环境工程专业英语翻译理论PPT选编课件.ppt

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1、1专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论范文：Aerobic TreatmentAerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.Aerob

2、ic bacteria are like humans in that they require oxygen to survive and thrive. This is the primary difference between aerobic systems and septic systems, you see. Septic systems depend on much less efficient anaerobic bacteria. 3专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken do

3、wn into carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. Of all biological waste treatment method, aerobic digestion is the most widespead process used througho

4、ut the world (more than 95%).Aerobic bacteria demand oxygen to decompose dissolved pollutants. Large amounts of pollutants require large quantities of bacteria; hence the demand for oxygen will be high.The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants th

5、at can be removed in biological oxidation by the bacteria. It is expressed in mg/L.4专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) measures the quantity of dissolved organic pollutants that can be removed in chemical oxidation, by adding strong acids. It is expressed in mg/L.The ratio BOD/COD give

6、s an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. Aerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.5专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1. 专业英语翻译概论专业英语

7、翻译概论1.1 专业英语的特点专业英语的特点1.1.1 专业英语的词汇特点专业英语的词汇特点专业词汇出现的频率低。专业词汇出现的频率低。词义专一。词义专一。广泛是使用缩写词。如：广泛是使用缩写词。如：COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳总有机碳DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧溶解氧6专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物持久性有

8、机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒总悬浮颗粒TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen 总凯氏氮总凯氏氮UASB up flow anaerobic sludge blanket 上流式厌氧污泥床上流式厌氧污泥床MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器膜生物反应器SBR sequencing batch reactor 间歇式活性污泥法间歇式活性污泥法1.1.2 专业英语的句法特点专业英语的句法特点广泛使用陈述句。广泛使用陈述句。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free o

9、xygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.7专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论广泛使用被动语态。广泛使用被动语态。 During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken down into carbon dioxide (CO2),

10、water (H2O), nitrates, sulphates and biomass (micro-organisms). By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be significantly accelerated. 被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，被动语态在专业英语中的使用比在其他场合更为广泛，主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能主要因为被动句比主动句更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。使其位置鲜明、突出。8专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译

11、理论简略表达多。简略表达多。 The ratio BOD/COD gives an indication of the fraction of pollutants in the wastewater that is biodegradable. 长句使用多。长句使用多。 Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the t

12、he waste.主句带若干从句，从句带短语，短语带从句，相互依附，相互制约。9专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion（万亿） metric tons（公吨） of ice encased in （包含在）10,000 icebergs（冰山） that break away from（脱离） the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica（南极洲）.句子倒置。Floating on the oceans are 7,659 tr

13、illion metric tons of ice多重修饰。Ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.10专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 Floating on the oceans are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, m

14、ore than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.庖丁解牛。ice encased in 10,000 icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from Antarctica.就近修饰原则。Layer 1: Ice encased in 10,000 icebergsLayer 2: icebergs that break away from the polar ice caps, icebergsmore than nin

15、ety percent of them from Antarctica.粗译： 世界大洋里漂浮着7659万亿吨的冰。这些冰包含在10000多个冰山里。这些冰山从极地冰盖脱落而产生；超过90%的这些冰山来源于南极。11专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.1.3 专业英语的修辞特点专业英语的修辞特点时态运用有限。时态运用有限。过去研究过去研究过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现过去时（与现在不发生联系）；讨论理论用现在时。在时。 Biofiltration technique for disposing ammonium-contaminated gas streams was investi

16、gated. 修辞手法较为单调。修辞手法较为单调。12专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：逻辑性语法词使用普遍。如：表示原因的词：表示原因的词：because, because of, due to, owing to, as, as a result, caused by, for表示语气转折的词：表示语气转折的词：but, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwise表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：表示逻辑、顺利连接的词：so, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, in addition to 表示限制

17、的词：表示限制的词：only, if only, except, besides, unless表示假设的词：表示假设的词：suppose, supposing, assuming, provided, providingAerobic bacteria are very efficient in breaking down waste products. As a result, aerobic treatment usually yields better effluent quality than that obtained in anaerobic processes.13专业英语翻译

18、理论专业英语翻译理论1.2 翻译的基本知识翻译的基本知识1.2.1 翻译标准翻译标准忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。14专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论1.2.2 翻译的过程翻译的过程理解理解-表达表达翻译的理解过程翻译的理解过程a. 通读全文，领会大意。通读全文，领会大意。b.明辨语法，弄清关系。明辨语法，弄清关系。c. 结合上下文，推敲词义。结合上下文，推敲词义。Aerobic means requiring the presence of free ox

19、ygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the waste.15专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 翻译的表达过程翻译的表达过程a. 一稿初译，忠实为主。一稿初译，忠实为主。b. 二稿核对，注意逻辑。二稿核对，注意逻辑。c. 三稿定局，润色词句。三稿定局，润色词句。 翻译的方法翻译的方法a. 直译直译b. 意译意

20、译Aerobic means requiring the presence of free oxygen. Aerobic treatment of waste is the natural degradation and purification process in which bacteria that thrive in oxygen-rich environment break down and digest the the waste.16专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2. 词义的选择和引申词义的选择和引申2.1 词义的选择词义的选择2.1.1 根据词类选择词义根据词类选择词义E

21、.g.: like：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同：像、同样的、喜欢、希望、如同 He would like to join our discussion. Things like air, water or metal are matter.Like charges repel（排斥）（排斥）, unlike charges attract.I hope that I can drive the tractor like you do. 17专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.2 根据词的搭配关系选择词义根据词的搭配关系选择词义E.g.: operate: 操作、运转、完成、实施操作、运转

22、、完成、实施a. Thermal convection（对流）（对流） will not operated in zero gravity.b.Rockets （火箭）（火箭）operate in the vacuum（真空）（真空） of outer space as well as in the earth atmosphere.c. Transistors(晶体管晶体管) operate as control devices and amplifier.d.The electric computers can operate only according to instructions（

23、指令）（指令）, which must be prepared by man in advance. 18专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论 represent: 代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、代表，表示、相当于，是、提供、阐述阐述a.Inorganic flocculants represent nearly 20% of the total flocculants.b.The material referred to as （被称为）（被称为）“acid rain” represents the raindrops dissolved CO2 which have a pH of 5.6.1

24、9专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.1.3 根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义根据单、复数及习惯表达选择词义E.g.: work, timea. The ability to do work is called energy. （功）b.This iron and steel works was set up last year. （工厂）c. The time for the water supply is cut by half.d.A is three times as large as B.2.1.4 语言习惯的转换语言习惯的转换 E.g.:a. Magnetism(磁性）磁性） is

25、used to measure the coldest temperature. (很低的）很低的）b.Light-colored things reflect more light than dark-colored things. （深、浅）（深、浅）20专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2 词义的引申词义的引申2.2.1 单词的引申单词的引申E.g.:a. Today is the link between yesterday and tomorrow. （桥梁）（桥梁）b.This kind of wood works easily. （加工）（加工）c. The thicker t

26、he wire the more freely it will carry current载流载流. （容易）（容易）21专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2.2.2 词组的引申词组的引申E.g.:a.Alloys belong to a half-way house between mixture and compounds. （中间结构）（中间结构）b. At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant. （能源）（能源）c. High concentrations of critical elements, such as l

27、ead, arsenic, mercury, may affect the human health. （微量）（微量）22专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3. 词类转换词类转换3.1 非动词译成动词非动词译成动词E.g.:a.The control unit of a computer causes the machine to operate according to mans wish.计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志计算机的控制单元使机器人按照人的意志运作。运作。23专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.1.1 名词转译为动词名词转译为动词1.单独的名词用作动词单独的名词用作动词（1

28、）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词）动名词、动词派生的名词，具有动作意义的名词可直接译为动词可直接译为动词E.g.:a. In the absence of friction摩擦摩擦, vehicles车辆车辆 could not even start.b.Control of dissolved oxygen, solids retention time and hydrolytic retention time is necessary for efficient treatment of wastewater.c. The main object of sedimentatio

29、n is the separation of clear water from mixture.24专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论(2) 一些加一些加er或或or的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份的名词，有时在句中并不表示一个人的身份或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为或职业，而具有较强的动作意义，这种词汉译时可译为动词动词。 E.g.:a. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.b.Professor Wang was the instru

30、ctor of our experiment.2. 适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。适用于动词短语或介词短语中的名词可译为动词。E.g.: A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.25专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.1.2. 形容词译为动词形容词译为动词1. 英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如英语中表示感觉、知觉、信念的词，如familiar、 confident、sensible of等在句中作表语时，译成动词等在句中作表语时，译成动词。 E.g.: a

31、. Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible不可毁灭的不可毁灭的.b.They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.c. We are not sure about the effect of this parameter on the quality of the effluent.26专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2. 有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作有些要求有固定介词的形容词在句中作表语或定语时，译成动词。表语或定语时，译成

32、动词。E.g.:a.The final product moisture湿度湿度 is dependent on feed size and residence time at temperature.b.For larger size feed, dried product moisture levels are higher.27专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3. 起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一起形容词作用的现在分词、过去分词和一些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。些作定语或补语的形容词，译为动词。E.g.:a.The design calculation will serve as

33、 an illustrative application of the theory semiconductor devices半导体设备半导体设备.3.1.3. 介词译成动词介词译成动词 E.g.:a.Numerous treatment technology of wastewater exist, each with their respective merits优点优点.28专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.1.4 副词译成动词副词译成动词E.g.:a.The oil in the tank is up上升上升.b.The experiment in chemistry was te

34、n minutes behind（晚，落后）（晚，落后）.29专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.2 非名词译为名词非名词译为名词3.2.1 动词译成名词动词译成名词1. 名词派生的动词译成名词。名词派生的动词译成名词。E.g.:a.Computer is chiefly characterized by (以以为特征）为特征）its accurate and rapid computations.b.As the war progressed, he would symbolize象征象征 their frustrations挫败挫败, the embodiment化化身身 of evils

35、邪恶邪恶.30专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论2. 名词转用的动词译成名词。名词转用的动词译成名词。E.g.:a.Coating涂层涂层 thickness range from one-tenth mm to 2 mm.b.This article aims at discussing new development in component material and technologies.31专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3. 一些用以表示主语所处的特征或状态的动一些用以表示主语所处的特征或状态的动词，汉译时不好处理，也可将它们译成汉词，汉译时不好处理，也可将它们译成汉语的名词。语的

36、名词。E.g.:a. A well dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into car.b. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the later.32专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.2.2 形容词译成名词形容词译成名词E.g.:a.Computer are more flexible, and can do a greater variety of jobs.b.This steam en

37、gine is only about 20% efficient.c.Mercury is appreciably volatile even at room temperature.33专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.2.3 副词译成名词副词译成名词E.g.:a.The equipment employed in the industrial test is shown schematically 图示图示in Fig.5.b.Oxygen is one of the important elements in the world, it is very active chemicall

38、y.34专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3.3 非形容词译成形容词非形容词译成形容词3.3.1 名词译成形容词名词译成形容词1. 用用“be+of+名词名词” 表达事物性质的名词，常译成形表达事物性质的名词，常译成形容词。容词。 E.g.: Robots are now in use in industrial plants throughout the world, they are proved to be of great ability.2. 有些名词加不定冠词有些名词加不定冠词a或或an作表语时，译成形容词。作表语时，译成形容词。E.g.:a. Their experiment is

39、 a success.b.As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope youll give him the necessary help.35专业英语翻译理论专业英语翻译理论3. 由形容词派生的名词往往可译成形容词。由形容词派生的名词往往可译成形容词。E.g.:a.He found there were many difficulties to design this complicated sewage plant without a computer.b.The complication of mathematical problems

40、made him into difficulties.36下课！人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，人有了知识，就会具备各种分析能力，明辨是非的能力。明辨是非的能力。所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，所以我们要勤恳读书，广泛阅读，古人说古人说“书中自有黄金屋。书中自有黄金屋。”通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，通过阅读科技书籍，我们能丰富知识，培养逻辑思维能力；培养逻辑思维能力；通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，通过阅读文学作品，我们能提高文学鉴赏水平，培养文学情趣；培养文学情趣；通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。通过阅读报刊，我们能增长见识，扩大自己的知识面。有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，有许多书籍还能培养我们的道德情操，给我们巨大的精神力量，给我们巨大的精神力量，鼓舞我们前进鼓舞我们前进。