2022年动词的被动语态和非谓语动词 .pdf

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1、动词的被动语态和非谓语动词复习要点阐述今天我们复习动词的语态和非谓语动词，我们主要复习如下的内容：一动词的被动语态。二动词不定式。三动名词。四分词。一动词的被动语态语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。在初中阶段我们所学的句子绝大部分都是主动语态。今天我们主要复习被动语态，被动语态表示主精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 语不是动作的执行者，而

2、是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。（一）被动语态的构成1被动语态的基本结构：be动词过去分词2各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词 do为例) 时态主动语态被动语态例句主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/ does am/ is/ aredone We clean the classroom. The classroom is cleaned by us. 一般过去时did was/ were done He made the kite. The kite was made by him. 现在进行时am/ is/aredoing am/ is/ arebeing done She is wateri

3、ng flowers. Flowers are being watered by her.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 现在完成时have/hasdone have/ has been doneJim has finished the work. The work has been finished by Jim.一般将来时will/ shall/ be going to do will/ shall/ be going to

4、 bedone They will plant trees tomorrow. Trees will be plantedby them tomorrow. 过去进行时was/ weredoing was/ were beingdone She was writing a letter this time yesterday. A letter was beingwritten by her this time yesterday. 过去完成时haddone haddone Jim had finished the work. The work had been finished by Jim

5、. 过去将来时would/ should/ be going todo would/should/ be going to be done.He said he would made a kite. He said a kite would be made by him. 含有can/ may/ can/may/mustI can find him. He can be found by 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 情态动词

6、mustdo bedoneme. （二）被动语态的用法被动语态中 主语是动作的承受者 ，主要用于下列几种情况1不知道动作的执行者是谁。e.g.This watch is made in China. 这块手表是在中国制造的。2没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。e.g.More trees must be planted every year. 每年必须有更多的树被种植。3需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。e.g.Chinese is spokenby more and more people in the world. 世界上越来越多的人说汉语(强调汉语的使用广泛 )。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载

7、- - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 4动作的发出者不是人时。e.g.Many houses were washed away in the flood. 很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。（三）主动语态和被动语态的转换1主动语态变被动语态：（1）要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变主格。（2）把主动句中的主语变为被动句中的宾语，主格变宾格，并由by 引导。（3）谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。e.g.We asked him t

8、o sing an English song. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 我们让他唱一首英语歌。He was asked to sing an English song by us. 他被我们要求唱一首英语歌。2带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可接直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词

9、to 或 for。e.g.She gave me a book. ( 变为被动语态 ) I was given a book. ( 间接宾语 me改为主语 ) A book was given to me. ( 育接宾语 a book改为主语 ) 3短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。注意：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时

10、，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。e.g.Weshould speak to old menpolitely. (变为被动语态)Old men should be spoken to politely. (to不可省略 ) 4带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。e.g.I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.( 变为被动语态 )Jane was heard playing the piano in her room. 5被动语态后动词形式的选择

11、主动句中在感官动词see 、hear、watch、feel、notice等使役动词 , 也称为感官动词， let、make、精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - here等动词后跟省略to 的不定式，变为被动句时，应加上不定式符号to。e.g.He makes the girl stay at home.( 改为被动结构)The girl is made to stay at home. Last Sunday we hear d t

12、hem sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句 ) They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday. 四句话：主语变成宾语；宾语变成主语；动词一分为二；时态体现在 be动词上。（四）被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式1主动结构表被动意义精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - （1）open、lock、write、read、

13、sell、clean、wash、cut、burn、drive 等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。e.g.This kind of pen writes very smoothly. 这种笔写起来很流畅。This kind of shirt sells well here. 这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。（2）look、sound 、taste、smell等系动词主动结构表被动意义。e.g.Uniforms look ugly on us. 我们穿着制服很难看。Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼吃起来很好。（3）be worth doing中，doi

14、ng表被动意义。e.g.This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - （4）want/ need/ requiredoing相当于 want/ need/ requireto be done 。to be done表不定式的被动结构。e.g.My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。

15、（五）不用被动语态的情况1主动句的宾语是each other或反身代词 oneself时，不能用于被动语态。e.g.The man introduced himself as Mr. White. (主动语态) 那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。Himself was introduced as Mr. White.( 误) They help each other study English. ( 主动语态 ) 他们互相帮助学习英语。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 32 页 -

16、 - - - - - - - - - Each other is helped study English. (误) 2当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时，不能用于被动语态。e.g.We will have a meeting. 我们将开一个会。3主动语态的 宾语是动词不定式或 -ing 形式时 ，不能用作被动语态的主语。e.g.My brother enjoys watching TV. He asked to have a try. 他请求试一次。注意：解答被动语态题目时，首先要判断主语和动作的关系，如果主语是动作的执行者，则用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则用被动语态。二动词不定

17、式精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 英语中有些动词 既表示动作 ，但又不能作谓语使用，这种动词称为 “ 非谓语动词 ” 。非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式；-ing 形式（称为动名词和现在分词）；过去分词。我们先复习动词不定式。1不定式的基本形式是 “to 动词原形 ” ，或省略 to用动词原形。在句中使用时不能作谓语，但可以和自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。e.g.The mother wants her to read Engl

18、ish every day . 母亲要她的儿子每天读英语。My mother asked me not to read in bed. 我的母亲要求我不要躺在床上看书。2不定式的句法作用：动词不定式 具有名词、形容词和副词的作用，它可以作主语、宾语、宾补和状语。（1）作主语精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 12 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 动词不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，而将真正的主语放在句末， Itbe形容词 (for sb.)动词不定式e.g.To

19、 learn English wellis useful.It s useful to learn English well.It s important for us to protect environment.注：当在 kind, good, nice, clever 等表示人的品质的形容词后，不用for 而用 of。e.g.It s very kind of you to help me . 你帮助我真是太好啦。It s very clever of you to do like that.你那样做真是太聪明啦 ! （2）作宾语e.g.He wants to go out with h

20、er . 他想和她一起出去。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 13 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 注：一些谓语动词后 只能用不定式作宾语 ，常见的这类词是表示命令、打算或希望，如：would like, want, wish, hope, decide, plan, expect 等。e.g.Would you like to see a film this evening? 你今晚想去看电影吗 ? 在 find, think 后跟不定式作宾语时， 常用 it 代

21、替，而将真正的宾语放在句末。e.g.I find it easy to read English every day . 我发现每天读英语很简单。（3）宾语补足语：动词不定式作宾补时，它与宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。e.g.Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.露丝要他关小收音机 (他关小收音机 ) 注：动词不定式在使役动词make, let和感官动词 see, watch, hear, feel 等词后作宾补时，常省去不精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1

22、4 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 定式符号 to。 had better, would rather后的不定式也不带 to，help后的不定式可带 to，也可不带 to。e.g.Her mother makes her do homework every evening. 她母亲要她每天晚上都写作业。Let s see the dolphins . 我们去看海豚吧。I hear her sing every day. 我听见她每天都唱歌。Youd better do homework first. 你最好先做作业。但 make, see, hear等词在被动语态中，

23、其后的不定式要带 to。e.g.She was heard to speak English. 有人听到她说英语。（4）作定语精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 15 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 动词不定式作定语时，应放在名词之后，它与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。e.g.I have a lot of homework to do. 我有许多家庭作业要做。(做家庭作业 ) There is nothing to worry about.没什么要担心的。（5）作状语e.

24、g.Mrs. Wang went to Shanghai to see her daughter .(目的) 王女士去上海看望她的女儿。We re glad to meet you here. (原因) 我们很高兴在这里见到你。He is too tired to work on. (结果) 他太累了，不能继续工作了。3不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 16 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - e.g.They told us no

25、t to play basketball too long. 他们告诉我们不要打太长时间的篮球。Youd better not go to bed late . 你最好不要睡觉太晚。4不定式常和疑问词what, which, when, where, how连用，相当于一个宾语从句。e.g.The teacher is telling the students what to do. 老师正告诉同学们做什么。He didn t know where to go.他不知道去哪里。 (where to go=where he should go) 三动名词动名词由 “ 动词原形 ing” 构成，它

26、具有名词和动词的特征，它起名词的作用，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语，它也可以有自己的宾语和状语。1作主语精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 17 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - e.g.Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃太多对健康不好。2作宾语，动名词可作动词宾语， 也可作介词宾语。e.g.I like playing basketball . 我喜欢打篮球。 (动词

27、宾语 ) Thank you for listening. (介词宾语 )谢谢收听。注：有些动词或句型只能用动名词。（1）enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事e.g.I enjoy reading English loudly. 我喜欢大声读英语。（2）mind doing sth.和 mind sbs doing sth.介意做某事，反对做某事精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 18 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - e.g.It s hot. Would yo

28、u mind opening the window ? 天很热。你介意打开窗户吗? Would you mind my smoking here? 我在这吸烟你介意吗 ? （3）stop sb. from doing sth. 和 prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事Today, the forests have almost gone, people must _ down many trees.(03安徽) Astop to cutBstop from cutting Cbe stopped to cutDbe stopped from cutting 答案

29、： D （4）practice doing sth. 练习做某事e.g.We should practice speaking English as often as possible. 我们应该尽可能经常地练习说英语。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 19 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - （5）finish doing sth. 完成做某事Before 2008 we will finish _the Olympic Park.( 05北京) AbuildBbui

30、lt Cbuilding Dto build 答案： C （6）feel like doing sth.想要做某事e.g.He should do his homework now. But he doesnt feel like doing it. 他现在应该做作业，但他不想做。（7） be used to doing sth.习惯做某事（=get used to doing sth. ）e.g.He is used to getting up at six every day. 他习惯于每天六点起床。（8）spend (in)doing sth.花费时间做某事精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载

31、 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 20 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - e.g.Every day I spend three hours doing homework. 我每天花三个小时做作业。（9）be worth doing sth.值得做某事e.g.The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。（10）have fun doing sth.和 have a good time doing sth.尽情做某事，作某事很快乐e.g.They had fun climbi

32、ng the mountain last Sunday. 他们上周日爬山，玩的很愉快。（11）have trouble/ problem/ a hard time doing sth.做某事很困难e.g.He had a hard time speaking English in front of the class . 他很难在全班同学面前说英语。（12）thank sb. for doing sth.因某事感谢某人精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 21 页，共 32 页 - - - -

33、- - - - - - e.g.Thank you for joining us. 感谢你加入我们。四分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它们起形容词和副词的作用，在句中作定语，宾补，状语和表语。现在分词 -ing，有主动、进行之意，过去分词-ed，有被动、完成之意。 注意他们都有不规则形式。1作定语分词与中心词之间有动宾关系e.g.China is a developing country. Japan is a developed country. 中国是一个发展中国家，日本是一个发达国家。The boy named John is from America. 那个叫约翰的男孩来自美国。2

34、作宾语补足语e.g.I saw her watching TV last night. 昨晚我看见她在看电视 (现在分词 )。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 22 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - You should have your hair cut. 你该理发了。 (have sth. done叫别人为你做某事 ) 3作状语e.g.While watching TV, he smiled from time to time. 看电视时，他不时地笑。They

35、woke up the other family members, calling“Merry Christmas!”他们喊着 “ 圣诞快乐 ” ，叫醒家里其他人。4作表语e.g.We are excited about the news. 我们对那个新闻感到兴奋。The news is exciting. 那个新闻令人兴奋。We are interested in the interesting story. 我们对那个有趣的故事很感兴趣。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 23 页，共 3

36、2 页 - - - - - - - - - - 现在分词表示 “ 令人的” ，主语一般是物；过去分词表示 “ 感到的” ，主语一般是人。e.g.He is surprised to hear the news. ( 过去分词 ) 他听到那个消息很惊奇。The news is surprising.(现在分词 ) 那个消息令人惊奇。易混知识清单一动词后接不定式和动名词的区别有些动词后可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语， 但意义不同，要注意区分 (有些词如 like, hate,love, start, begin等后接不定式和动名词意义差别不大) stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事

37、stop doing sth.停止做某事Stop talking, please. 请不要讲话。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 24 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - Stop to think about it for a moment. 停下来想一想。remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 (动作未发生 ) remember doing sth. 记得曾做过某事 (动作已发生 ) e.g.I remember posting your letter

38、. 我记得把你的信寄出去了。(信已寄出 ) Please remember to post my letter. 请记住把我的信寄走。 (信尚未寄出 ) forget to do sth. 忘记未做某事 (动作未发生 ) forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 (动作已发生 ) e.g.I forgot to bring my homework . 我忘记带作业了。 (没带作业 ) I forgot bringing my homework . 我忘记已把作业带来了。(作业已带来 ) try to do sth.努力去做某事try doing sth.试着去做某事精品资料 - - -

39、 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 25 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - e.g.He tried speaking English to us. 他试着用英语和我们谈话。Please try to do better next time. 下次设法做得更好些。go on to do sth. 做完一件事，接着改做另外一件事go on doing继续不停地做某事e.g.Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one. 做完

40、这个练习题后，接着做另一个练习题。Go on doing the exercise after a short rest. 休息一会儿之后，我们继续做练习。allow doing sth. 允许做某事allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事e.g.We dont allow smoking here. 我们不许在此吸烟。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 26 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - We dont allow students to go o

41、ut on school days. 我们不允许学生在校期间外出。易混知识清单二动词不定式作宾补和动名词作宾补的区别see, watch, hear, find, feel 等感官动词，后接不定式作宾补时，表示动作的全过程已结束或存在的事实，接动名词作宾补时表动作的一部分正在进行。(1)I saw him cross the road. 我见他过了马路。(2)I saw him crossing the road. 我见他正在过马路。(3)I heard someone enter the room. 我听见有人进了房间。(4)I heard someone singing . 我听见有人在唱

42、歌。(5)I felt something hit me off the back. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 27 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 我感到有东西打了我一下。(6)Can you feel the train slowing down? 你能感觉到火车在慢下来吗? 易混知识清单三need, require, want后跟不定式和动名词的区别当 need, require, want作“ 需要” 解时，后加动名词主动式等于不定式的被动式。e.g

43、.The window needs cleaning.The window needs to be cleaned. 那个窗户需要被清洗。易混知识清单四不定式是不及物动词时，作定语不能省去介词e.g.Weihai is a good place to live in. 威海是一个居住的好地方。I don t have enough time to study for the test, so I have something to worry about.精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2

44、8 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 因为我没有足够的时问为考试而学习，所以我有些担心。今天我们复习了动词的非谓语形式，意在加深同学们对所学业知识的印象，其实英语的非谓语动词在很大的程度上都是英语中短语动词的搭配用法。因此， 多读、多背、多记、多听是学习英语的至胜法宝。可以说，任何语言、语感是很重要的，在语感的基础上弄清楚语法，是一种最好的学习方式。典例剖析例题 1Are you afraid of _ at home , Linda? No, I ve grown up.(2006兰州中考题 ) AaloneBbeing alone ClonelyDbeing lon

45、ely 解题技巧：精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 29 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 此题属于一种难以判断的题型，首先确定alone和 lonely 是 adj.，而 be afraid of 后要接名词或用动词加-ing 的形式，排除A、C 选项。根据中文 “ 林达，你一个人呆在家里害怕吗？ ” ，排除选项 D。答案： B 例题 2Theres nobody here. Let s play football.No, we can t. My father o

46、ften tells me _ in the street. Its dangerous.(2006长沙课改中考题 ) Ato playBdont playCnot to play 解题技巧：此题考查不定式的用法。首先找到动词tells，就知道 tell sb. to do sth. ，排除 B 答案。再根据中文“ 这样做很危险。 ” 排除选项 A。答案： C 例题 3I had a bad cold. The doctor asked me _ in bed.(2006北京中考题 ) 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - -

47、- - - - - - -第 30 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - Astaying Bto stayCstays ask sb. to do sth. 答案： B 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 31 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - - 文档编码：KDHSIBDSUFVBSUDHSIDHSIBF-SDSD587FCDCVDCJUH 欢迎下载 精美文档欢迎下载 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 32 页，共 32 页 - - - - - - - - - -