【公开课课件】高中英语:句子成分和基本句型.ppt
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1、2022-4-2312022-4-2322022-4-233什么是句子?什么是句子?句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的,是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写,结尾要有,结尾要有? !I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !2022-4-234现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicativ
2、e)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 和补语(complement)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分?句子包括哪些成分?2022-4-235 主语:主语:主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从部分一般由名词,代词,不定式,动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see is to be
3、lieve.They are good friends.2022-4-236谓语:谓语: 谓语说明主语做什么,是什么,怎么样,由谓语说明主语做什么,是什么,怎么样,由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.2022-4-237表语:表语: 表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,表语说明主语是什么,或者怎么样,由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,动
4、名词,短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语,或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.2022-4-238宾语宾语 宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短宾语是动作,行为的对象,由名词,代词,短语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动语,不定式,动名词,从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么,在谓语之后She plays the piano.
5、He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.2022-4-239宾语补足语宾语补足语 在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,在英语中,有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思思它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么,怎么样的作用 它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现它可以由名词,形容词,副词,介词短语
6、,不定式,现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go, Ill make you king. Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived. Make yourself at home. I saw him enter the hall. The boss keeps them working all day. I heard my name called.2022-4-2310状语状语 状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词,形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,
7、程度一般由副词,生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度一般由副词,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,介词短语,不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当,也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help, we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.2022-4-2311定语定语 定语用来修饰名词或代
8、词形容词,代词,数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词,代词,数词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,词,名词,介词短语,不定式,动名词,分词,从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine. Whats your name? A broken vase. I have 5 books. A sleeping boy. They made paper flowers. The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.2022-4-23122022-4-2313种
9、类种类类型类型主语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种He playsviolin.第第种种We arestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegaveme a pen.第第种种S+V+O+OC He mademelaugh2022-4-2314基本句型基本句型 一:一: (主系表)(主系表) (是系动词)(是系动词) 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。2. The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。3. He fell in lo
10、ve. 他堕入了情网。 4. Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。5. He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮6. The troubleis that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7. Our well has gone dry. 我们井干枯了。 8. His face turned red. 他的脸红了。2022-4-23152022-4-23162022-4-23172022-4-23182022-4-23192022-4-23202022-4-2321 2022-4-2
11、322 2022-4-23232022-4-23242022-4-23252022-4-23262022-4-2327page432022-4-2328 二二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查 英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get , turn , turn out (结果是(结果是),), go , come (成为),(成为), fall , become 等。等。 2022-4-23292022-4-2330 2022-4-2331 2022-4-23322022-4-23332022-4-2334 2022-4-233
12、5 2022-4-2336 3. 3. 对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的含义是的含义是“似乎,好像,看来(如关于似乎,好像,看来(如关于某人的性格、感情或意图)某人的性格、感情或意图)”,此时不用进行式,此时不用进行式,后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。 She She appeared appeared rather upset about rather upset about something. something. 看来有些什么事使她心烦。看来有些什么事使她心烦。 Do let your mother know
13、 all the truth. Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears _ everything. She appears _ everything. (上海(上海 2001 2001 ) A. to tell B. to be told A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told C. to be telling D. to have been told 2022-4-2337分析:句意是分析:句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。一定要把一切真相告诉
14、你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。她看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中句中 tell tell 后面后面没有宾语,故用不定式的被动式,又因为没有宾语,故用不定式的被动式,又因为“知道知道一切一切”发生在发生在“告诉真相告诉真相”之前,要用完成式。之前,要用完成式。所以正确答案是所以正确答案是 D D 。 4. 对对 feel 的考查的考查 feel 的意思是的意思是“感觉是,似乎感觉是,似乎”,后常接形容词、,后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。副词、介词短语等。 I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or
15、 swim in the cool sea. A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes 2022-4-2338 2022-4-23392022-4-2340 2022-4-2341 2022-4-2342 答案为答案为D2022-4-2343基本句型基本句型 二:二: (主谓)(主谓)主语主语:可以作主语的成分有名词名词(如boy),主格代词主格代词(如you),动词动词不定式不定式,动名词动名词等。主语一般在句首句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家! 谓语谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语,形成
16、主谓结构,如:We come. 此句型的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 (不及物动词)(不及物动词) 1. The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。2. The universe remains. 宇宙长存。3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。4. Who cares? 管它呢? 5. What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。 6. The pen write
17、s smoothly 这支笔书写流利。2022-4-2344主语主语可有修饰语可有修饰语-定语定语,谓语谓语可有修饰语可有修饰语-状语状语。如如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4. She sat there alone, reading a novel.5. He came back when we were eating.6.Weak buildings will fall dow
18、n in an earthquake, but strong ones may stay up.2022-4-2345巩固练习:巩固练习:1 1她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。 2 2会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。 3 3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨大变化. .4 419191919年,在北京爆发了年,在北京爆发了“五五. .四四”运动。运动。5 5每天八时开始上课。每天八时开始上课。 2. The meeting will last two hours.3. Great changes have taken place in my ho
19、me town in the past ten years. 4. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 5. Classes begin at eight every day. 1. She went home very late yesterday evening. 2022-4-2346巩固练习巩固练习: 6 6这个重五公斤。这个重五公斤。 7 7五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。8 8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。 9 9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。我的爷爷早晨起得很早。 10. 10. 每天下午有许多学生
20、到图书馆来借书。每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。 6. This box weighs five kilos. 7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.8.In autumn, some birds fly to the south. 9. My grandfather gets up early in the morning. 10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.2022-4-2347基本句型基本句型 三:三: (主谓宾)(主谓宾)构成宾语的代词必须
21、是构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格代词宾格,如:,如:me,him,them等等 (及物动词)(及物动词) 1. Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案? 2. She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。3. He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们。4. He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。5. They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。6. He said Good morning. 他说:早上好!7. I want to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 8. He
22、 admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。 2022-4-2348巩固练习:巩固练习:1昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。 5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 I wrote a letter last night. I want to talk with you this afternoon. He has read this book many times. They have carried
23、 out the plan successfully. That gentleman can speak three languages fluently. 2022-4-2349巩固练习:巩固练习: 6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。还不会自己穿衣服。 8我们大家都相信我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。是一个诚实男孩。 9. 他不知道说什麽好。他不知道说什麽好。 10. 我开窗户你在意吗?我开窗户你在意吗? I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia. Jim can
24、not dress himself. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. He did not know what to say. Do you mind my opening the window? 2022-4-2350基本句型 四: (主谓间宾直宾) (及物)(及物) (多指人)(多指人) (多指物)(多指物) 1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3. He bro
25、ught you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。4. He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。5. I told him that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。6. He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。 2022-4-2351但若要但若要先说出直接宾语(事物),先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词(人),则要借助于介词to或或for。如:。如: He brings cookies to me every day. She made a
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