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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上初中英语名词知识点:名词的分类名词的分类:名词分为专有名词和普通名词。1、专有名词:个人,地方,机构等专有名称,如:China,Shanghai,Lilei等。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体说来,它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如:Jim吉姆China中国July七Friday星期五Christmas圣诞节English英语2、普通名词:指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。1)个体名词:某类人或东西中的个体,如fighter,gun,country,cup,desk,student等。一般可数,有单复数形式。2)集体名词:若干个体
2、组成的集合体,如family,team,police,class等。一般可数,有单复数形式3)物质名词:无法分为个体的实物,如cotton,tea,air等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。4)抽象名词:动作,状态,品质,感情等抽象概念。如health,happiness,love,work,life等。一般不可数,没有单复数之分。初中英语名词知识点:名词所有格名词的所有格:1、s 所有格:1)构成:A. 一般词尾+ s.:the teachers office,Xiao Lis sisters husbands mother.B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+ :workers rest room
3、.C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加s:childrens toys.D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 s: my sister-in-laws brother.E. 表示共同所有的几个名词,只在最后一个词的后面加s: This is Tom, James and Dicks room.F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词,在每个名词后分别加s:Jennys, Jeans and Marys rooms face to the south.G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 s: a quarter of an hours talk.2)用法:A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词,表示所属关系:
4、Lei Fengs dairy.B. 用于表示时间的名词: todays paper.an hours drive.Fridays work.C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词: the countrys plan.the farms fruit.Chinas population.D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词:our partys standE. 用于表示度量、价值的名词:two dollars worth of books.a pounds weight.2、of所有格:1)凡不能用s 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系:the City of New York.a map of
5、 China.2)下列情况通常要用of 属格:A. 当名词有较长的定语时:the name of the girl standing at the gate.Have you read the articles of the students who were with us yesterday.初中英语知识点:名词所有格用法以-s结尾的单数名词加或s构成所有格;以-s或-es结尾的复数名词只加;不规则复数名词在词尾加s;两者或两者以上共同所有,把s加在最后的名词上;表示各自拥有某件东西时,每个名词都要用所有格形式。_fathers are both scientists 咸宁AJims an
6、d BobBJims and BobsCJim and BobsDJim and Bob答案B。解析当两个人分别拥有时,要在每个人后都加名词所有格的标志s来表达。吉姆的父亲和鲍勃的父亲不是一个人,所以在其后都加s,故选B。_room is big and brightThey like it very much 河北ATom and SamBToms find Sam CTom and SamsDToms and Sams答案C。解析本题考查名词所有格的用法。表示两人共同拥有某一事物时,只需要在第二个人的后面加s。故选C。Hows Joys skirt? Her skirt is more b
7、eautiful than. 兰州A. her sisters and KateB. her sister and KateC. her sister and KatesD. her sisters and Kates答案 D。 解析当某物为几个人所共有时,只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式;如表示两者或两者以上分别所有,应在每个名词后用所有格形式。初中英语名词知识点:可数名词和不可数名词英语中的绝大多数名词既可以用作可数名词也可以用作不可数名词。1可数名词可数名词一般可以分成以下三类:第一类:如bike,desk, factory等,这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例:There are
8、fifty bikes at this shop这家商店有50辆自行车。第二类:如clothes等,本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例:She cares for nice clothes她爱好穿着。2不可数名词不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种:(1)不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如:Knowledge is power知识就是力量。(2)由much,little等词修饰。例如:They have saved much money for future use他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。(3)与表示单位的量词如a piece of等连用。例如:Go and fetch me a
9、 piece of chalk给我去拿一支粉笔。要十分注意的是:不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。不可数名词可以与量词使用构成不同的词组:如: a piece of paper一张纸a drop of water一滴水a 1oaf of bread一条面包a bag of money一袋钱a bottle of milk一瓶牛奶a pair of shoes一双鞋初中英语名词知识点:可数名词及其复数形式初中英语名词知识点:名词作定语形式及特点作定语的名词往往是说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、
10、类别等。作定语的名词有以下三种形式:A.一般用单数形式。a stone bridge石桥a meeting room会议室morning exercise早操London Airport伦敦机场a story book故事书a shoe shop鞋店B. man, woman要与所修饰的名词的单复数一致。a woman teacher一位女教师two women teachers两位女教师C. sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用复数形式。a sports meet运动会a goods train货车customs house海关a s
11、ales manager营业主任现从四个方面来讨论名词定语的特点:一、名词定语的语法作用1代替作定语用的介词短语。a garden chair=a chair in the gardenCanada wheat=wheat from Canadasafety regulations=regulations for safetymachine shop practice=practice in a machine shop2名词定语代替形容词或分词作定语。race problemracial problemChina cottonChinese cottonlaunch padlaunching
12、 padresearch workerresearching worker在以上词例中,使用名词与使用形容词或分词并没有什么区别。3代替带s的所有格定语-在名词前加上定冠词the就可以代替名词的所有格,但是这个名词是专有名词。the Tom composition=Toms compositionthe Carter grin=Carters grin4代替定语从句。investment money= money that is set apart for investmentthe milk boy= the boy who brings the milk二、名词定语与被修饰语之间的语义关系
13、作定语的名词都是后面一个名词的修饰语,但是它们之间的关系却各有不同。1名词定语表示逻辑上的主语,被修饰的词表示宾语。a department decision(a decision which is made by the department)the volcano eruption(the eruption that is made by the volcano)有时正好相反,名词定语相当于宾语,而被修饰的部分表示主语:a drug addict(a person who is addicted to drug)an animal trainer(a man who trains the
14、animal)2名词定语作状语,被修饰语相当于谓语。在这一类结构中,表示谓语的名词常由动名词或动作名词来充当。impulse buying=buying on impulseinstrument flying=flying by means of instrument3名词定语表示同位关系。这种用法可以说明某人的职业、职位。Judge Darling Singer Carpenter Cardinal Nelson。还可以表示特征、身份:a supplier country= a country which is a suppliera killer shark= a shark who is
15、 a killerher lawyer brother=her brother who is a lawyertraitor and robber Dickinson=Dickinson三、与同词根的形容词作定语时的区别1. 在通常情况下,如果没有相应的派生形容词,原则上可直接用名词作定语,或与之构成合成词。hair style发型tooth ache牙疼service counter服务台cat food猫食bank account银行户头car park停车场blood pressure血压birth control生育控制table tennis乒乓球labor force劳动力road
16、 works道路工程winter sports冬季运动2. 如果名词有相应的派生形容词,则要注意分清两者在意义上的区别。(1) horror films恐怖影片horrible films令人感到恐怖的影片(2) a wonder book一部充满奇事的书a wonderful book一部奇妙的书(3) a stone path一条石板路a stony path一条铺满碎石的路(4) education experts教育专家(从事教育工作的专家)educational films教育影片(具有教育意义的影片)(5) gold reserve黄金储备golden sunshine金色阳光(6
17、) silver coins银币silvery hair银白的头发(7) heart trouble心脏病a hearty welcome热情的欢迎(8) snow mountain雪山snowy table-cloth雪白的桌布(9) rain drops雨滴rainy season雨季(指多雨的季节)(10) rose garden玫瑰园rosy checks红红的面颊(11) color film彩色电影colorful costumes色彩鲜艳的服装(12) mountain village山村(山里的村庄)mountainous region山区(多山地区)虽然名词可以代替形容词作定
18、语,但并不是所有名词都可以和与它同词根的形容词或分词互相替换。有时二者在意义和功能方面有很大的差别。一般说来,形容词表现的是东西的性能、形状、颜色等(表象的)。而名词表现的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的等(本质的)。在习惯用法中,有时形容词并不表示性质、状态,而是表示目的和用途。这种用法相当于形容词名词所表达的意义。科技英语:scientific English=English used in scientific readings刑法律师:criminal lawyer=lawyer dealing with criminal casesForeign Office=Foreign Affa
19、irs Officesick room=sick people roomcomparative literature=comparative study literature3. 有时在汉语看来,似乎要用形容词作定语,但英语习惯上却要用名词作定语。science fiction科幻小说Because of health reasons因为健康原因health situation健康状况health insurance健康保险convenience food方便食品convenience store方便小商店popular science books科学普及读物四、名词作定语的基本原则A:名词作
20、定语原则上用单数,不用复数。a story book故事书a coffee cup咖啡杯a baby girl女婴a school gate校门eye drops眼药水test paper考卷book report读书报告train station火车站plane ticket机票pocket money零花钱generation gap代沟B:用复数名词作定语的四种情形:1. 有些只有复数形式的名词,则用复数作定语。goods train货车clothes shop服装店an arts degree文科学位customs officer海关人员2. 有些习惯上要用复数的名词也用复数作定语。s
21、ports car跑车savings bank储蓄银行3. 当 man, woman 用于名词前作定语表示性别时,若被修饰的名词为复数,则 man, woman 也要用复数。men nurses男护士women doctors女医生4. 有时复数名词作定语可视为复数名词所有格作定语的省略形式。a teachers college 师范学院(teachers 等于 teachers)trousers pockets 裤兜(trousers 等于 trousers)eight hours sleep 八个小时睡眠(hours 等于 hours)a three weeks training 三周训练
22、(weeks 等于 weeks)注:eight hours sleep 之类的说法,既可表达为 eight hourssleep,也可表达为 an eight-hour sleep。类似的有:a five-second pause一次五秒钟的停顿;a ten-minute break一次十分钟的中间休息;a two-hour exam一次两小时的考试五、两个以上的名词作定语常有这样的情况,几个名词放在一起修饰后面那个主导名词。有时几个名词形成一个整体修饰最后一个名词。world record holder世界纪录保持者fire escape ladder太平梯Christmas morning
23、 exchange of presents圣诞早上的礼物交换mountain village school teacher山村学校教师house property tax office building房产税务局的大楼科技英语力求精炼、明了,使用几个名词作定语代替各种后置定语的情况更为突出。television transmission satellite电视转播卫星air surface vessel radar飞机对水面舰艇雷达motor car repair and assembly plant汽车修配厂high voltage switch gear factory高压开关厂六、关于合
24、成名词作定语许多合成名词可直接用于名词前作定语,起形容词的作用。a long-distance call长途电话first-class tickets头等舱机票a deep-sea diver深海潜水员a full-page advertisement整版广告one-way traffic单向交通present-day life现今的生活a part-time job部分时间的工作day-to-day teaching日常教学one-parent families单亲家庭a family-dinner party家庭宴会初中英语名词知识点:专有名词专有名词专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物
25、体的专有名称。其特点是:第一个字母大写,通常不与冠词连用,无复数形式。(一)人名英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通常不用冠词。例如:Mary Smith;George Washington。(1)一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如:Hows John getting on? 约翰近来好吗?(2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时,常把姓和称谓连用。例如:Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office? 请你告诉约翰史密斯到办公室来一次好吗?(3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如:The Turners have go
26、ne to America特纳一家人去美国了。(二)地名(1)大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如:Asia;America;China; London;Shanghai(2)大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如:Silver Lake;Mount Tai(3)山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如:the Pacific;the English Channel;the Sahara(三)日期名(1)节日名前通常不用冠词。例如: Christmas;National Day(2)星期名前通常不用冠词。例如: Sunday;Tuesday(3)月份名
27、前通常不用冠词。例如: April;December初中英语名词知识点:不可数名词用法注意:a) 不可数名词前一般不加冠词,尤不加不定冠词:若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如:have a wonderful time.b) 不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。c) 不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时,可用复数形式。如:fishes(各种各样的鱼), newspapers(各种报纸), waters(河湖、海水), snows(积雪)d) 有些抽象名词也常用复数,变为可数的具体的事物。如:times 时代,works 著作,difficulties 困难e) 在表数
28、量时,常用“of”词组来表示。如:a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.初中英语名词知识点:几种特殊的复数形式的名词几种特殊的复数形式的名词 有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如:glasses(眼镜),shorts(短裤),mathematics(数学),physics(物理学),politics(政治学)等。.有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如:papers(文件),manners(礼貌),goods(货物),times(时代),conditions(环境;情况)等。有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复
29、数形式。如:make friends with(与交朋友),shake hands with(与握手)等。初中英语名词知识点:复习时需要注意的要点(1)有些名词形式像复数,但含义是单数,而有些名词是没有单数形式的,应注意谓语动词的选用。例如:aMaths is the language of sciencebNo news is good newscThe Chinese people are a great people(2)在there be的句子中,谓语动词的数应和它最近的主语的数相一致例如:aThere are two pictures on the wallbThere is a c
30、at and two dogs in the garden(3) 不规则名词的复数形式改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如:man men,woman women,tooth teeth,foot feet,mouse mice,child children等。单复数形式相同。如:sheep,deer,fish等,以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如:yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如:Chinese,Japanese,Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如:Americans,Asians,Russ
31、ians,Australians,Italians,Germans等。注意:Englishman Englishmen,Frenchman Frenchmen.复合名词的复数形式:在词末加-(e)s,如:afternoons,housewives等。把主体名词变成复数形式。如:lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人)等。由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词,两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如:man driver men drivers,woman doctorwomen doctors等。5注意:banana treebanana trees初中英语名词知识点:名词性
32、物主代词作用及形式名词性物主代词起名词的作用。(黑体为名词性物主代词)例:1. Look at the two pencils. The red one is yours and the blue one is mine.看那两支铅笔,红的是你的,蓝的是我的。2. He likes me. He doesnt like she.他喜欢我。不喜欢她。3.Lucys hair is longer than Lilys.露西的头发比莉莉的更长。3. 注意:在使用名词性物主代词时,必须有特定的语言环境,也就是要省略的名词大家已经知道,已经提起过。例: Its hers. 是她的。(单独使用大家不知是怎
33、么回事,不可以这样用。)There is a book. Its hers. 这有本书。是她的(书)。(这里的hers=her book)只有上文提及了某个名词,才会知道名词性物主代词指代的事物。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式。例:My bag is yellow, her bag is red, his bag is blue and your bag is pink.为避免重复使用bag,可写成My bag(形容词性) is yellow, hers(名词性=her bag) is red, his
34、(名词性=his bag) is blue and yours(名词性=your bag) is pink.巩固练习(有答案)一、基础题(一)根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词:1. Weve got a lot of new _(杂志) in our school library.2. Yesterday the(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.3. Autumn is my favourite(季节)4. -How many _(小刀) do you have? -Three.5. -Does this
35、piece of(音乐) sound nice? -Yes. Its wonderful!6. We should give our(生命)for our country7. He told the doctor that he had a bad_(头疼)8. One of the( 科学家 ) comesfrom America.9.Today is March 8 th, It s(妇女)Day .10. The students are(外国人)11. What are you going to do in your(两个月的) holiday?12. Can you find the
36、(区别) between the two words.13.Do you know the(重要性) of the problem?14.There areof students in that big school. (千)(二)选择最佳答案:() 1. These _ have saved many childrens lives.A. woman doctorsB. women doctorC. women doctorsD. woman doctor() 2. There are manyon the mountain.A. apple treeB. apples treesC. ap
37、ples treeD. apple trees() 3. This is _bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.A. Anne and JaneB. Annes and JanesC. Annes and JaneD. Anne and Janes() 4. -Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some.A. horseB. duckC. chickenD. sheep() 5. -What would you like to drink, _ or orange?-Orange, ple
38、ase.A. hamburgerB. chipC. teaD. cakes() 6. - They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ?- Certainly.A. some bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters() 7. Mike hurt one of his _in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. feetC. handD. ear()8. There is some
39、 _ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears()9. There are many _ in the city.A. GermenB. GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans()10. The_ has two _ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch()11. The little baby has two _ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths()12. -Its dangerous her
40、e. Wed better go out quickly.-But I think we should let _go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children()13. Are they going to have a party on _ ?A. Childrens DayB. Childrenss DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day()14. His father went to his doctor for _abou
41、t his trouble.A .an adviceB.some adviceC advicesD .the advices()15. Swimming is _in summer.A .a great funB.great funC .great funsD .great a fun()16. Is there _on that plate?A. some chickenB.any chickenC.some chickensD.any chickens参考答案:(一) 1.magazines2.flight3.season4. knives5. music6. lives7. headache8.scinetists9.womens10.foreigners11.two months12. difference13.importance14. thousands(二) 1.C2.C3.C4.D5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B10.C11.C12.C13.D14.A15.B16.B专心-专注-专业
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