材料科学基础专业词汇.docx
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1、材料科学基础专业词汇材料科学基础专业词汇 本文关键词:材料科学,词汇,基础,专业材料科学基础专业词汇 本文简介:材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位Atomicmassunit(amu)原子数Atomicnumber原子量Atomicweight波尔原子模型Bohratomicmodel键能Bondingenergy库仑力Coulombicforce共价键Covalentbond分子的构型mole材料科学基础专业词汇 本文内容:材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位Atomicmassunit(amu)原子数Atomicnumber原子量Atomicweight波尔原子模
2、型Bohratomicmodel键能Bondingenergy库仑力Coulombicforce共价键Covalentbond分子的构型molecularconfiguration电子构型electronicconfiguration负电的Electronegative正电的Electropositive基态Groundstate氢键Hydrogenbond离子键Ionicbond同位素Isotope金属键Metallicbond摩尔Mole分子Molecule泡利不相容原理Pauliexclusionprinciple元素周期表Periodictable原子atom分子molecule分子量
3、moleculeweight量子数quantumnumber价电子valenceelectron极性分子Polarmolecule范德华键vanderwaalsbond电子轨道electronorbitals点群pointgroup对称要素symmetryelements各向异性anisotropy原子积累因数atomicpackingfactor(APF)体心立方结构body-centeredcubic(BCC)面心立方结构face-centeredcubic(FCC)布拉格定律braggslaw配位数coordinationnumber晶体结构crystalstructure晶系cryst
4、alsystem晶体的crystalline衍射diffraction中子衍射neutrondiffraction电子衍射electrondiffraction晶界grainboundary六方密积累hexagonalclose-packed(HCP)林规则PaulingsrulesNaCl鲍型结构NaCl-typestructureCsCl闪锌矿型结构Blende-typestructure型结构CaesiumChloridestructure金红石型结构Rutilestructure纤锌矿型结构Wurtzitestructure尖晶石型结构Spinel-typestructure萤石型结构
5、Fluoritestructure硅酸盐结构Structureofsilicates岛状结构Islandstructure层状结构Layerstructure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-typestructure链状结构Chainstructure架状结构Frameworkstructure滑石talc叶蜡石pyrophyllite高岭石kaolinite石英quartz长石feldspar美橄榄石forsterite各向同性的isotropic各向异性的anisotropy晶格lattice晶格参数latticeparameters密勒指数millerindices非结晶的noncry
6、stalline多晶的polycrystalline多晶形polymorphism单晶singlecrystal晶胞unitcell电位electronstates(化合)价valence电子electrons共价键covalentbonding金属键metallicbonding离子键Ionicbonding极性分子polarmolecules衍射角diffractionangle原子面密度atomicplanardensity合金alloy粒度,晶粒大小grainsize显微结构microstructure显微照相photomicrograph透射电子显微镜transmissionelec
7、tronmicroscope(TEM)重量百分数weightpercent扫描电子显微镜scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)四方的tetragonal单斜的monoclinic配位数coordinationnumber材料科学基础专业词汇:其次章晶体结构缺陷缺陷defect,imperfection点缺陷pointdefect线缺陷linedefect,dislocation面缺陷interfacedefect体缺陷volumedefect位错排列dislocationarrangement位错线dislocationline刃位错edgedislocation螺位错
8、screwdislocation混合位错mixeddislocation晶界grainboundaries大角度晶界high-anglegrainboundaries小角度晶界tiltboundary,孪晶界twinboundaries位错气团dislocationatmosphere位错阵列dislocationarray位错轴dislocationaxis位错胞dislocationcell位错爬移dislocationclimb位错聚结dislocationcoalescence位错滑移dislocationslip位错核心能量dislocationcoreenergy位错阻尼dislo
9、cationdamping位错密度dislocationdensity位错裂纹dislocationcrack原子错位substitutionofawrongatom间隙原子interstitialatom晶格空位vacantlatticesites间隙位置interstitialsites杂质impurities弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkeldisorder错位原子misplacedatoms肖脱基缺陷Schottkydisorder主晶相thehostlattice缔合中心AssociatedCenters.自由电子FreeElectrons电子空穴ElectronHoles伯格斯矢量Burg
10、ers克罗各-明克符号KrogerVinknotation中性原子neutralatom材料科学基础专业词汇:其次章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶体solidsolution固溶度solidsolubility化合物compound间隙固溶体interstitialsolidsolution置换固溶体substitutionalsolidsolution金属间化合物intermetallics不混溶固溶体immisciblesolidsolution转熔型固溶体peritecticsolidsolution有序固溶体orderedsolidsolution无序固溶体disorderedsolidso
11、lution取代型固溶体Substitutionalsolidsolutions过饱和固溶体supersaturatedsolidsolution固溶强化solidsolutionstrengthening非化学计量化合物Nonstoichiometriccompound材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构熔体结构structureofmelt过冷液体supercoolingmelt玻璃态vitreousstate软化温度softeningtemperature粘度viscosity表面张力Surfacetension介稳态过渡相metastablephase组织constitution淬火q
12、uenching退火的softened玻璃分相phaseseparationinglasses体积收缩volumeshrinkage材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面surface界面interface异相界面heterophaseboundary晶界grainboundary同相界面homophaseboundary表面能surfaceenergy小角度晶界lowanglegrainboundary大角度晶界highanglegrainboundary共格孪晶界coherenttwinboundary晶界迁移grainboundarymigration错配度mismatch驰豫
13、relaxation重构reconstuction表面吸附surfaceadsorption表面能surfaceenergy倾转晶界titltgrainboundary扭转晶界twistgrainboundary倒易密度reciprocaldensity共格界面coherentboundary半共格界面semi-coherentboundary非共格界面noncoherentboundary界面能interfacialfreeenergy应变能strainenergy晶体学取向关系crystallographicorientation惯习面habitplane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相
14、图phasediagrams相phase组分component组元compoonent投影图Projectiondrawing相律Phaserule浓度三角形Concentrationtriangle冷却曲线Coolingcurve成分composition自由度freedom相平衡phaseequilibrium化学势chemicalpotential热力学thermodynamics相律phaserule吉布斯相律Gibbsphaserule自由能freeenergy吉布斯混合能Gibbsenergyofmixing吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeener
15、gy热力学函数thermodynamicsfunction吉布斯熵Gibbsentropy热分析thermalanalysis过冷度degreeofsupercooling杠杆定律leverrule过冷supercooling相界phaseboundary相界线phaseboundaryline相界交联phaseboundarycrosslinking共轭线conjugatelines相界有限交联phaseboundarycrosslinking相界反应phaseboundaryreaction相变phasechange相组成phasecomposition共格相phase-coherent金
16、相相组织phaseconstentuent相衬phasecontrast相衬显微镜phasecontrastmicroscope相衬显微术phasecontrastmicroscopy相分布phasedistribution相平衡常数phaseequilibriumconstant相平衡图phaseequilibriumdiagram相变滞后phasetransitionlag相分别phasesegregation相序phaseorder相稳定性phasestability相态phasestate相稳定区phasestabilerange相变温度phasetransitiontemperatu
17、re相变压力phasetransitionpressure同质多晶转变polymorphictransformation同素异晶转变allotropictransformation相平衡条件phaseequilibriumconditions显微结构microstructures低共熔体eutectoid不混溶性immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能activationenergy扩散通量diffusionflux浓度梯度concentrationgradient菲克第肯定律Ficksfirstlaw菲克其次定律Fickssecondlaw相关因子correlatio
18、nfactor稳态扩散steadystatediffusion非稳态扩散nonsteady-statediffusion扩散系数diffusioncoefficient跳动几率jumpfrequency填隙机制interstitalcymechanism晶界扩散grainboundarydiffusion短路扩散short-circuitdiffusion上坡扩散uphilldiffusion下坡扩散Downhilldiffusion互扩散系数Mutualdiffusion渗碳剂carburizing浓度梯度concentrationgradient浓度分布曲线concentrationpro
19、file扩散流量diffusionflux驱动力drivingforce间隙扩散interstitialdiffusion自扩散self-diffusion表面扩散surfacediffusion空位扩散vacancydiffusion扩散偶diffusioncouple扩散方程diffusionequation扩散机理diffusionmechanism扩散特性diffusionproperty无规行走Randomwalk达肯方程Darkequation柯肯达尔效应Kirkendallequation本征热缺陷Intrinsicthermaldefect本征扩散系数Intrinsicdiff
20、usioncoefficient离子电导率Ion-conductivity空位机制Vacancyconcentration材料科学基础专业词汇:第七章相变过冷supercooling过冷度degreeofsupercooling晶核nucleus形核nucleation形核功nucleationenergy晶体长大crystalgrowth匀称形核homogeneousnucleation非匀称形核heterogeneousnucleation形核率nucleationrate长大速率growthrate奥氏体austenite热力学函数thermodynamicsfunction临界晶核cr
21、iticalnucleus临界晶核半径criticalnucleusradius枝晶偏析dendriticsegregation平衡安排系数equilibriumdistributioncoefficient引领(领先)相leadingphase局部平衡localizedequilibrium有效安排系数effectivedistributioncoefficient成分过冷constitutionalsupercooling共晶组织eutecticstructure层状共晶体lamellareutectic伪共晶pseudoeutectic离异共晶divorsedeutectic表面等轴晶区
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