笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料.docx

《笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料.docx（163页珍藏版）》请在淘文阁 - 分享文档赚钱的网站上搜索。

1、笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料 本文关键词：复习资料，语言学，英语，简明，新编笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料 本文简介：ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.一般语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawh笔记新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料 本文内容：ChapteroneIntroduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLing

2、uisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.一般语言学GeneralLinguisticsThestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledGenerallinguistics.3.语言languageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.语言是人类用来交际的随意性的有声符号体系。4.识别特征DesignFeaturesItreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlang

3、uagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区分与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness随意性Productivity多产性（创建性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Culturaltransmission文化传递5.语言实力Competence（抽象）Competenceistheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.6.语言运用performance（详细）Performanceistheactualreali

4、zationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.语言运用是所驾驭的规则在语言交际中的详细体现。7.历时语言学DiachroniclinguisticsThestudyoflanguagechangethroughtime.adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,whichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.8.共时语言学SynchronicallinguisticsThestudyofagivenlanguageata

5、giventime.9.语言langue（抽象）Theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.10.言语parole（详细）Therealizationoflangueinactualuse.11.规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydownrulesfor”correct”behavior,totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhatshouldnotsay.12.描述性DescriptiveAlinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesth

6、elanguagepeopleactuallyuse.二、学问点1.languageisnotanisolatedphenomenon,itsasocialactivitycarriedoutinacertainsocialenvironmentbyhumanbeings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在肯定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2.几种观点和现象的提出者：瑞士语言学家F.deSaussure:Langue和parole的区分美国语言学家N.Chomsky:in1950针对Saussureslanguethedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthro

7、ughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyismoreimportant.Speechandwriting口头语与书面语Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathave

8、onlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.Langueandparole语言和言语TheSwisslinguistF.deSaussuremadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleearly20thcentury.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsha

9、redbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Saussuremadethedistinctioninordertosingleoutoneaspectoflanguageforseriousstudy.Hebelieveswhatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole,todiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesub

10、jectsofstudyoflinguistics.Competenceandperformance语言实力和语言运用ProposedbyAmericanlinguistN.Chomskyinthelate1950s.Hedefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspe

11、cifythelanguagerules.ChapterTwoPhonology一、定义1.宽式音标BroadtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.2.窄式音标NarrowtranscriptionThetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhenthevocalcordsaredrawnwideapart,lettingairgothroughwithoutcausingvibration,

12、thesoundsproducedinsuchaconditionarecalledvoicelesssounds.4.浊音VoicingSoundsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibratingarecalledvoicedsounds.5.元音VowelThesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.6.辅音ConsonantsT

13、hesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.7.音位PhonemeThebasicunitinphonology,itsacollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.8.音位变体AllophonesDifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphon

14、eme.9.音素phoneAphoneticunitorsegment.itdoesnotnecessarilydistinguishmeaning,itsaspeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage.10.最小对立对MinimalpairWhentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.11.超切分特征Suprasegmental

15、Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.themainsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonationandtone.12.互补分布complementarydistributionP35Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.13.语言的语音媒介PhonicmediumoflanguageThelimitedrangeofso

16、undswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunicationandareofinteresttolinguisticstudiesarethephonicmediumoflanguage.在人类交际中有着肯定意义、对语言学探讨来说举足轻重。有限的声音是语音媒介。14.爆破音stopsWhenaobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledastopora

17、plosive.theyarebptdkg二、学问点1.statisticsresultingfromcarefulinvestigationsshowthattherehavebeenover5,000languagesintheworld,abouttwothirdsofwhichhavenothadwrittenform.2.ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismorebasicthanwriting.3.Phonetic组成Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学longestestablished,mostlydevelopedAuditory

18、phonetics听觉语音学Acousticphonetics声学语音学4.articulatoryApparatus/OrgansofSpeechPharyngealcavity咽腔Oralcavity口腔greatestsourceofmodificationofairstreamfoundhereNasalcavity鼻腔5.Thetongueisthemostflexible,responsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother,theextremebackofthetonguecanberaisedtowardstheuvulaa

19、ndaspeechsoundcanbethusproducedasisusedinArabicandFrench.6.Obstructionbetweenthebackofthetongueandthevelararearesultsinthepronunciationofkandg,thenarrowingofspacebetweenthehardpalateandthefrontofthetongueleadstothesoundj;theobstructioncreatedbetweenthetipofthetongueandthealveolarridgeresultsinthesou

20、ndstandd.7.nasalconsonants:m/n/8.APhoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.9.Sequentialrules例子Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:thefirstphonememustbe/s/thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w10.Englishhasfourb

21、asictypesofintonation:Fallingtone;Risingtone;Fall-risetone;Rise-falltone三、问答题1.whatarethethreebranchesofphonetics?howdotheycontributetothestudyofspeechsound?Articulatorydescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.Auditory-studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,reac

22、hestheimportantconclusionthatphoneticidentityisonlyatheoreticalideal.Acoustic-studiesthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsounds,thewaysoundtravelfromthespeakertothehearer.发音语音学描述了我们的发音器官如何发出语音，以及这些语音为何有所不同。听觉语音学探讨语音的物理性质，得出了重要结论，即语音同一只是理论上的志向。声学语音学探讨语音的物理性质，探讨语音从说话者到听话者之间的传播方式。2.howaretheEnglishconsonantsc

23、lassified?ByplaceofarticulationandBymannerofarticulation3.howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferentbetweensayiandi,pandph,aphoneticianoraphilologist?why?语音学和音位学的探讨中心有何不同?语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关切清楚音的区分?为什么?Phoneticsdescriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirf

24、inddifferences.Phonologydescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.Aphoneticianwouldbemoreinterestedinsuchdifferencescossuchdifferenceswillnotcos4.whatsaphone?howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?Phoneaspeechsound,aphoneticunit.Ph

25、oneme-acollectionofabstractsoundfeatures,aphonologicalunit.Allophones-actualrealizationofaphonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.5.whatisaminimalpairandaminimalset?whyisitimportanttoidentifytheminimalsetinalanguage?为什么区分最小对立组在一种语言中特别重要?Minimalpairtwosoundcombinationsidenticalineverywayexceptinonesoundel

26、ementthatoccursinthesameposition.除了出现在同一位置的一个语音成分不同外,其他部分都一样的两个语音组合.Minimalsetagroupofsoundcombinationswiththeabovefeature.一组具有上述特征的语音组合.Byidentifyingtheminimalpairortheminimalsetofalanguage,aphilologistcanidentifyitsphonemes.通过分析一种语言的最小对立对或最小对立组,音位学家能辨别出它的音位.6.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscripti

27、onandnarrowonetranscriptiondiffer?Broadtranscriptiononelettersymbolforonesound.Narrowtranscriptiondiacriticsareaddedtotheone-lettersymbolstoshowthefinerdifferencesbetweensounds.7.explainthesequentialrule,theassimilationruleandthedeletionrule.序列规则SequentialrulesRulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsin

28、aparticularlanguage.同化规则AssimilationrulesTheassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.省略规则DeletionruleItsaphonologicalrulewhichtellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitsorthographicallyrepresented.ChapterThreeMorphology一、定义1.词素Morp

29、hemeThebasicunitinthestudyofmorphologyandthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.2.自由词素FreeMorphemeFreemorphemesareindependentunitsofmeaningandcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselves.3.黏着词素BoundmorphemesBoundmorphemesarethesemorphemesthatcanotbeusedbythemselves,mustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsthatcanb

30、eusedindependently.4.词根RootRootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.5.词缀AffixThecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.6.曲折词缀inflectionalaffixesThemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffi

31、xes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.7.派生词缀DerivationalaffixesThemanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.8.词干StemAstemistheexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.9.形态学规则MorphologicalrulesThe

32、yarerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.10.前缀PrefixPrefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,exceptionsaretheprefixesbe-anden(m)-11.后缀SuffixSuffixesareaddedtotheendofstems,theymodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycasesc

33、hangeitspartofspeech.3.Inusingthemorphologicalrules,wemustguardagainstOver-generalization.二、学问点Inflectionalmorphology1.MorphologyDerivationalmorphologyFreemorphemesMorphemesRootBoundmorphemesInflectionalaffixesAffixesPrefixDerivationalaffixes2.somewordsmaybesaidtocontainarootmorpheme.Suffix4.Compoun

34、dfeatures:orthographically,acompoundcanbewrittenasoneword,twoseparatewordswithorwithoutahypheninbetween.Syntactically,thepartofspeechofacompoundisdeterminedbythelastelement.semantically,themeaningofacompoundisidiomatic,notcalculablefromthemeaningsofallitscomponentChapterFourSyntax一、定义1.句子sentenceAst

35、ructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.2.语言运用LinguisticcompetenceThesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeaker.3.谓语PredicateThepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgram

36、maticallycalledpredicate.4.定式子句FiniteClauseAclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyalone.5.从属子句EmbeddedClause(EC)Inacompletesentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledanEC.6.主要子句MatrixClauseInacomplexedsentence,theclauseintowhichitisembeddediscalledam

37、atrixclause.7.层次结构HierarchicalstructureThesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoriesofeachstructuralconstituent,suchasNPandVP.8.语法关系Grammat篇2：地理高考总结复习材料高一地理复习资料地理高考总结复习材料高一地理复习资料 本文关键词：地理，高考，复习资料，高一，复习地理高考总结复习材料高一地理复习资料 本文简介：第一单元一：地球运动的基本形式：公转和自转饶转中心太阳地轴方向自西向东（北天机上空看逆时针）自西向东（北极上空看逆时针，南极上空相反）周期恒星年（365天6时9分10秒）恒星日（23时56分4秒）角速度平均1o/日近日点（1月初）快远日点（7月初）快各地相等，每小时15o（两极除外）线速度平均30千地理高考