高二英语-知识讲解 Unit 4 Sharing语言点.doc

Unit 4 Sharing语言点编稿：牛新阁 审稿：王春霞 学习目标重点词汇adjust participate otherwise donate distributevoluntary purchase relevant operate 重点短语hear from（be）dying to come acrossthe other day dry out dry up in need重点句型whether引导的从句过去完成进行时与过去完成时知识讲解重点词汇【高清课堂：Sharing词汇精讲】adjust 【原句回放】The hut was dark inside, so it took time for our eyes to adjust. 小屋里很黑，因此眼睛过了好一阵才适应过来。【点拨】adjust vi. 适应 vt. 调整，使适合 常用搭配：adjust to 适应（to 是介词，加动词-ing形式）She carefully adjusted her clothes and hair before going to the interview去面试前她认真整理衣服和头发。（adjust作“调整”讲，直接接宾语）It took him quite a long time to adjust to the heat of India他花了很长时间才适应了印度的温度。 My parents had trouble adjusting to living in an apartment. 我的父母费了很多的功夫才适应住在公寓里。【拓展】adjustable adj. 可调节的adjustment n. 调整，调节Can you lend me an adjustable spanner? 你能借我一把可调节的扳手吗?participate 【原句回放】I loved listening to the family softly talking to each other in their language, even though I could not participate in the conversation. 他们家里人轻声细语地用自己的语言在交谈。我很喜欢听他们谈话，尽管我不能加入他们的谈话。【点拨】participate vi. 参与,分享,分担 常用搭配：participate in sth. 参与某事，分享某物Everyone in the class is expected to participate in these discussions. 班里每个人都要参加这些讨论。I will participate (=share) in your suffering and joy. 我将和你同甘共苦。【拓展】participant n. 参与者，分享者participation n. 参与 ，分享All the participants in the debate will have an opportunity to speak.参加辩论的人都将有机会发言。Union leaders called for the active participation of all members in the day of election.联盟领导人号召所有的人在选举日能积极参与。otherwise 【原句回放】Otherwise they dont waste anything. 否则的话，他们是不会浪费任何东西的。【点拨】otherwise conj. & adv. 用别的方法；其他方面；否则 We were going to play football, but it was so hot that we decided to do otherwise.我们本来想踢足球，但是天太热了，我们决定做点别的事情。（用别的方法）Well go early, otherwise (=or) we may not get a seat. 我们要早点走，否则可能会没有座位了。【拓展】or otherwise 或用其他方式； 或不是We will get there somehow, by train or otherwise. 我们将到达那里，乘火车还是别的什么。Whether she was married or otherwise was none of my business.她结婚了还是没有都与我无关。donate 【原句回放】Would you like to donate an unusual gift? 你是否想要赠送一份特殊的礼物？【点拨】donate vt. 捐赠 The businessman donated a lot of money to the hospital. 这个商人向那家医院捐了很多的钱。This computer was donated to us by a local company. 这台计算机是当地一家公司捐赠给我们的。【拓展】donation n. 捐赠，捐赠物They made a generous donation to charity. 他们向慈善组织进行了慷慨的捐助。The hospital receives a good deal of money in donations. 这家医院在捐献过程中收到了大量钱款。相关短语： give/ make/ present a donation to sb./ an organization捐赠给某人/组织distribute 【原句回放】This gift covers the cost of production and distribution of seedlings, as well as training in tree care for the local villagers who are working hard to prevent their land from turning into desert. 这份礼物包含了幼苗的培育和销售费用，也包含了当地村民参加护树培训的费用，这些村民正努力工作以阻止他们的土地沙漠化。【点拨1】distribute v.1. 分发 Clothes and blankets have been distributed to the refugees. 衣物和毯子被分发给难民。2. 配送 Milk is distributed to the local shops by Micheal. 牛奶是由米歇尔配送到当地商店的。 3. 使分布，使散布 Make sure the weight of the load is evenly distributed. 要保证装载物的重量均匀分布。【拓展】区分：contribute 贡献 相关短语：contribute to有助于Proper diet contributes to good health. 适当的饮食是对健康有帮助的。 【点拨2】distribution n. 分配，分发；分布状态The conference discussed the fair distribution of income and wealth.会议讨论了公平分配收入和财富的问题。The town council passed a law forbidding the distribution of handbills.市议会通过了一项禁止散发传单的法令。 【拓展】distributor n. 供销商 voluntary 【原句回放】 The gift you give is not something your loved one keeps but a voluntary contribution towards the lives of people who really need it. 你送的礼物不是给你所爱的人留念的，而是给那些确实需要的人的一项生活上的无偿捐助。【点拨】voluntary adj. 自愿的，志愿的，无偿的When she retired she did a lot of voluntary work for the Red Cross. 她退休后为红十字会做了许多义务工作。More and more people are now working in poor countries on a voluntary basis.现在越来越多的人自愿在贫穷国家工作。（on a voluntary basis 基于自愿，以自愿为原则）【拓展】volunteer n. 志愿者；v. 自愿或无偿地给予帮助常见搭配：volunteer to do sth. 自愿/志愿做某事The center needs more volunteers to help children to read. 中心需要更多的志愿者帮孩子们读书。 The company volunteered to donate fifty computers to help the disabled people. 这家公司自愿捐出50台电脑帮助那些残疾人。I volunteered my services as a driver. 我作为司机自愿服务。purchase 【原句回放】When you purchase an item, we will send you an attractive card for you to send to your special person. 你选购一份礼物时，我们会给你提供一张精美的卡片，让你送给你的某个特殊的人。【点拨】purchase vt. 购买；（以某种代价）换得 n. 购买; 购得物（常用复数）It will cost almost all the money for an old couple to purchase a house now. 现在一对老夫妻要买一幢房子要花掉几乎所有的钱。They purchased life at the expense of honour. 他们用荣誉换取了生命。We spent some money for the purchase of the furniture necessary for our new house. 我们花了些钱为新房子购买必要的家具。He filled the car with his purchases. 他买的东西装满了车。【拓展】常见短语：make a purchase 采购 purchase price 买价purchasing power 购买力relevant 【原句回放】Sometimes I wonder how relevant chemistry is to these students, most of whom will be going back to their villages after Year 8 anyway. 有时候，我真想知道，化学对这些学生究竟有多大用处。他们中大多数人上完八年级以后就要回到他们的村庄去了。【点拨】relevant adj. 有关的; 恰当的, 贴切的, 切题的（反义词 irrelevant）常用搭配：be relevant to 与.有关His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.他的国籍与是否是个好律师无关。This type of university course is no longer relevant to todays problem. 这种大学课程与目前问题不再有关联了。Many people consider politics is irrelevant to their lives. 许多人认为政治与他们的生活无关。【拓展】 relevance n. 关联，切题，适宜 What you say has no relevance to what we are talking about.你说的与我们正谈的事情无关。补充：relevancy 关联（的事物），恰当，切题的话operate【原句回放】This gift covers the cost of exercise books and textbooks for community primary schools that operate in poor or remote villages. 这件礼物包括在贫穷或偏远村庄开办的社区小学的练习本和课本的费用。【点拨】 operate vt. 操作，使运行vi. 运转，工作；动手术；起作用常见搭配：operate on sb. 给某人动手术Who operates the machine? 那台机器由谁操作？This machine operates night and day. 这台机器日夜运转着。The doctors operated on her/ her stomach last night. 医生们昨晚给她/她的胃部做了手术。The new drug began to operate not long after it is taken.这种新药服用后不久就会开始见效。【拓展】operation n. 操作，手术perform /have an operation on给动手术come into operation 开始运转put/bring.into operation 使开始运转in operation运转中重点短语hear from【原句回放】It was wonderful to hear from you. 收到你的信真是太高兴了。【点拨】hear from sb. 收到.的来信、电话等注意：from后只接人或者机构等，而不接letter，call等词。Not having heard from him for months, his mother was worried.几个月没有他的音讯了，他妈妈很担心。They will be delighted to hear from you. 他们会很高兴收到你的来信的。【拓展】hear有关的短语：hear about 听到关于.的事hear sb. out 听某人把话说完hear of 听说；听从（与will，would连用，用于否定句）Have you heard about the new anticancer drug? 你听说过这种抗癌新药吗？Ive never heard of such a person. 我从没有听说这样一个人。He wouldnt hear of me paying for the bill. 我要付账，他不肯。（be）dying to 【原句回放】I know youre dying to hear all about my life here, Ive included some photos which will help you picture the places I talk about. 我知道你急于了解我在这儿的生活情况，所以我在信中附有几张照片，能够帮助你想象出我所谈到的地方。【点拨】be dying to do sth. 极想/ 渴望做某事 be dying for sth. 渴望/很想得到某物All of us are dying to see the film after hearing about it. 听说这部电影后，我们都极想看。He was dying for something to drink. 他极想有点什么喝的。After a long dry season the trees are dying / thirsty for water.经过一个漫长的旱季，树木迫切需要水分。【拓展1】表示“渴望”的同义短语：be eager for / to do sth.long for / to do sth.be thirsty for sthto do sth.【拓展2】die构成的短语： die away 逐渐停止，逐渐消失 die down逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊die off 相继死去 die out逐渐消失，灭绝The noise of the motorcar died away. 汽车的噪音渐渐消失了。After the excitement of the audience died down, the speaker restarted his speech.等听众激动的情绪平息后,演讲人又重新开始演讲。come across【原句回放】The boys who had never come across anything like this before started jumping out of the window. 男孩子们以前从来没有见过这种情况，吓得都往窗外跳去。【点拨】come across 偶然遇到/发现, 碰见；被理解，被传达She came across some old photos in the drawer. 她在抽屉里发现了一些旧照片。I came across an old friend I hadnt seen for years yesterday. 昨天我偶遇了一位多年不见的老友。Your speech came across very well. 大家确实理解了你的发言。【拓展】含come的短语：come about 发生 come out 出版，被刊行come to 达到，达成，归结为come round重来，苏醒过来，回心转意come down 传递，传给 come along 进展；偶然发生How did it come about? 那事是怎么发生的？When does Johns book come out? 约翰的书什么时候出版？They came to the conclusion that they had made an unforgivable mistake. 他们得出结论：他们犯了一个不可原谅的错误。the other day 【原句回放】The other day I was showing the boys the weekly chemistry experiment when, before I knew it, the mixture was bubbling over everywhere！前几天， 我正给孩子们做每周一次的化学实验的演示，我还没有明白怎么回事，混合物就到处冒气泡了！【点拨】the other day 前几天，不久前的一天It was a terrible piece of work that you turned in the other day. 那天你交的作业太糟糕了。【拓展】含day的短语： another day 另一天 some day （将来）总有一天one day（将来/过去）某一天all day long 整天day by day 一天天地 day after day 日复一日 by day 白天 day and night 日日夜夜地Another day dragged by. 又挨过了一天。Ill buy a boat and sail around the world some day. 总有一天我会买条船环游世界。One day, she just didnt turn up for work, and we never saw her again.一天，她没有上班，而且我们再也没有见过她。dry out / dry up 【原句回放】 Tombe told me that the can was heated to dry out the leftover food. They believe that any leftovers attract evil spirits in the night, so the food is dried up in the can and the can is then thrown out of the hut. 汤贝告诉我说，罐子加热是为了把里面的残菜剩饭烧干。他们相信剩饭在夜晚会引来邪灵，所以要把食物放在罐子里烘干，再把罐子一起扔到屋外去。【点拨1】 dry out（使很湿之物）变干，干透Dry your shirt out on the radiator. 在散热器上把你的衬衫烤干吧。Dont leave the bread on the table; it will dry out. 别把面包放在桌子上，它会干掉的。【点拨2】 dry up （使）完全变干，（河流，湖泊等）干涸，枯竭；消失，用完Many rivers in that province have dried up these years. 这些年来那个省的许多河流都干涸了。The sun has completely dried up the soil and the crops are dying.太阳把土壤完全晒干了，庄稼要死了。试一试：1. If you dont keep food covered, it _.2. That summer was so hot that the pool in that village _.3. We must stop wasting water, because it was _.答案：1. dries out 2. dried up 3.drying up (枯竭)in need【原句回放】Choose from this catalogue a really useful gift for some of the worlds poorest and bring hope for a better future to a community in need. 从这份清单中选择一份确实有用的礼物，送给世界上一些最穷苦的人吧。给急需帮助的社区带去改善未来的希望吧。【点拨】in need在困难中, 在危急中对比：in need of . 需要.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真正的朋友。The charity aims to provide assistance to the people in need. 这个慈善机构的宗旨是向贫困者提供帮助。They are in need of food, which is a necessity for all living things. 他们需要食物，那是所有生物所必需的。【拓展1】含need的短语the need for sth. 对的需要 at ones need在某人困难时 satisfy/meet ones needs满足某人的需要【拓展2】相关句型：Theres no need for sb. to do sth. 没必要做某事Theres no need for you to come if you dont want to. 你不想来就不必来。重点句型whether引导的从句【原句回放】In groups, discuss whether someone who helps the groups on the survey form can be called a “volunteer”. 分组讨论，帮助调查表中的团队的人是否可以被叫做“志愿者”。【点拨】 whether引导的从句whether引导名词性从句或让步状语从句，意为“是否，会不会，不管，不论”。We dont know whether the earthquake will go on. （引导宾语从句）我们不知道地震是否会继续。The question is whether he can come on time. （引导表语从句）问题是他能否准时来。Whether you like it or not, youll have to do it. (引导状语从句)无论你喜欢还是不喜欢，你必须做这件事。【拓展】引导从句时与if的区别： 1. if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”。2. if和whether都可以引导宾语从句，经常可以互换，但是下面情况下多用whether： 1）正式文体中，与or not直接连用时。 I wonder whether or not it is big enough. 我不知道它是否够大。 2）作介词宾语时。 I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back home. 我还没有决定是否要回家去。 3）作discuss等词的宾语时。 We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论了是否该关闭那家商店。注意：下面情况下也不用if表示“是否”：1. 引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。 Whether it is true remains a question. 它是不是真的还是个问题。2. 与不定式连用时。 She hasnt decided whether to go or not. 她还没有决定去还是不去。过去完成进行时与过去完成时【原句回放】When we arrived at the village, Tombes mother, Kiak, who had been pulling weeds in her garden, started crying “ieee ieee”. 当我们到达村庄时，汤贝的母亲齐亚克本来在园子里拔草，看到我们就“嗳矣，嗳矣”地叫了起来。【点拨】过去完成进行时与过去完成时1. 构成： 过去完成进行时：had been doing过去完成时：had done2. 与一段时间连用时，过去完成进行时和过去完成时都可以表示一个动作从过去某时或在过去某个动作前开始，并可能延续下去。两种结构可以互换，但过去完成进行时更强调动作的持续性和未完成性。比较：我到这里前，我弟弟已经在这家工厂工作了三年。Before I arrived here, my brother had worked in the factory for three years. (表示已经完成)Before I arrived here, my brother had been working in the factory for three years.（强调“一直在这家工厂工作了三年，中间没有间隔”）3. 没有与一段时间连用时，区别较大：1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某时或过去某动作时仍在进行。2）过去完成时则表示动作到过去某时或某动作时已经结束。比较：He said they had prepared for the meeting. 他说他们已经为会议做好了准备。（prepare的动作到say动作发生时已经完成）He said they had been preparing for the meeting. 他说他们一直在为会议做准备。（prepare的动作一直在进行，且有可能持续下去）