2022年初中英语语法 .pdf

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1、读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思中学英语语法网络图一名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-

2、fe结尾的词变-f 和-fe为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词，变 y为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词，或专有名词以 y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys

3、, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加 -o 结尾的名词一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos

4、 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, good

5、s, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew , team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义customs( 海关), forces( 军队), times( 时代), spirits( 情绪), drinks( 饮料), sa

6、nds(沙滩), papers( 文件报纸), manners( 礼貌), looks( 外表), brains( 头脑智力), greens( 青菜), ruins( 废墟) 7 表示“某国人”加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen 8 合 成 名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law , lookers-on, p

7、assers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boy s father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加t

8、he teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, women s rights, 以 s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and America s problems, Janes and Mary s bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and America s problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省

9、略the doctor s, the barbers, the tailors, my uncle s精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todaysnewspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys pla

10、n, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollars worth of apples6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措) 3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the

11、 chair, the cover of the book 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed 二冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an ） ，定冠词（the ） ，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you. 3 表示“每一”相当于 every ，one W

12、e study eight hours a day. 4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age. 5 用于人名前， 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. 6 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time 7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, wh

13、at, such 之后This room is rather a big one. 8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. II. 定冠词的用法：1 表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面play the v

14、iolin, play the guitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China

15、. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder. III. 零冠词的用法：1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University , Jack, China, love, air 2 名词前有 this, my , whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Wh

16、ose purse is this? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day , spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess. 6 与 by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land 7 以 and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night 8 表示泛指的复

17、数名词前Horses are useful animals. 三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1 人 称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 1

18、1 页 - - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思3 反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词one/ some/ any, ea

19、ch/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与 any: 1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为 ones 。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some qu

20、estions to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约” ，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 student

21、s in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / W e each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak poi

22、nts. 3. none 和 no：no等于 not any ，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some othe

23、r reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the others 。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another 指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是 others ，泛指“别的人或事”如：I don t like this shirt, please show me another (one). The tro

24、users are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all和 both, neither 和 either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和 all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用 neither和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Bo

25、th of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 四形容词和副词I. 形容词：1. 形容词的位置：1) 形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1 修饰 some, any , every , no和 body , thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the on

26、ly solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - -

27、 - -第 3 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思冠词前的形容词冠词指示代词不定代词代词所有格序数词基数词性质状态大小长短形状新旧温度颜色国籍产地材料质地名词all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese London silk stone 3) 复合形容词的构成：1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容

28、词world-famous 2 形容词+形容词dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词newly-built 10 数词+名词twenty-year II. 副词副词的分类：1 时间副词soon, now , early , finally , once, recently 5 频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never

29、2 地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑问副词how, where, when, why 3 方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly , really 7 连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程度副词almost, nearly, very , fairly , quite, rather 8 关系副词when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级， 比较级和最高级。 比较级

30、和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est ， 多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most 。1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many , a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more the more ”句型。如：The harder you work, the more pro

31、gress you will make. 4. 用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day. 5. 表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。五介

32、词I. 介词分类：1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on 2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without 3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to 4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till a

33、fter, in between 5 分词转化成的介词considering( 就而论), including 6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite II. 常用介词区别：1 表示时间的 in, on, at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关2 表示时间的 since, from since 指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始3 表示时间的 in, after in 指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中4 表示地理位置的 in, on, to

34、in 表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外5 表示“在上”的 on, in on只表示在某物的表面上，in 表示占去某物一部分6 表示“穿过”的 through, across through表示从内部通过，与 in 有关，across表示在表面上通过，与 on有关7 表示“关于”的 about, on about指涉及到，on指专门论述8 between 与 among的区别between 表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间9 besides 与 except 的区别besides 指“除了还有再加上” ，except指“除了，减去什么” ，不放在句首10

35、 表示“用”的 in, with with 表示具体的工具，in 表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音11 as与 like的区别as意为“作为，以地位或身份” ，like为“象一样” ，指情形相似12 in 与 into区别in 通常表示位置（静态） ，into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置六动词精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思I. 动词的时态：1. 动词的时态一共有 16种，以 a

36、sk为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask 进行am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完成进行have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been

37、asking should/would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过，且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过” ， “了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去

38、，不关现在。如：I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在” ，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。I have read that book.我读过那本书了。I have been reading that book all th

39、e morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。4. 一般将来时的表达方式：将来时用法例句1 will/shall+ 动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+ 动词原形含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事It s going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3 be + doing 进行时表示将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is movin

40、g to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang. The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at fiv

41、e oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 动词的被动语态：常用被动语态构成常用被动语态构成1 一般现在时am/is/are asked 6 过去进行时was/were being asked 2 一般过去时was/were asked 7 现在完成时have/has been asked 3 一般将来时shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时had been asked 4 过去将来时should/would be asked 9 将来完成时will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时am/is/

42、are being asked 10 含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked 注意事项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little gi

43、rl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：It is believed that It is generally considered that It is said thatIt is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed thatIt is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book i

44、s worth reading twice. The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, ta

45、ke place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 11 页 - - - - - - - - - - 读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思七情态动词I. 情态动词基本用法：情态动词用法否定式疑问式与简答can 能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）can not /

46、cannot /cant doCando?Yes, can.No,cant.could couldn t domay 可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中）may not do Maydo? Y es, may.No,mustnt/can t.might might not do Might do? Yes, mightNo,might not.must 必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes, must.No,neednt/don t have to.have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时

47、态人称变化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes, do. No,dont.ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用 should ought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do ?Yes, ought. No,oughtn t.shall 将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等shall not/shant doShall do?Yes, shall. No,shant.should 应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味）should not/shouldnt doShould do?will

48、 意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中 would比较委婉will not/wont doWill do?Yes, will. No,wont.would would not/wouldnt dodare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes, dare. No,daren t.need 需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes, must. No,neednt.used to 过去常常（现在已不再）used not/usednt/usen t to dodidn t use to doUsedto

49、do ?Yes, used. No,use(d)n t.Diduse to do?Yes, did. No,didn t.II. 情态动词 must, may , might, could, can表示推测：以 must为例。must + do(be) 是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must + be doing 推测可能正在进行的事情；must +have done 是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1. must “肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He

50、 must have already arrived there. 2. may和 might “也许” ，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和 could “可能” ，could表示可疑的可能性，不及 cant语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。The weather in that city could be cold now. We could have walked there; it was so near.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上