Specialized English完整版电子教案最全ppt整本书课件全套教学教程（最新）.ppt

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1、Specialized English onSpecialized English onCommunicationCommunication Electronics Electronics 目目 录录Chapter1 Electronic Technology FundamentalsChapter2 Measuring Instrument and Usage Chapter3 Communications Chapter4 Computer and Network Chapter1 Electronic Technology Fundamentals Unit 1 Basic Concep

2、ts of Circuit TheoryUnit 5 AmplifierUnit 4 Transistors Unit 3 Diodes and Diode CircuitsUnit 2 Circuit Components and Theirs SymbolsUnit 6 Operational AmplifiersUnit 7 Logic GateUnit 8 Integrated Circuits (chips) Basic Concepts of Circuit Theory Voltage and current are vital to understanding electron

3、ics, but they are quite hard to grasp because we cant see them directly. 电压和电流对于电子学的理解和掌握是非常重要的，但是由于它们不可直接观电压和电流对于电子学的理解和掌握是非常重要的，但是由于它们不可直接观察到，因而要理解和掌握它们是非常困难的察到，因而要理解和掌握它们是非常困难的。 Basic Concepts of Circuit Theory Voltage attempts to make a current flow, and current will flow if the circuit is compl

4、ete. Voltage is sometimes described as the push or force of the electricity, it isnt really a force but this may help you to imagine what is happening. It is possible to have voltage without current, but current cannot flow without voltage.电压促使电流能够流动，如果电路是完整的回路，那么电流就能够流动了。电压电压促使电流能够流动，如果电路是完整的回路，那么电

5、流就能够流动了。电压有时被描述成电流的推动力，事实上电压并不是一个力，但这种描述能够帮助你有时被描述成电流的推动力，事实上电压并不是一个力，但这种描述能够帮助你更好的理解电压是怎么回事。没有电流电压可单独存在，但没有电压就不可能存更好的理解电压是怎么回事。没有电流电压可单独存在，但没有电压就不可能存在电流。在电流。 Voltage, V Voltage is a measure of the energy carried by the charge. Strictly: voltage is the energy per unit charge. The proper name for vol

6、tage is potential difference or p.d. for short, but this term is rarely used in electronics. Voltage is supplied by the battery (or power supply). 电压是对电荷所带能量大小的一个衡量。严格的讲：电压表示了每单位电荷的电压是对电荷所带能量大小的一个衡量。严格的讲：电压表示了每单位电荷的能量。能量。电压的准确名称是电势或简称为电压的准确名称是电势或简称为p.d，但在电子学中很少使用这个名称。，但在电子学中很少使用这个名称。电压由电池（或电源）提供。电压由

7、电池（或电源）提供。 Voltage, V Voltage is used up in components, but not in wires. We say voltage across a component. Voltage is measured in volts, V. Voltage is measured with a voltmeter, connected in parallel. The symbol V is used for voltage in equations. 电压将被消耗在元件上，而不是导线上。电压将被消耗在元件上，而不是导线上。我们说电压存在于元件两端。我

8、们说电压存在于元件两端。电压的单位是伏特，电压的单位是伏特，V.电压用并联在电路中的电压表（如图电压用并联在电路中的电压表（如图1.1）来测量）来测量.在方程中电压是用符号在方程中电压是用符号V来表示来表示的。 Voltage, VVoltage at a point and 0V (zero volts)Voltage is a difference between two points, but in electronics we often refer to voltage at a point meaning the voltage difference between that po

9、int and a reference point of 0V (zero volts).某一点上的电压和零电压某一点上的电压和零电压电压是指两点间的一个电势差，但在电子学中我们经常提到的某一点上的电压电压是指两点间的一个电势差，但在电子学中我们经常提到的某一点上的电压其实是指这点和零电压参考点之间的一个电势其实是指这点和零电压参考点之间的一个电势差。 Voltage, VZero volts could be any point in the circuit, but to be consistent it is normally the negative terminal of the b

10、attery or power supply. You will often see circuit diagrams labelled with 0V as a reminder. 电路中的任何一点都可为零电压点，但为了保持一致我们通常把电池或电源的电路中的任何一点都可为零电压点，但为了保持一致我们通常把电池或电源的负端作为零电压点。你经常会看到电路图中标有负端作为零电压点。你经常会看到电路图中标有0V字样的提示。字样的提示。 Voltage, VYou may find it helpful to think of voltage like height in geography. The

11、 reference point of zero height is the mean (average) sea level and all heights are measured from that point. The zero volts in an electronic circuit is like the mean sea level in geography. 为了便于理解，你可把电压看作地理中的海拔高度。为了便于理解，你可把电压看作地理中的海拔高度。0海拔高度的参考点通常是海拔高度的参考点通常是指平均海平面，所有的海拔高度都是从这点开始测量出的。电路中的零电压就好指平均海平

12、面，所有的海拔高度都是从这点开始测量出的。电路中的零电压就好比是地理中的平均海平面。比是地理中的平均海平面。 Voltage, V Current is the rate of flow of charge. Current is not used up, what flows into a component must flow out. We say current through a component. Current is measured in amps (amperes), A. A (1 amp) is quite a large current for electronics

13、, so mA (milliamps) are often used. m (milli) means thousandth: 1mA = 0.001A, or 1000mA = 1A 电流是电荷流动的速率电流是电荷流动的速率;电流不会被消耗掉，电流流进一个元件后还必须流出。电流不会被消耗掉，电流流进一个元件后还必须流出。;通常我们说电流流过一个元件通常我们说电流流过一个元件;电流的单位是安培，电流的单位是安培，A. 在电子学中，在电子学中，A(一个安培一个安培)是一个非常大的电流，因此我们经常用是一个非常大的电流，因此我们经常用mA(毫安毫安)。M(毫毫)指指“千分之一千分之一”：1mA =

14、 0.001A, 或或1000mA = 1A Voltage, V Current is measured with an ammeter, connected in series. To connect in series you must break the circuit and put the ammeter across the gap The symbol I is used for current in equations电流是将电流表串联在电路中来测量的。电流是将电流表串联在电路中来测量的。为了将电流表串联入电路，你必须首先将电路断开，然后将电流表接入断开为了将电流表串联入电路

15、，你必须首先将电路断开，然后将电流表接入断开处（如图处（如图1.1所示）所示）在方程中电流是用符号在方程中电流是用符号I来表示的来表示的 Voltage, V Series and Parallel ConnectionsThere are two ways of connecting components: In series(Fig.1.1) So that each component has the same current. The battery voltage is divided between the two lamps .Each lamp will have half t

16、he battery voltage if the lamps are identical. 串联和并联连接串联和并联连接元件的连接方法有两种：元件的连接方法有两种：串联连接（图串联连接（图1.3）因此每个元件都具有相同的电流因此每个元件都具有相同的电流.电池的电压被分配在两个电灯电池的电压被分配在两个电灯上，如果两个电灯是一样的上，如果两个电灯是一样的,那么每个电灯上的电压将是电池电那么每个电灯上的电压将是电池电压的一半。压的一半。 Voltage, V In parallel（Fig.1.2）So that each component has the same voltage. Both

17、 lamps have the full battery voltage across them. The battery current is divided between the two lamps. 并联连接（图并联连接（图1.4）因此每个元件有相同的电压。每个电灯两端的电压都是全额的电池电压。电池的电流被因此每个元件有相同的电压。每个电灯两端的电压都是全额的电池电压。电池的电流被分成两部分，分别流过两个电灯。分成两部分，分别流过两个电灯。 Voltage, VMost circuits contain a mixture of series and parallel connecti

18、onsThe terms series circuit and parallel circuit are sometimes used, but only the simplest of circuits are entirely one type or the other. It is better to refer to specific components and say they are connected in series or connected in parallel. 大多数电路包含了串联和并联混合连接。大多数电路包含了串联和并联混合连接。串联电路和并联电路这两个词有时会被

19、用到，但只有一些最简单的电路才完全是串联或串联电路和并联电路这两个词有时会被用到，但只有一些最简单的电路才完全是串联或并联电路。最好是在提及某个特定元件时才说它们是串联连接或并联连接的。并联电路。最好是在提及某个特定元件时才说它们是串联连接或并联连接的。 Voltage, VAnalogue and Digital SystemsAnalogue systems process analogue signals which can take any value within a range, for example the output from an LDR (light sensor) o

20、r a microphone.模拟电路和数字电路模拟电路和数字电路模拟系统模拟系统模拟系统处理的是模拟信号，而模拟信号在某一范围内可取任何值的信号，例如光敏模拟系统处理的是模拟信号，而模拟信号在某一范围内可取任何值的信号，例如光敏电阻或麦克风的输出。电阻或麦克风的输出。 Voltage, VAll electronic circuits suffer from noise which is unwanted signal mixed in with the desired signal, for example an audio amplifier may pick up some mains

21、 hum (the 50Hz frequency of the UK mains electricity supply)3. Noise can be difficult to eliminate from analogue signals because it may be hard to distinguish from the desired signal.所有的电子电路都会受到所有的电子电路都会受到噪声噪声的干扰，噪声是混合在所需信号中的无用的信号，例的干扰，噪声是混合在所需信号中的无用的信号，例如音频放大器（英国主要的电源频率为如音频放大器（英国主要的电源频率为50Hz）。噪声很难从

22、模拟信号中去处，因为将它）。噪声很难从模拟信号中去处，因为将它与所需信号区别开是很困难的。与所需信号区别开是很困难的。 Voltage, VDigital systemsDigital systems process digital signals which can take only a limited number of values (discrete steps), usually just two values are used: the positive supply voltage (+Vs) and zero volts (0V).数字系统数字系统数字系统处理的是数字信号，而

23、数字信号只能取少数的几个数值数字系统处理的是数字信号，而数字信号只能取少数的几个数值 （不连续的），通常只（不连续的），通常只用两个数值：正电源电压（用两个数值：正电源电压（+Vs）和零电压（）和零电压（0V）。）。 Voltage, VDigital systems contain devices such as logic gates, flip-flops, shift registers and counters. A computer is an example of a digital system. 数字系统包含的元件有：逻辑门，双稳态多谐振荡器，移位寄存器和计数器。计算机数字系

24、统包含的元件有：逻辑门，双稳态多谐振荡器，移位寄存器和计数器。计算机就是一个数字系统的例子。就是一个数字系统的例子。 Voltage, VLogic signals Most digital systems use the simplest possible type of signal which has just two values. This type of signal is called a logic signal because the two values (or states) can be called true and false. Normally the posit

25、ive supply voltage +Vs represents true and 0V represents false. Other labels for the true and false states are shown in the table on the right. 逻辑信号逻辑信号大多数的数字系统使用只有两个数值的最为简单的类型的信号。这种信号称为逻辑信号大多数的数字系统使用只有两个数值的最为简单的类型的信号。这种信号称为逻辑信号，因为这两个值（或状态）可被称为逻辑真和逻辑假。一般正的电源电压，因为这两个值（或状态）可被称为逻辑真和逻辑假。一般正的电源电压+Vs代表逻辑代

26、表逻辑真而真而0V代表逻辑假。其他表示真和假的标签在右边的表格中列了出来。代表逻辑假。其他表示真和假的标签在右边的表格中列了出来。 Voltage, VNoise is relatively easy to eliminate from digital signals because it is easy to distinguish from the desired signal which can only have particular values. For example: if the signal is meant to be +5V (true) or 0V (false),

27、noise of up to 2.5V can be eliminated by treating all voltages greater than 2.5V as true and all voltages less than 2.5V as false. 在数字电路中，噪声相对比较容易去除，因为有用信号只有些特定的值，所以噪声就很在数字电路中，噪声相对比较容易去除，因为有用信号只有些特定的值，所以噪声就很容易与有用信号区别开来了。例如：如果信号设置为容易与有用信号区别开来了。例如：如果信号设置为+5V (真真) 或或 0V (假假)，那么等于，那么等于2.5V的噪声就可以被去除，因为系统

28、会将所有大于的噪声就可以被去除，因为系统会将所有大于2.5V的电压作为真来处理，所有小于的电压作为真来处理，所有小于2.5V的电压作为假来处理。的电压作为假来处理。 circuit components and theirs symbolsCircuit symbols are used in circuit diagrams which show how a circuit is connected together. The actual layout of the components is usually quite different from the circuit diagram

29、. To build a circuit you need a different diagram showing the layout of the parts on printed circuit board.用来表示电路连接方式的电路图中需使用电路符号。电路元件的实际布局与电路图有很用来表示电路连接方式的电路图中需使用电路符号。电路元件的实际布局与电路图有很大差异的。为了构建一个电路，你需要有一个能够反应元件在印制板电路板上布局的特大差异的。为了构建一个电路，你需要有一个能够反应元件在印制板电路板上布局的特殊图纸殊图纸 Circuit components and theirs symb

30、olsWires and connectionsWire：To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.(Fig 1.3(a)Wires joined：A blob should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted1. Wires connected at crossroads should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions, as shown

31、 in Fig1.3(b).电线与连接导线：让电流可以顺利的从电路的一端流到另一端电线与连接导线：让电流可以顺利的从电路的一端流到另一端导线的连接点：在导线连接（结合）处需画上一个圆点，但有时被省略。导线在交叉连导线的连接点：在导线连接（结合）处需画上一个圆点，但有时被省略。导线在交叉连接时，应将其分成两个接时，应将其分成两个T字型连接，错列地排开，如图字型连接，错列地排开，如图1.3所示。所示。 circuit components and theirs symbolsPower SuppliesCell：Supplies electrical energy. The larger term

32、inal (on the left) is positive (+).A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery is two or more cells joined together.Battery：Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).电源电源原电池：提供电能。长的那端（左端）是正端（），单一的原电池又常称为电池。但原电池：提

33、供电能。长的那端（左端）是正端（），单一的原电池又常称为电池。但严格的讲，电池应该是两个以上的原电池的组合。严格的讲，电池应该是两个以上的原电池的组合。电池：提供电能。一个电池有多个原电池。长的那端（左端）是正端（）。电池：提供电能。一个电池有多个原电池。长的那端（左端）是正端（）。 circuit components and theirs symbolsDC supply：Supplies electrical energy.DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction. AC supply：Supplies electrical

34、 energy.AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.Fuse：A safety device which will blow (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.直流电源：提供电能。直流电源：提供电能。DC直流电，总是在一个方向上流动。直流电，总是在一个方向上流动。交流电源：提供电能。交流电源：提供电能。AC交流电，不断的改变流动方向。交流电，不断的改变流动方向。保险丝：保护元件，当流经它的电流超过某一给定值时，它将被熔

35、断。保险丝：保护元件，当流经它的电流超过某一给定值时，它将被熔断。 circuit components and theirs symbolsTransformer：Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electr

36、ical connection between the coils.变压器：通过铁心来连接的两个线圈。变压器用来提高或降低交流电压。线圈间能量的变压器：通过铁心来连接的两个线圈。变压器用来提高或降低交流电压。线圈间能量的通过铁心中的磁场来进行转换。线圈间不存在电气的连接。通过铁心中的磁场来进行转换。线圈间不存在电气的连接。 circuit components and theirs symbolsEarth(Ground)：A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts) of the

37、 power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really means the earth. It is also known as ground.接地：与地的连接。在许多电路中，这是电源的零电压点，但在许多电气和无线电电路接地：与地的连接。在许多电路中，这是电源的零电压点，但在许多电气和无线电电路中它就是真真的地。它也被称为地。中它就是真真的地。它也被称为地。 circuit components and theirs symbolsOutput DevicesLamp：A transducer whi

38、ch converts electrical energy to light. Fig 1.5(a) symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboardHeater：A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.输出设备输出设备灯：灯： 将电能转换为光的变换设备。图将电能转换为光的变换设备。图1.5a是指示灯的符号，如汽车仪表板上的警告灯。是指示灯的符号，如汽车仪表板上的警告灯。加热器：将电能转

39、换为热量的变换设备。加热器：将电能转换为热量的变换设备。 circuit components and theirs symbolsMotor：A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).Inductor：A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it. It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transd

40、ucer converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.电机：将电能转换为动能的变换设备。电机：将电能转换为动能的变换设备。电感：一组线圈，当电流流过它时，它能产生磁场。在线圈中可放置一个铁心。这是个电感：一组线圈，当电流流过它时，它能产生磁场。在线圈中可放置一个铁心。这是个将电能转换为磁场能的变换设备。将电能转换为磁场能的变换设备。 circuit components and theirs symbolsSwitchOn-Off Switch：SPST = Single Pole, Sin

41、gle ThrowAn on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.Dual On-Off Switch：DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.Reversing Switch：DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.开关开关通断开关：单刀单掷通断开关：单刀单掷(开关开关)。通断开关只有处在闭合状态，才允许电流流过。通断开关只有处在闭合状态，才允许电流流过。两通断开关：双刀单掷两通断开关：双刀单掷(开关开关)转换开关：双刀双

42、掷转换开关：双刀双掷(开关开关) circuit components and theirs symbolsRelay：An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit.NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed. (DPDT)继电器：一个电气开关。例如接继电器：一个电气开关。例如接9V电池电流的线圈可以控制主电路中电池电流的线圈可以控

43、制主电路中230V的交流电。的交流电。NO = 常开常开, COM = 公共端公共端, NC = 常闭常闭. circuit components and theirs symbolsResistors，Capacitor，Diode，TransistorResistor：A resistor restricts the flow of current, for example to limit the current passing through an LED. A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit.电阻，电容，二极

44、管，晶体管电阻器：电阻器限制电流的流量，例如限制流过发光二极电阻，电容，二极管，晶体管电阻器：电阻器限制电流的流量，例如限制流过发光二极管的电流。电阻和电容一齐被用在定时电路中。管的电流。电阻和电容一齐被用在定时电路中。 circuit components and theirs symbolsVariable Resistor(Rheostat)：This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current. Examples include: adjusting

45、lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit。可变电阻器：这种带有两个触点的可变电阻（可变电阻器）通常用来控制电流。例子可变电阻器：这种带有两个触点的可变电阻（可变电阻器）通常用来控制电流。例子有：调整电灯的亮度，调整电机的速度，调整定时电路中电容上的电荷流动速率。有：调整电灯的亮度，调整电机的速度，调整定时电路中电容上的电荷流动速率。 circuit components and theirs symbo

46、lsVariable Resistor(Potentiometer): This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage. It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal.(可变电阻器可变电阻器)电位计电位计, 分压计分压计:这种带有三个触点的可变电阻（电位计这种带

47、有三个触点的可变电阻（电位计, 分压计）通常用来控分压计）通常用来控制电压。它可用来作为一个变换器，将位置信号转变为电信号。制电压。它可用来作为一个变换器，将位置信号转变为电信号。 circuit components and theirs symbolsCapacitor：A capacitor stores electric charge. A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit. It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC sign

48、als.Diode：A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.电容：电容可存储电荷。电容与电阻一齐被用在定时电路中。它同时可以作为一个滤波电容：电容可存储电荷。电容与电阻一齐被用在定时电路中。它同时可以作为一个滤波器，让直流电不能通过，交流电可以通过。器，让直流电不能通过，交流电可以通过。二极管：只允许电流在一个方向上流动的元件。二极管：只允许电流在一个方向上流动的元件。 circuit components and theirs symbolsLEDLight Emitting Diode：A transducer

49、 which converts electrical energy to light.Zener Diode：A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals.Photodiode：A light-sensitive diode发光二极管：将电能转换为光的变换设备发光二极管：将电能转换为光的变换设备稳压二极管：一个特殊的二极管，使并联在它端上的电压稳定在一个固定值上。稳压二极管：一个特殊的二极管，使并联在它端上的电压稳定在一个固定值上。光敏二极管：一个感光的二极管。光敏二极管：一个感光的

50、二极管。 circuit components and theirs symbolsTransistor NPN：A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.晶体管晶体管PNP：晶体管可放大电流。它与其他元件一齐可用来构成放大或开关电流：晶体管可放大电流。它与其他元件一齐可用来构成放大或开关电流 DiodesFunctionDiodes allow electricity to flow in only one dir