国际贸易完整版教学课件全套ppt教程.ppt

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1、International International TradeTradeAppleyard / Field / CobbSixth EditionBrief ContentsChapter 1 The world of International EconomicsPART 1 THE CLASSICAL THEORY OF TRADEChapter 2 Early Trade Theories: Mercantilism and the Transition to the Classical World of David RicardoChapter 3 The Classical Wo

2、rld of David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage Chapter 4 Extensions and Tests of the Classical Model of TradePART 2 NEOCLASSICAL TRADE THEORYChapter 5 Introduction to Neoclassical Trade Theory: Tools to Be EmployedChapter 6 Gains from Trade in Neoclassical TheoryChapter 7 Offer Curves and the Terms

3、of TradeChapter 8 The Basis for Trade: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin ModelChapter 9 Empirical Tests of the Factor Endowments ApproachPART 3 ADDITIONAL THEORIES AND EXTENSIONSChapter 10 Post-Heckscher-Olin Theories of Trade and Intra-Industry TradeChapter 11 Economic Growth and Internatio

4、nal TradeChapter 12 International Factor MovementsPART 4 TRADE POLICYChapter 13 The Instruments of Trade PolicyChapter 14 The Impact of Trade PoliciesChapter 15 Arguments for Interventionist Trade PoliciesChapter 16 Political Economy and U.S. Trade PolicyChapter 17 Economic IntegrationChapter 18 Int

5、ernational Trade and the Developing CountriesChapter 1The World of International EconomicsIntroductionWelcome to the study of international trade!vYou will be studying one of the oldest branches of economics.vThe study of international economics concerns decision making with respect to the use of sc

6、arce resources to meet desired economics objectives.The Nature of Merchandise Trade Throughout the past four decades, international trade volume has, on average, outgrown production. 1. The Geographical composition of Trade;v The industrialized countries dominate world trade. 2. The Commodity Compos

7、ition of Trade; v Among the 2005 commodity composition of world trade, manufactures account for 72% percent of trade, with the remaining amount consisting of primary prodects.3.U.S. International TradevCanada is the most important trading partner, both in exports and imports;vAgricultural products a

8、re an important source of exports;vThe capital goods category is the largest single export category;vIndustrial supplies is also an important export category.World Trade In ServicesIn 2005, the trade in services estimated to be more than $2 trillion.vInternational trade in services broadly consists

9、of commercial services, investment income, and government services.vInternational services trade is also concentrated among the industrial countries.The Changing Degree of Economic InterdependenceIt is important to recognize both the large absolute level of international trade and the relative impor

10、tance of trade has been growing for nearly every country and for all countries as a group.Chapter 2Early Trade Theories: Mercantilism and the Transition to the Classical World of David RicardoThe Oracle in the 21st CenturyvDiligence and intelligence are strategies for improving ones lot in life.vDo

11、what you do best. Trade for the rest.vIt has long been perceived that nations benefit in some way by trading with other nations.IntroductionMercantilismvMercantilism refers to the collection of economic thought that came into existence in Europe during the period from 1500 to 1700. vMercantilism is

12、often referred to as the political economy of state building.1.The Mercantilist Economic SystemvCentral to Mercantilist thinking was the view that national wealth was reflected in a countrys holdings of precious metals.vEconomic activity is viewed as a zero-sum game in which one countrys economics g

13、ain was at the expense of another. 2.The Role of GovernmentvControlling the use and exchange of precious metals.vMaximizing the likelihood of a positive trade balance and the inflow of specie. 3.Mercantilism and Domestic Economic Policy.vControlling of industry and labor.vPursuing the policies that

14、kept wages low.The Challenge to Mercantilism by Early Classical Writers1. David Hume-The Price-Specie-Flow MechanismvA nation could continue to accumulate specie without any repercussions to its international competitive position.vThe accumulation of gold by means f a trade surplus would lead to an

15、increase in the money supply and therefore to an increase in prices and wages. vThe increase would reduce the competitiveness of the country.2. Adam Smith and the Invisible HandvLaissez faire: Allowing individuals to pursue their own activities within the bounds of law and order and respect for prop

16、erty rights.vCountries should specialize in and export those commodities in which they had an absolute advantage and should import those commodities in which the trading partner had an absolute advantage.Learning ObjectivesTo learn the basic concepts and policies associated with Mercantilism; To und

17、erstand Humes price-specie-flow mechanism and the challenge it posed to Mercantilism;To grasp Adam Smiths concept of wealth and absolute advantage as foundations for international trade.Chapter 3The Classical World of David Ricardo and Comparative AdvantageSome Common MythsvWe hear that trade makes

18、us poorer.vWe hear that exporters are good because they support a countrys industry, but imports are bad because they steal business from domestic producers.vThe underlying basis for these words is comparative advantage.IntroductionAssumptions of the Basic Ricardian ModelvThere are 11 assumptions.Ri

19、cardian Comparative AdvantagevRicardo presented a case describing the production of two commodities, wine and cloth, in England and Purtugal.Comparative Advantage and the Total Gains From TradevThe essence of Ricardos argument is that international trade does not require different absolute advantage

20、 and that it is possible and desirable to trade when comparative advantage exist.1. Resource ConstraintsvTo demonstrate the total gains from trade between these two countries, it is necessary to first establish the amount of the constraining resource-labor-available to each country.vSuppose that cou

21、ntry A has 9,000 labor hours available and country B has 16,000 labor hours available.vExamining the equivalent quantity of domestic labor services consumed before and after trade for each country.v After trade, country A consumes 3,500C and 2,000W. Country A has gained the equivalent of 500 labor h

22、ours.vAfter trade, country B consumes 5,500C and 1,500W. Country B has gained the equivalent of 1,000 labor hours.2. Complete SpecializationvComplete Specialization: All resources are devoted to the production of one good, with no production of the other good.vCountry A producing only cloth and coun

23、try B producing only wine, they exchange 2,000 barrels of wine for 5,000 yards of cloth.vA would gain 10,000 hours, which is greater than the labor value of consumption in either autarky or in the case of trade with no production change.vCountry B is also better off because it now consumes 5,000 yar

24、ds of cloth and 2,000 barrels of wine with a labor value of 18,000 hours.Representing the Ricardian Model with Production-Possibilities FrontiersvThe PPF reflects all combinations of two products that a country can produce at a given point in time given its resource base, level of technology, full u

25、tilization of resources, and economically efficient production.1. Production Possibilities-An ExamplevThe figures on labor hours and production for country A and B make 2. Maximum Gains from Trade.Comparative Advantage-Some Concluding Observations it possible to display the production-possibilities

26、frontiers for each country.vWith the initiation of trade, country A was able to produce a new, flatter consumption-possibilities frontier with trade.vCountry A can now choose to consume a combination of goods that clearly lies outside its own PPF in autarky, thus demonstrating the potential gains fr

27、om trade.vThe situation is similar for country B.Maximum Gains from TradevIn the Classical model, production generally takes place at an end point of the PPF of each country.vOur procedure showed that trade could benefit a country even if all of its resources were “frozen” into their existing produc

28、tion patterns.vThere is no reason to stop for producers at any point on the PPF until the maximum amount of production is reached.Comparative advantage-some concluding observationsvUp to this point, nothing has been said about the basis for the comparative advantages tat a country might have in trad

29、e.vThe Classical economists thought that participation in foreign trade could be a strong positive force for development.vSpecialization in the production of goods that have few links to the rest of the economy can lead to a lopsided pattern of growth.vThe Classical writers have made us aware that t

30、rade not only produces static gains but also can be a positive vehicle for economic growth and development and that it should be encouraged.Learning ObjectivesTo understand comparative advantage as a basis for trade between countries;To identify the difference between comparative advantage and absol

31、ute advantage;To quantify the gains from trade in a two-country, two-good model;To recognize comparative advantage and the potential gains from trade using production-possibilities frontiers.Chapter 4Extensions and Tests of the Classical Model of TradeIntroductionTrade Complexities in the Real World

32、vIn light of ongoing structural changes taking place in the increasingly integrated trading world and changes in demand for certain kinds of labor, international competitiveness of certain key regional industries has taken center stage in the current political arena, and the effect of reduced trade

33、barriers is often cited as the cause of these industry problems.The Classical Model in Money TermsvThe first extension of the Classical model changes the example from one of labor requirements per commodity to a monetary value of the commodity.vOne the exchange rate is established, the value of all

34、goods an be stated in term of one currency.vAssume that the fixed exchange rate is 1 escudo(esc)=1. vThe pattern of trade now responds to money-price differences.vThe result of trade is the same as that reached in the examination of relative labor efficiency between the two countries.Wage Rate Limit

35、s and Exchange Rate LimitsvWage rate limits: The endpoints of the range within which the wage can vary without eliminating the basis for trade.vSimilarly, there are exchange rate limits.vThe export condition indicates when a country has a cost advantage in a particular product, that condition can be

36、 used to determine the wage that will cause prices to be the same in the two countries. Multiple Commodities1. The Effect of Wage Rate ChangesvExpanding the number of commodities is a useful extension of the basic Classical model because it permits an analysis of the effects of exogenous changes in

37、relative wages or the exchange rate on the pattern of trade. 2. The Effect of Exchange Rate ChangesvChanges in the exchange rate also alter a countrys trade pattern.vA shift in tastes and preferences toward foreign goods, which leads to an increase in the domestic price of foreign currency, will mak

38、e domestic products cheaper when measured in that foreign currency, thereby increasing the competitiveness of a country in terms of exports.vThe equilibrium terms of trade will reflect the size and elasticity of demand of each country for each others products, given the initial production conditions

39、 determined by the resource endowments and technology.Transportation CostsvThe incorporation of transport costs alters the results covered to this point, because the cost of moving a product from one countrys location to another affects relative prices.Multiple CountriesvWhen several countries are t

40、aken into account, the specification of the trade pattern is less straightforward.Evaluating the Classical ModelvAlthough the Classical model seems limited in todays complex production world, economists have been interested in the extent to which its general conclusions are realized in international

41、 tradeLearning ObjectivesTo grasp how wages, productivity, and exchange rates affect comparative advantage and international trade patterns;To understand the implications of extending the basic model of comparative advantage to more than two countries and/or commodities;To make the reader aware that

42、 real-world trade patterns are consistent with underlying comparative advantage.Chapter 5Introduction to Neoclassical Trade Theory: Tools to Be EmployedIntroductionvThis chapter presents basic microeconomics concepts and relationships employed in analyzing trade patterns and the gains from trade.The

43、 Theory of Consumer Behavior1. Consumer Indifference CurvesvTraditional microeconomic theory begins the analysis of individual consumer decisions through the use of the consumer indifference curve.vCardinal utility and ordinal utility.vTransitivity means that if a bundle of goods B is preferred (or

44、equal) to a bundle of goods A and if a bundle of goods C is preferred (or equal) to a bundle of goods B, then bundle C must be preferred (or equal) to bundle A.vAn indifference curve must be downward sloping because less of one good must be compensated with more of the other good to maintain the sam

45、e satisfaction level.vDiminishing marginal rate of substitution.vAn indifference curve can not intersect for the individual consumer.2. The Budget Constraint;vTo determine actual consumption on the individual consumers indifference curve, we need to examine the income level of the consumer.vThe inco

46、me level is represented by the budget constraint or budget line. 3. Consumer EquilibriumvThe objective of the consumer is to maximize satisfaction, subject to the income constraint.vThe individual indifference curves show levels of satisfaction, and the budget line indicates the income constraint, t

47、he consumer maximizes satisfaction when the budget line just touches the highest indifference curve attainable.Production Theory 1. IsoquantsvAn isoquant is the concept that relates output to the factor inputs.vAn isoquant shows the various combinations of the two inputs that produces the same level

48、 of output.vThe exact shape of an isoquant reflects the subsitution possibilities between capital and labor in the production process.v A major feature of isoquants is that tey have cardinal properties rather than simply ordinal properties.vThe negative of the slope of the isoquant at any point is e

49、qual to the ratio of the marginal productivities of the factors of production.vThe ratio of marginal productivities is often referred to as the marginal rate of technical substitution.2. Isocost LinesvAn isocost line shows the various combinations of the factors of production that can be purchased b

50、y the firm for a given total cost at given input prices.vThe negative of the slope of a isocost is equal to the ratio of the wage rate to the rental rate on capital. 3. Producer Equilibrium.vThe choice of the combination of factors of production to employ involves consideration of factor prices and