心脏术后围手术期的液体管理原则及注意点课件.ppt
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1、心脏术后围手术期心脏术后围手术期的液体的液体管理原则及注意点管理原则及注意点Peri-operative fluid management 第三军医大学新桥医院心外科第三军医大学新桥医院心外科刘健刘健For practical consideration,most losses and gain of body fluid occur directly from the extracellular compartment ICF(细胞内液细胞内液)占占40%Body fluid占占60%ECF(细胞外液细胞外液)占占20%plasma(血浆血浆)占占5%细胞间液占细胞间液占15%*u:成人每日
2、水分排出量:成人每日水分排出量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) 尿尿 1000-1500ml1000-1500ml 大便大便 150ml150ml(ICUICU病人一般不计)病人一般不计) 皮肤皮肤 300-600ml300-600ml(平均(平均500ml500ml) 肺肺 200-400ml200-400ml(平均(平均350ml350ml)u即成人每日基本生理需要量即成人每日基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) )Sensible lossInsensible lossu:成人每日水摄入量:成人每日水摄入量(2000-2500ml)(20
3、00-2500ml) 饮水饮水 (oral) 1000-1500ml(oral) 1000-1500ml 食物水食物水 700ml700ml (solid food) 代谢水代谢水 300ml300ml (water of oxidation)u即基本生理需要量即基本生理需要量(2000-2500ml)(2000-2500ml) Sensible gainInsensible gainu u u Compositional abnormalities include changes Compositional abnormalities include changes (1)acid-base
4、 balance ( (1)acid-base balance (酸碱酸碱) ) (2)concentration changes of potassium(K+), (2)concentration changes of potassium(K+), calcium(Ca2+), and magnesium(Mg2+)(calcium(Ca2+), and magnesium(Mg2+)(电解质电解质) )1、Volume change(容量)(容量)2、Composition change(成分)(成分)Fluid change of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)
5、体外循环后的液体变化体外循环后的液体变化u1、An intentional hemodilution (to lower blood viscosity during hypothermia ) 血液稀释预充血液稀释预充u2、cardioplegia or the copious use of irrigation (accumulation of excess fluid ) 心脏停搏液和冲洗液的应用心脏停搏液和冲洗液的应用u3、an increase of total body water (causes impaired organ function as it accumulates
6、in tissues ) 体液增加体液增加u1. Total body sodium and water overload(钠水超负荷)(钠水超负荷)u2. Systemic inflammatory response symptom (SIRS) capillary permeability increase crystalloid and colloid partially shift to the interstitial spaceu3. Transient myocardial dysfunctionu3. Pulmonary venous resistance(PVR) incre
7、ase and abnormalities of gas exchangeu5. Stress and hormonal responses leading to fluid and electrolyte disturbancesThe Starling equilibrium displaying the effect of The Starling equilibrium displaying the effect of different pressures on transcapillarydifferent pressures on transcapillary membrane
8、membrane fluid flux adapted for the lungfluid flux adapted for the lung CHP COP THP TOP capillary(毛细血管) interstiturm(间质) alveoli(肺泡)CHP: capillary hydrostatic pressureCOP: capillary oncotic pressure (of which 90% is dependent on serum albumin)THP: tissue hydrostatic pressureTOP: tissue oncotic press
9、ure u1. Careful fluid administration may decrease postoperative 1. Careful fluid administration may decrease postoperative respiratory disturbancesrespiratory disturbances u2. the elderly are especially prone to over-hydration, 2. the elderly are especially prone to over-hydration, particularly as r
10、enal dysfunction is common in this age group, particularly as renal dysfunction is common in this age group, and that care needs to be taken in avoiding acute pulmonary and that care needs to be taken in avoiding acute pulmonary oedemaoedema. . u3. A positive fluid balance was a common feature for t
11、hose that 3. A positive fluid balance was a common feature for those that died and death was attributed to pulmonary oedemadied and death was attributed to pulmonary oedema or cardiac or cardiac failure on the death certificates. failure on the death certificates. u4. Careful fluid challenges of col
12、loid guided by central venous 4. Careful fluid challenges of colloid guided by central venous pressure, resulted in improved haemodynamicspressure, resulted in improved haemodynamics (cardiac output or (cardiac output or central venous pressure), less postoperative morbidity and a central venous pre
13、ssure), less postoperative morbidity and a reduction in hospital stayreduction in hospital stayu5. 5. we emphasis on avoiding fluid overload and insufficient fluid we emphasis on avoiding fluid overload and insufficient fluid therapy post-operatively, especial in the elderly. therapy post-operativel
14、y, especial in the elderly. Factors Affecting the Amount of Fluid AdministrationuPreoperative cardiovascular functionuAnesthetic technique and agent pharmacologyuCardiopulmonary bypassuPatient positionuThermoregulationuOperative fluid administrationuDuration of surgeryuOperative siteuSurgical techni
15、queuSplanchnic ischemiauIntraoperative cardiac functionuCapillary permeabilityuEndotoxemiauProinflammatory cytokinesuSepsisuAllergic/anaphylactic reactionsQualitative Considerations in Selection of Fluid Therapyu1. Oxygen-carrying capacityu2. Coagulation factorsu3. COP (colloid oncotic pressure )u4.
16、 Tissue edemau5. Electrolyte balanceu6. Acid-base equilibriumu7. Nutrition/glucose metabolismu8. Cerebral abnormalitiesOxygen-Carrying Capacity uThe need to provide sufficient oxygen The need to provide sufficient oxygen delivery (DOdelivery (DO2 2) is expressed) is expressed by the by the following
17、 formula: following formula: DO DO2 2 = content of arterial oxygen (CaO = content of arterial oxygen (CaO2 2) ) x cardiac output (CO).cardiac output (CO). u CaOCaO:hemoglobin level, arterial oxygen:hemoglobin level, arterial oxygen saturation (SaOsaturation (SaO2 2), and to a minimal ), and to a min
18、imal extent dissolved oxygenextent dissolved oxygen;术后早期需术后早期需additional preload 者见于:者见于:u1. Right ventriculotomy(右室切开术右室切开术) ( 如如F4, Rastelli procedure) u 2. Cavopulmonary anastomosis(腔肺吻合术腔肺吻合术) ( 如双向如双向Glenn, Fontan)u3. Systemic to pulmonary artery shunt ( 如如Blalock procedure)u4. Operations compl
19、icated by pulmonary hypertension ( 如如obstructed TAPVC) 心脏术后液体管理措施心脏术后液体管理措施:u婴幼儿术后第一日晶体液量(微泵输入)婴幼儿术后第一日晶体液量(微泵输入)u体重的第一个体重的第一个l0kg 2mll0kg 2mlkgkgh hu体重的第二个体重的第二个10kg 1ml10kg 1mlkgkgh h u体重的第三个体重的第三个10kg 0.5ml10kg 0.5mlkgkgh h u术后第二日开始进食者总液量:术后第二日开始进食者总液量: 4ml/kg4ml/kgh hu血浆、全血按血浆、全血按5-10ml/kg5-10ml
20、/kg补充,白蛋白按补充,白蛋白按2.5-5ml/kg2.5-5ml/kg补充补充注意点注意点:ua.a.心衰,呼吸机应用者:心衰,呼吸机应用者:2-3ml2-3mlkgkgh hub.b.体温升高体温升高1 1,液体量增加,液体量增加10%10%uc.c.置开放暖箱,液体量增加置开放暖箱,液体量增加10-1510-15ud.d.不能脱机者术后不能脱机者术后48h48h(肠鸣音恢复),必须常规予胃(肠鸣音恢复),必须常规予胃肠营养,营养素肠营养,营养素50-100ml50-100ml,4-5/4-5/日,胃管注入。日,胃管注入。u 因肌松剂影响肠鸣音恢复者予静脉营养。因肌松剂影响肠鸣音恢复者予
21、静脉营养。 总热卡总热卡=50-100kcal/kg/day=50-100kcal/kg/day。 成人术后的液体管理成人术后的液体管理:u成术后第一日晶体液按成术后第一日晶体液按1ml1mlkgkgh hu术后第二日总液量术后第二日总液量 2ml2mlkgkgh h 注:注:a.a.心衰,呼吸机应用者液体酌减心衰,呼吸机应用者液体酌减u b.b.补液总量补液总量= =继续丢失量继续丢失量+ +生理需要量生理需要量 生理需要量一般不低于生理需要量一般不低于1500ml1500ml,以,以5%GS5%GS为主。为主。u c.c.不能脱机者术后不能脱机者术后48h48h(肠鸣音恢复),必须予营(肠
22、鸣音恢复),必须予营养素养素200ml200ml,4-5/4-5/日,胃管注入。日,胃管注入。 总热卡总热卡=30-50kcal/kg/day=30-50kcal/kg/day。u d.d.肾衰少尿期补液原则肾衰少尿期补液原则 每日补液量每日补液量=前一天尿量前一天尿量+额外丧失量额外丧失量+不显性失水内生不显性失水内生水水 液体成分:液体成分: u 1) 1)婴幼儿输以婴幼儿输以1010GSGS为主的含电解质的为主的含电解质的1 14 41 15 5张张混合液混合液(NS:GS 1(NS:GS 1:3-4)3-4)例:例:1010Gs 250mlGs 250ml 10 10NaCl NaCl
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