中考语法专题复习-介词及介词短语(共13页).doc

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 中考语法复习介词及介词短语【考点直击】1. 常用介词及其词组的主要用法及意义2. 介词表示时间、方位、方式别的基本用法3. 一些易混介词的辨析【语法讲解】 介词的功能介词是一种虚词，用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系，不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语，状语，表语和宾语补足语。例如：The boy over there is Johns brother. (定语)The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)Our English teacher is from Aus

2、tralia. (表语)Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语) 介词和种类(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。(2) 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。不同介词的用法（1）表时间的介词1）at, in on表示时间点用at。例如：at six oclock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某个世纪，某年，某月，某个季节以及早晨，上午

3、，下午，晚上时，用in。例如：in the nineteenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具体的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上时，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。2）since, after由since和after 引导的词组都可表示从过去某一点开始的时段，但since词组表示的时段一直延续到说话的时刻，因而往往要与现在完成时连用。而after词组所表示的时段纯系过去，因而要与一般过去时连用。例如：I h

4、avent heard from him since last summer.After five days the boy came back.3）in, afterin与将来时态连用时，表示“过多长时间以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段时间的词语。After与将来时态连用时，后面只能跟表示时间点的词语。After与过去时态连用时，后面才能跟表示一段时间的词语。例如：He will be back in two months.He will arrive after four oclock.He returned after a month.（2）表示地点的介词1）at, in, onat一般指小

5、地方；in一般指大地方或某个范围之内；on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如：He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.They arrived at a small village before dark.There is a big hole in the wall.The teacher put up a picture on the wall.2）over, above, onover, on和above都可表示“在上面”，但具体含义不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反义词是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反义词是

6、below。On指两个物体表面接触，一个在另一的上面。例如：There is a bridge over the river.We flew above the clouds. They put some flowers on the teachers desk.3）across, throughacross和through均可表示“从这一边到另一边”，但用法不同。Across的含义与on有关，表示动作在某一物体的表面进行。Through的含义与in有关，表示动作是在三维空间进行。例如：The dog ran across the grass.The boy swam across the r

7、iver.They walked through the forest.I pushed through the crowds.4) in front of, in the front ofin front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范围以外；in the front of 表示“在的前部”，在某个范围以内。例如：There are some tall trees in front of the building.The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.常用介词的用法辨析一. at/ in /on .1.表示时间：

8、1).表示某一具体时间点，某一时刻/ 年龄at six oclock at noon at that time at the moment at the age of at night2)in表示时间段,一天的三个时间段以及月份,年,季节,世纪,人生的某个时期(某人几十岁时)in the morning/afternoon /eveningin spring /in 2007/in Marchin the twenty-first centuryin his fifties3)on表示星期几/某一具体的日子/具体某天的上午/下午/晚上,表示一天中的三个时间段名词前有修饰语或后有修饰语时.On

9、Monday on New Years Day on Sunday morning on a rainy nighton the evening of April 1st ,20072表地点:1)at 一般指较小的地点或较具体的位置 at the station at the cinema2)in 表示在较大的地点或一个有限空间里.in China in the classroom3)on 指在某物体的表面上.on the desk注意:写街道时,若有门牌号用at ,否则用on / in 都可.He lives at 270 DongChangan Street.二.介词in /on / to

10、 表方位:1.in表示A地在B地范围之内.(包含关系)Tanwan is _ the southeast of China .2.on表示A,B地接壤.(外切关系)Hubei is _ the north of Hunan .3.to表示A,B两地有一定的间距.(外离关系)Japan is _ the east of China .三. between / among 在之间1.between :指两者之间. 在.之间.2.among :用于三者或三者以上人或物之间. 在之中.You sit _ him and me .The song is popular _ the students.四.

11、after / in 在之后1. after1)after + 时间段. 表示以过去某一时刻为起点的一段时间之后, 用于过去时.2)after 作介词. after doing sth2.in +一段时间. 表示说话时或以现在为起点的将来一段时间之后.用于将来时.He came back _ two days .He will go home_finishing his homework .He will come back _ two days . |五.with / in / by 表示 “用”1.with 表示 “用” 一般指有形的工具 / 手段 / 人体器官.He cut the ap

12、ple into halves _ a knife .注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”He came in _ a big smile on his face .2.in表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料. 也可表交通方式.Can you say it _English ?He wrote a letter _ blue ink .3.by表示乘坐交通工具, 表示方式,方法I study for a test _ working with a group .He makes a living _ selling newspapers .注意: 同义词组1).by ph

13、one = on the phone2).by car = in a car3).in pen = with a pen = with pens六.across / through / over / by 经过1.across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.2.through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.3.over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触.4.by 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Can you swim _ the river ?the elephant is so big that it cant go _ the gate .I dont

14、 think anyone can jump _ the fence.I walked _ the bank of China yesterday . |七.in front of / in the front of1.in the front of 表示在.内部的前面2.in front of 表示在外面的前面There is a desk in _ front of our classroom .There is a big tree in _ front of our classroom.八.其它介词的用法：1.at的其它用法.1).表示 “从事或正在做某事”,其后加的名词往往不加冠词.

15、She is at work now = She is working now .2)at表示 “价格或速度”The train ran at 120 kilometres an hour .2.in的其它用法:1)in表示 “在方面”词组:do well in = be good at be weak in2)in 表示 “穿着”后接表颜色的词或衣服.词组: be in +衣服 = be wearing +衣服3)in作副词, “在家” = at home3.like 的用法:1).像/和一样. 常与系动词连用.词组: look like sound like2).与what 连用, “是什

16、么样子, 怎样”.What is he like ? He is kind .4.off的用法:1).从下来, 脱离某物体.词组: fall off2).“休假”通常放在时间名词之后.词组: have +时间+ offHe hasnt had a night off for two hours .5.except / besides1).except 除了.之外, 都. . 不包括在范围之内.注: nothing but 除了之外,什么也没有.2).besdies除了之外,还有 . 包括在范围之内.We all went swimming _ Lucy .There is _ a letter

17、 in the box .We study Japanese and French_ English .6.with / without1).with具有,含有 -反义词: without 没有 词组: with the help of = with ones help =because of = thanks towithout ones help2).without 的用法:A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物B).without + doing sth .He left here without_(say ) “Goodbye”to usC). without s

18、th 常与if 引导的否定的条件句.If there is no water , we cant live .= We cant live _ _ . |7.on the tree /in the treeon the tree 表示 “树上本身长的东西” 在树上. 而in the tree 表示 “外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.There are some apples _ the tree .There is a boy _ the tree.8.since / for注: since / for 用于现在完成时.1).since :a).since +时间点b). 现在完成时+ s

19、ince +一般过去时c).since +一段时间+ ago.2)for: for +一段时间= since +一段时间+ ago9.be made +介词的区别:be made of 由制成 (看得见原材料)be made from由制成 (看不见原材料)be made in +地点 由哪儿生产be made by sb. 由某人制造10.表示 “数量的介词”about , round around over1). about , round around表示 “大约”2).over 表示 “超过”= more than.11.inside / outsideInside 在里面 -反义词:

20、outside在.外面12.in the wall /on the wallin the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”九.不用介词的情况:1).当时间状为: tonight, today, yesterday, tomorrow 等时,不用介词.What are you going to do tonight ?2).含有this, that, these, those, last, next, every, each等时间状语.He went to Wuhan last week .3).以all 开头的时间状语前面不用介词.He has

21、 worked all day .4).以some ,any, one 等构成的时间状语前不用介词.介词短语 介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后，形成复合词，有特定的意思。如下： （1） 动词+介词（如：talk about，look at） （2） Be动词+形容词+介词（如：be kind of） （3） 介词+名词（如：at home，on foot，in time） 动词+介词 look up查看，查（字典）； play with sth.玩某物（玩耍）Dont play with fire.别玩火。 think of想起，想到；hear from sb.收到某人的信； talk abo

22、ut sth.谈论某事；talk to/with sb.和某人谈论； look at注视；listen to倾听；call on sb.拜访某人； arrive at/in 到达；take care of照顾；wait for等待；look for寻找。 addto 加到上 agree with 同意(某人) arrive at(in) 到达 ask for 询问 beginwith 从开始 believe in 相信 break into 闯入 break off 打断 break out 爆发 bring down 降低 bring in 引进 bring up 教育，培养 build u

23、p 建起 burn down 烧光 call back 回电话 call for 要求约请 call in 召来 call on 拜访 访问 care for 喜欢 carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展 check out 查明 结帐 clear up 整理，收拾 come about 发生，产生 come across (偶然)遇见 come out 出来 come to 共计 达到 comparewith 与比较 compare to 比作 cut off 切断 date from 始于 depend on 依靠 devote to 献于 die out 灭亡 divi

24、de up 分配 dream of 梦想 fall off 下降 fall over 跌倒 feed on 以为食 get down to 专心于 get through 通过 give in 让步，屈服 give out 分发 give up 放弃 go abroad 出国 go against 反对 go on with 继续 go through 浏览 grow up 生长 hand down 传下来 hear about 听说 hold out 伸出 join up 连接起来 keep off 让开，不接近 keep on 继续 lead to 导致 live on 靠为生 look

25、down upon 看不起 look forward to 盼望 look into 调查 look out 当心 look(a) round 仔细查看 set off 动身 set up 建立 show off 炫耀 shut up 住口 speed up 加速 stand for 代表，象征 stick to 坚持 suffer from 遭受 talk of 谈论 think of 考虑，想起 try out 试验 turn down 调低 turn off 关掉 worry about 担心 Be动词+形容词+介词 be kind to对（某人）亲切；be good at在做得好；擅长

26、于 be late for迟到；be afraid of害怕；be sorry for sth.为抱歉； be absent from缺席；be proud of以为自豪； be found of 喜欢 be full of 充满 be interested in 对有兴趣 be keen on 热衷于 be confident in 对有信心 be short of 缺乏 be sick of 厌恶 be proud of 对感到骄傲 be loyal to 对忠诚 be ashamed of 为感到羞耻 be worried about 为担心 be aware of 意识到 be bus

27、y with 忙于(某事) be different from 和不同 be famous for 因而出名 介词+名词 1)英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语： at: at a stretch 一连，连续地 at a time 一次，每次 at ease 稍息，安心 at first sight 一见(钟情) at first 最初，开始时 at heart 在内心 at home 在家，随便 at last 最后 at least 至少 at length 最后,详细地 at most 至多 at once 立即，同时 at peace(war) 处于和平(战争

28、)状态 at play(work) 在玩耍(工作) at present 现在，目前 at random 随意地，胡乱地 at the risk of 冒的风险 at the same time (与此)同时 at the start 一开头 at the time 此刻，这时 at times 有时候 at will 任意地 by: by accident 偶然 by air 航空 by all means 想一切办法 by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士(飞机等) by chance 偶然 by cheque 用支票 by choice 出于自愿 by daylight 在大白天

29、 by day(night) 白天(夜间) by force 靠武力 by mistake 错误地，误把 by turns 轮流 by surprise 突然，出其不意 by the way 顺便说一句 in: in a sense 从某种意义上说 in addition(to) 此外(除之外) in advance 事前 in all 总共 in any case (event) 不管怎样，反正 in brief 简而言之 in case 要是，如果 in case of 在情况下 in comparison 比较起来 in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债 in demand

30、 有需求 in detail 详细地 in fact 实际上 in general 一般说来 in ones opinion 在(某人)看来 in order to (that) 以便，为了 in other words 换句话说 in part(s) 部分地 in person 亲自 in practice 实际上 in public(private) 公开(私下)地 in regard to 关于 in short 总之 in the end 最后 in the middle of 在中间 in time 及时地，经过一段时间 in vain 白白地，没有结果 on: on account

31、 of 由于 on behalf of 代表(某人) on board 在船(飞机)上 on condition 在条件下 on duty 值班 on fire 着火 on foot 步行 on guard 有警惕，值班 on hand 在身边 on holiday 在休假 on purpose 故意地 on sale 在出售 on strike 罢工 on the contrary 相反 on the way 在路上 on time 准时 on the top of 在上面 on the run 正在逃窜 out of: out of action 失灵 out of breath 气喘吁吁

32、 out of control 失去控制 out of danger 脱离危险 out of doors 在户外 out of fashion 不时新 out of hand 失去控制 out of order 坏了 out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见 out of temper 发脾气 out of question 不可能 out of touch(with) 和失去联系 out of tune 走调 out of use 不再使用 out of work 失业 2)有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语： day after day 日复一日地 year

33、after year 年复一年 one after another 一个接一个地 one by one 一个接一个 little by little 一点一点地 side by side 并肩 step by step 一步步地 face to face 面对面 arm in arm 手挽手地 hand in hand 手牵手地 day to day 日常的 day by day 一天一天地 day before yesterday 前天 day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的 3)还有一些成语包含两个介词： from beginning to e

34、nd 从头至尾 from bad to worse 越来越糟 from time to time 不时地 from head to foot 浑身 from morning to night 从早到晚 from start to finish 从头至尾 from door to door 挨门挨户地 from place to place 到各地 from generation to generation 一代一代地 from cover to cover (书面) 全部地，从头至尾 【实例分析】1He has been late for school three times _ the mo

35、rning of last Friday. A. inB. onC. sinceD. until分析：本题介词的选择取决于谓语动词所用的时态。谓语动词用了现在完成时，与之相对应的介词应当是since。答案 C2I forgot to bring the key _ my office. A. ofB. forC. withD. to分析：在英语中，表达“门的钥匙”、“练习的答案”要用key这个词，它需要用介词to与后面的名词连用，这是习惯用法。其他的例子还有：an answer to the question 问题的答案，a reply to our letter 对我们信的答复，the en

36、trance to the building 大楼入口处，the monument to the heroes 英雄纪念碑，等等。答案 D3. Youll get one thousand dollars _. A after all B at all C in all D all together分析： “after all”意为“到底”、“毕竟”、“终于”；“at all”通常与“not”连用，意为“完全不”、“一点也不”；“in all”通常用于数量词后面，意为“总共”，同义词是“altogether”。所以本题答案应该选“C”。【课堂作业】I. 用适当的介词填空。1.Im sorry

37、I cant say it _Chinese.2.Do you usually go to school _bike?3.Look, the farmer is carrying apples _a truck.4.Is anyone _home?5.Please look _my bird when Im away.6.Are Jim and Li Lei_the same class?7.There is a hole _the wall.8._the beginning of this term, I met my new friend, Jim .9.There are a few l

38、eaves _the tree.10.The girl_the red coat is my sister.11.Could you give an orange_me?12.Its time to go _bed.13.I can see a bottle _orange.14.Put the basket _there.15.Whats wrong_your watch?16.One _the students is in the classroom. 17.I think the shop is closed _this time of day.18.My father teaches

39、English _a school.19.We have lunch _the middle of the day.20.You can buy some school things_your way home.21.I was born _ July 1st, 1982 .22.May I borrow a pencil _you?23.Dont sleep _the open air.24.I often help my mother_the housework.25.Its time_school.26.I have quite a lot _homework to do.27.What

40、s the time ? Its half _ five.28.Ducks are good _ swimming.29.What are you talking _?30.He is sitting_the front of the car.31.The eraser was passed _one student _another.32.Did you live _Beijing in 1997?33.When did you arrive _ the village?34.I think Mary is _duty today.35.Eating too much isnt good_

41、your health.36.Im afraid he is _the cinema _ the moment.37.Thanks _asking me to your party.38.My watch is very different_yours.39.Whats the weather _today?40.The student is asking his teacher_the sports meeting.II.选择填空。( )41. _ the money, she bought a new coat _ her father.A. With, for B. With, to C. For, with D. To, with ( )42. The beautiful bottle was made _ glass.A. from B. in C. of D. by ( )43. This is a map_China.A. in B. at C. of D. on ( )44. A group_ boys and girls are dancing in the park.A. with B. of C. for D. to( )45. Tom always comes late_school.A. at B. inside C. to D. f