS-氨基酸在紫外光照射下呈现黄色荧光,氨基酸在紫外光照射下呈现黄色荧光,而而DNS-OH和和DNS-NH2产生蓝色荧光,可产生蓝色荧光,可彼此区分开。彼此区分开。19三、薄层层析的应用三、薄层层析的应用(一)定性分析:将已知化合物作为标准品(一)定性分析:将已知化合物作为标准品与样品一起进行层析后对照,可初步确定与样品一起进行层析后对照,可初步确定未知化合物的组成。未知化合物的组成。(二)定量分析:可直接在薄板上测定,无(二)定量分析:可直接在薄板上测定,无须破坏薄层;须破坏薄层;用工具将斑点从薄层上取下,用溶剂洗脱,用工具将斑点从薄层上取下,用溶剂洗脱,再用其他方法测定。再用其他方法测定。20(三)临床生化上的应用(三)临床生化上的应用1.氨基酸的分离氨基酸的分离2.核苷、核苷酸和核酸的分析核苷、核苷酸和核酸的分析21DNS-氨基酸的双向聚酰胺薄膜层析氨基酸的双向聚酰胺薄膜层析 二甲氨基萘磺酰氯二甲氨基萘磺酰氯(1-Dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulfonyl chloride)简称)简称DNS-Cl,可与氨基酸的游离,可与氨基酸的游离氨基结合成氨基结合成DNS-氨基酸,形成的氨基酸,形成的DNS-氨基氨基酸在紫外线(酸在紫外线(260nm或或365nm)照射下发出)照射下发出强烈的黄色荧光,因此可用荧光检测强烈的黄色荧光,因此可用荧光检测DNS-氨基酸的存在。反应过程如下:氨基酸的存在。反应过程如下:2223Procedure for TLC1.Prepare the developing container.The developing container for TLC can be a specially designed chamber,a jar with a lid,or a beaker with a watch glass on the top:24Pour solvent into the beaker to a depth of just less than 0.5 cm.25To aid in the saturation of the TLC chamber with solvent vapors,line part of the inside of the beaker with filter paper 26 Cover the beaker with a watch glass,swirl it gently,and allow it to stand while you prepare your TLC plate.272.Prepare the TLC plate.TLC plates used in the organic chem teaching labs are purchased as 5 cm x 20 cm sheets.Each large sheet is cut horizontally into plates which are 5 cm tall by various widths;the more samples you plan to run on a plate,the wider it needs to be.28Shown in the photo to the left is a box of TLC plates,a large un-cut TLC sheet,and a small TLC plate which has been cut to a convenient size.Plates will usually be cut and ready for you when you come to lab.Handle the plates carefully so that you do not disturb the coating of adsorbent or get them dirty.29Measure 0.5 cm from the bottom of the plate.Take care not to press so hard with the pencil that you disturb the adsorbent.30Using a pencil,draw a line across the plate at the 0.5 cm mark.This is the origin:the line on which you will spot the plate.31Its kind of hard to see the pencil line in the above photos,so here is a close-up of how the plate looks after the line has been drawn.32Under the line,mark lightly the name of the samples you will spot on the plate,or mark numbers for time points.Leave enough space between the samples so that they do not run together,about 4 samples on a 5 cm wide plate is advised.Use a pencil and do not press down so hard that you disturb the surface of the plate.A close-up of a plate labeled 1 2 3 is shown to the right.333.Spot the TLC plate add a few drops of solvent.swirl until dissolved34dip the microcap into solution-the arrow points to the microcap,it is tiny and hard to see make sure it is filled-hold it up to the light if necessary 35touch the filled microcap to TLC plate to spot it-make sure you watch to see that all the liquid has drained from the microcap 36rinse the microcap with clean solvent by first filling it.and then draining it by touching it to a paper towel 37heres the TLC plate,spotted and ready to be developed 384.Develop the plate.place the TLC plate in the developing container-make sure the solvent is not too deep39The solvent will rise up the TLC plate by capillary action.In this photo,it is not quite halfway up the plate.In this photo,it is about 3/4 of the way up the plate.40Remove the plate from the beaker.41quickly mark a line across the plate at the solvent front with a pencilAllow the solvent to evaporate completely from the plate.If the spots are colored,simply mark them with a pencil.425.Visualize the spots Most samples are not colored and need to be visualized with a UV lamp.Hold a UV lamp over the plate and mark any spots which you see lightly with a pencil.this is a UV lamp 43here are two proper sized spots,viewed under a UV lamp(you would circle these while viewing them)44The plate shows three compounds run at three different concentrations.The middle and right plate show reasonable spots;the left plate is run too concentrated and the spots are running together,making it difficult to get a good and accurate Rf reading.45Heres what overloaded plates look like compared to well-spotted plates.The plate on the left has a large yellow smear;this smear contains the same two compounds which are nicely resolved on the plate next to it.The plate to the far right is a UV visualization of the same overloaded plate.46The retention factor,or Rf,is defined as the distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent.47