高二英语-知识讲解 现在分词作状语;现在分词的完成式作状语.doc
现在分词作状语;现在分词的完成式作状语 编稿:王春霞 审稿:陈玉莲概念引入 现在分词,也就是同学们在语法书上所见到的V-ing形式,在句中作状语是非谓语动词考察的要点,需要掌握其时态、语态,请观察以下例句,体会其用法。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况,他们还是要我赔偿。 Having made full preparations, we are ready for the examination. 我们已经做好了充分准备,现在可以考试了。知识讲解动词-ing形式概述V-ing形式有两层含义,既可以指动名词,也可以指现在分词,虽然形式一样,但用法完全不同,本导学在综述V-ing用法后,主要讲解现在分词作状语的用法。1. 特点:1)动词-ing形式(V-ing形式)是英语三大非谓语动词之一,另两个是不定式和过去分词;2)有动词特征:有时态和语态,可以有自己的宾语和状语;3)有名词、形容词和副词的特征:可以在句中作主语、表语、定语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语、主语补足语等。4)可分为现在分词和动名词:现在分词相当于形容词或副词,一般作定语、状语、补足语和表示特点的表语;动名词相当于名词,一般作主语、宾语和表示主语内容的表语。2. 构成(以do为例): 基本形式:doing否定形式:not doing注意:无论在完成式还是被动式里,not必须置于v-ing形式之前。动词-ing形式的时态、语态态语时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done3. 功能:非谓语形式的所作成分对比主语 定语 宾语 表语 状语 宾语补足语 v-ing形式üüüüüü不定式üüüüüü过去分词üüüü小结: 1)v-ing形式与不定式一样,可以作除了谓语外所有成分。2)过去分词因其只有形容词和副词的特点,不能作主语和宾语。V-ing时态语态:1)一般式:doing(表示v-ing形式的动作正在进行或与谓语表示的动作同时或之后发生。)They went out of the classroom, talking and laughing.他们有说有笑地走出教室。(talk/ laugh与went同时进行,用一般式。)2)完成式:having done(强调v-ing形式的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前完成。)Having lived in this city for three years, she knows it very well.由于已经在这个城市住了三年,她对它非常了解。(强调live在knows之前已经完成,用完成式。)3)一般被动式:being doneI stole into the room without being noticed. 我偷偷地进了房间,没有人注意到。(分词动作notice与“我”是被动关系,用被动语态;“被注意到”与“偷偷进入”是同时发生,用一般式;所以用一般式的被动态being noticed)3)完成被动式:having been done Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗,她现在对任何人都不信任。(分词动作cheat与she是被动关系,且强调在谓语动作believes之前发生,所以用完成式的被动语态having been cheated。)注意:1)v-ing形式完成式的被动语态,有时用一般式代替,以免句子显得累赘,尤其口语中。2)need, require, want, deserve+ v-ing形式表示被动The flowers need watering every day. = The flowers need to be watered every day. 花儿需要每天浇水。(虽然“花”与“浇水”是被动关系,但是用-ing形式的主动形式表示被动)但是:I need to water the flowers every day. 我需要每天给花浇水。现在分词作状语 现在分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语,分词必须和句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓关系,否则不能用现在分词作状语,且注意它的各种形式变化: 主动形式 被动形式 一般式 v-ing being v-ed完成式 having v-ed having been v-ed例如:Hearing the bell, the students began to enter the classroom.听见铃声,学生们开始走进教室。(听见和进入两个动作同时发生)Having done the work, he went home.完成了工作,他就回家了。(先完成,后回家,强调一前一后顺序)现在分词在句中作状语,修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的原因、时间、方式、结果、条件、伴随状况等,可以转换成状语从句,也可以与连词直接连用,现在分词一般不用作目的状语(通常用不定式表目的状语)。1) 表时间Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.(=When I was walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.)在大街上走着的时候,我碰到了一个老朋友。Waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.(=While waiting for the bus, he read a copy of China Daily.)等车的时候,他看了一份中国日报。2) 表原因Being ill, he didnt go to school.(=As he was ill, he didnt go to school.)由于生病,他没有去上学。Being a student, you should study hard.(=Since you are a student, you should study hard.)既然你是一个学生,你就应该努力学习。Thinking he might be at home, I called him.(=As I thought he might be at home, I called him.)由于想到他或许在家,所以我就给他打了电话。3) 表方式、伴随:做伴随状语的分词表示的动作,必须是主语的一个动作,或是与谓语所表示的动作(或状态)同时发生,或是对谓语表示的动词(或状态)作进一步地补充说明。He sat on the sofa, watching TV.(=He sat on the sofa, and watched TV.)他坐在沙发上看着电视。Laughing and talking, they went into the classroom.他们笑着谈着走进了教室。He stood leaning against the wall.(He stood and leaned against the wall.)他斜靠(lean)着墙站着。4) 表结果Her mother died in 1990, leaving her with her younger brother.(=Her mother died in 1990, and left her with her younger brother.)她的妈妈1990年就去世了,留下了她和她的弟弟。The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song. 全国到处在传唱这首歌曲,使它成了一首最受欢迎的歌曲。5) 表条件Using your head, you will find a way.(=If you use your head, you will find a way.)动动脑筋,你就会找到方法的。Walking ahead, you will see a white house.(=If you walk ahead, you will see a white house. =Walk ahead, and you will see a white house.)一直往前走,你就会看到一座白色的房子。6) 表让步(Though) being ill (=Though he was ill), he would not take a rest. 虽然病了,但他仍不愿休息。7) 与逻辑主语构成独立主格I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard.我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。Time permitting, well do another two exercises.如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用“with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+现在分词”构成with的复合结构。With the lights burning, he fell asleep.灯还亮着,他就睡着了。8) 作独立成分,有些惯用的v-ing形式的短语在句中可以没有逻辑主语而独立存在,作为句子的独立成分来修饰全句,有些已经转化为介词短语。如:according to 根据 judging from/by 从判断 talking of谈到 coming to 论及(说到) allowing for 考虑到 considering 考虑到generally speaking 总的说来 frankly speaking 坦率地说 roughly speaking 粗略地说honestly speaking 诚实地说 properly speaking 恰当地说 strictly speaking 严格地说Judging by/from his accent, he must be from the south. 从口音来判断,他一定是个南方人。Strictly speaking, the article needs revising. 严格地说,这篇文章需要修改。比较其他两种非谓语形式(不定式to do和过去分词done)作状语的用法不定式作状语,一般表示目的(前面可以加in order 或so as以示强调)、原因(多在表示情感的词后)、结果(出乎意料的结果,前可加only或too. to, enough to等结构)。I come here only to say good-bye to you. (目的)我来只是向你告别。What have I said to make you angry? (结果)我说了什么让你这么生气? I am pretty pleased to hear the news that you are elected as the president of the club. (原因)听说你被选为俱乐部主席,我非常高兴。过去分词做状语,分词与句子的主语之间是动宾关系,表被动,且只有一种形式。Told that his mother was ill, Li Lei hurried home quickly. (时间)知道了他母亲病了,李雷赶紧回了家。Satisfied with what he did, the teacher praised him in class. (原因)老师对他做的很满意,在班上表扬了他。Given a few minutes, Ill finish it. (条件)给我几分钟,我就会完成它。 Explained a hundred times, he still cant understand it. (让步)给他解释了上百次,他仍然不明白。He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. (结果)他从一棵很高的树上掉了下来,腿骨折了。表示主动的过去分词有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动。常见的有:lost(迷路); seated(坐);hidden(躲);stationed(驻扎);lost / absorbed in(沉溺于);born(出身于);dressed in(穿着);tired of(厌烦)等。 Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音。Dressed in a jacket, he walked out of the house. 他身穿一件夹克走出了那幢房子。