2022年初中英语语法基础知识总结 .pdf
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1、初中英语语法基础知识总结一、名词1可数名词可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词,包括个体名词和集体名词,有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下:以 s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加 -es(除 stomach)。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 要变 y 为-ies。 但以元音字母加y 结尾时直接加 -s。 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词须直接加-s 的,如:beliefs, proofs。变 f 或 fe 为-ves 的,如:knives,leaves,wives,lives,thieveswolves,shelves,。注意 handkerchief 的复数可直接加 -s。也可变 f 为-ves。以 o
2、结尾直接加 -s,如:zoos,pianos,kilos,photos,autos,radios。加-es,如: Negroes,heroes ,potatoes。复数不规则的名词,如:manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goosegeese ,oxoxen,childchildren,toothteeth等。单复数形式一样的名词, 如:Chinese, Japanese , sheep , deer, means ,works 等。2不可数名词不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。以-ics 结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。某些以 -s 结
3、尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。3名词的所有格(1) “ s”所有格。一般名词后加“ s”。如: Tom s brothers bag。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 以-s 或-es结尾的复数名词,在名词右上方加“”。如: the workers organization。 以-s 结尾的专有名词所有格,若以读音Z 结尾,一般可在名词右上方加 “”,也可加 “s”。如: Dickens/Dickens s cup。如果一
4、样东西为两个人共有,则只有后一个名词加“s”;如果不是共有的,两个名词后都要加“s”。如: Tom and Marys room (共有);Marys and Tom s cups(不共有)。(2) 表示无生命东西的名词, 通常采用 of+名词的结构来表示所有关系, 总的来讲 of 所有格是 s所有格的一种替换形式。 如: the classroom of the school。(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词,也可以加 “s”来构成所有格。如: todays newspaper。一、基本型写出下列名词的复数形式:1. pencil-box _ 2. wife
5、_ 3. Sunday_ 4. city_ 5. dress _6. Englishman _ 7. match _ 8. Chinese _9. zoo _ 10. exam_ 11. German _ 12. I have a lot of _(作业 ) to do every day. 13. His _(裤子) are new, but mine are old. 14. It is the best one of the _ ( 照片) in my family. 15. Are they building any _ (图书馆 ) in the city? 16. Can you
6、cut this big pear into two _(半)? 17. At the end of _(八月), you must get ready for the new school year. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 二、提高型来源:1.June 1st is _ Day all over the world. A. Childs B. Childs C. ChildrensD. Childrens2.Sept
7、ember 10th is _ Day in China, isnt it?A. TeachersB. TeachersC. TeacherD. Teacher of _ is made of _. A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses 3.This is _ news. A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good 4.What _ it is! Lets go swimming.A. a fine weatherB. f
8、ine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather 5.They like Chinese _. A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people 6.Lucy and I go to school _ every day. A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD. by buses1 7. What are you listening to, Jane? _ or _? A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. m
9、usic; newsD. music; a news 8.How many _ and _ are there in your class? A. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys ones C. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones 9.A group of _ are talking with two _ over there. A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; FrenchmenD. Germans;
10、 Frenchmans 10. That bus driver drank two _. A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea 11. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _. A. Bob s motherB. Bobs mothersC. mother of BobD. Bob mothers12. The tall man with a big nose is _ teacher. A. Tom and CarlB. Toms and CarlsC. Tom and Ca
11、rls13.esterday a few _ came to visit some _ in Shantou. A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interests C. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest 14.hen autumn comes, _ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down. A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves 二、冠词精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载
12、- - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 1不定冠词 a,an 表示 one或 every。如: You have a mouth。表示某一类人、事或物,相当于any。如: A spade is a tool。用于某些固定词组中。如:a bit,a lot of。泛指某人或某物。如:A boy is waiting for her 。用在 rather,many,what 等词之后。如: You are rather a fool。注意:名词以元音音素开头时,前面若加不
13、定冠词,要用“an”。2定冠词 the 表示上文已提到过或下文将要提到的人或事物。如:I am very interested in the book。表示独一无二的人或事物。 如: the world, the sun , the moon, the earth。用在序数词、形容词最高级及对两人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。如: the young,the second story ,the largest room。用在以 -ese,-ch,-sh 等结尾和表示国家、党派等专有名词前,以及在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛的名词前。如:the Changjiang River,the Gr
14、eat Lake。用在方位名词前以及某些表示时间的词组或习惯语中。如:in the west,on the right。用在形容词前表示一类人。如:the young,the dead 。在姓氏复数形式前,表示全家人,或这一姓氏的夫妇俩。如:The Greens are sitting at the breakfast table 。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 用在单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物。如:The horse
15、is a use-ful animal。 在艺术、文娱活动名称前通常用定冠词。如:go to the cinema。3不加冠词(1) 一般专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前不加冠词。如: America,China,Shanghai Railway Station。但是当一个抽象名词或物质名词被限定时,前面加the。如: The milk in the bottle has gone bad抽象名词或物质名词前或后加上表示其特殊性质或类别的修饰词, 指概念的 “ 一种 ” 、 “ 一类 ” 、 “ 一次 ” 等时, 用不定冠词。如: After a swim,he had a r
16、est 。(2) 可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格等限制时,不加冠词。如:This book is mine。(3) 季节、月份、日期、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。 如:Summer is the warmest season of the year 。如果月份等被一个限定性定语修饰,就要加冠词。如: Jack joined the Army in the spring of 2002。(4) 表示语言学科名称、 球类运动的名词前一般不用冠词。如:He is studying French in Paris。但是在 the Chinese language ,the Engli
17、sh lan-guage等中要用定冠词。(5) 在以 “ 普通名词或形容词最高级+as” 开始的让步状语从句中,前面不加冠词。如: Shortest as he is 。用适当的冠词填空,不需要冠词的空白处填“”1. Tomorrow is _ Teachers Day and well make _ card for our English teacher. 精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 2. The bus is runn
18、ing about seventy miles_ hour. 3. Mary is interested in _ science. 4. Some people dont like to talk at _ table. 5. Last night I went to_ bed very late. 6. Dont worry. We still have _ little time left. 7. What _ beautiful day! And what _ fine weather! 8. In _ winter it is cold in _ Beijing and warm i
19、n _Shanghai. 9. John is_ cleverest boy in his class. 10. We cant live without _ water or _ air. 11. Tomorrow Mr. Smith will leave Paris, _capital of_ France, for Washington by_ air. 12. We were having_ lunch when they came in. 13. This is _ book you gave me last week. 14. What did you do _ last Satu
20、rday? 15. March 8 is _ Womens Day. 16. If _ weather is fine tomorrow, we will go to the park. 17. I prefer playing _ piano to playing _ basketball. 18. At _ age of five, he read a lot of books. 19. Tom and Lucy are of _ same age. 20. _ harder we study, _ more we learn. 三、数词1基数词(1) 2199 之间的二位数由十位数加个位
21、数再加连字符构成。如24可写成 twenty-four。(2) 101999之间的三位数由hundred加 and再加二位数或末位数构成。加 489 可写成 four hundred and eighty-nine。(3) 表示确切数目时,基数词hundred,thousand,million ,billion不加 s。如 several hundred ,ten million 。但是表示不确定数目时,要用复数形式。如hundreds of。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 1
22、7 页 - - - - - - - - - - (4) 表示 “ 在几十年代 ” 用“in+the+ 逢十的数词复数 ” 。如 in the1980s或 80s。2序数词一般由基数词加 -th 构成,前面一般加定冠词the。如 the two hundredth。以 y 结尾的基数词构成序数词时, 把 y 改成 i, 再加 -eth。 如 the fiftieth。不规则的序数词有first,second ,third,fifth ,eighth,ninth,twelfth 。3其他几种数词(1) 分数由基数词和序数词合成,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。分子大于 l 时,分母的序数词要用复数形式
23、。如11/3 读做 three and two thirds 1/3 读做 one(a)third;但 1/2 读做 one(a)half,1/4 读做 one(a)quarter。(2) 小数点读做 point;“ 零” 读做 zero;带小数点的数字从左至右依次读出。如 0.2 读做 zero point two。(3) 百分数读做 percent。如 17读做 seventeen percent 。四、代词1人称代词人称代词的主格做主语;宾格做宾语或表语。2物主代词物主代词有两大类,一般形容词性物主代词做定语;名词性物主代词做主语、宾语和表语。精品资料 - - - 欢迎下载 - - -
24、- - - - - - - - 欢迎下载 名师归纳 - - - - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 17 页 - - - - - - - - - - 3反身代词反身代词由形容词性物主代词加-self 或-selves构成如:myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 反身代词在句子中可充当宾语、表语和同位语。4疑问代词常用的疑问代词有who,whom,whose,whoever,which,what 等。疑问代词用来构成特殊疑问句,可用做主语、宾语、表语和定语。5指示代词指示代词表示单数的有
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