管理会计案例分析.pptx
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1、Standard Costs and Operating Performance Measures Chapter10 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard CostsBenchmarks formeasuring performance.The expected levelof performance.Based on carefullypredetermined amounts.Used for planning labor, materialand overhead requirements.Stan
2、dard Costs are The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard CostsDirectMaterialManagers focus on quantities and coststhat exceed standards, a practice known as management by exception. Type of Product CostAmountDirectLaborManufacturingOverheadStandard The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
3、., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill Accountants, engineers, personnel administrators, and production managers combine efforts to set standards based on experience and expectations. Setting Standard Costs The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillSetting Standard CostsShould we usepractical standard
4、sor ideal standards?EngineerManagerialAccountant The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillSetting Standard CostsPractical standardsshould be set at levelsthat are currentlyattainable withreasonable andefficient effort.Productionmanager The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-H
5、illSetting Standard CostsI agree. Ideal standards, that are based on perfection, areunattainable and discourage most employees.HumanResourcesManager The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillSetting Direct Material Standards QuantityStandardsUse product design specifications.PriceStandar
6、dsFinal, deliveredcost of materials,net of discounts. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillSetting Direct Labor Standards RateStandardsUse wage surveys andlabor contracts.TimeStandardsUse time and motion studies foreach labor operation. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McG
7、raw-HillSetting Variable Overhead Standards RateStandardsThe rate is the variable portion of the predetermined overhead rate.ActivityStandardsThe activity is the base used to calculate the predetermined overhead. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard Cost Card Variable Produ
8、ction Cost A standard cost card for one unit of product might look like this:AA x BStandardStandardStandardQuantityPriceCostInputsor Hoursor Rateper UnitDirect materials 3.0 lbs.4.00$ per lb.12.00$ Direct labor 2.5 hours14.00 per hour35.00 Variable mfg. overhead 2.5 hours3.00 per hour7.50 Total stan
9、dard unit cost54.50$ B The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillAre standards the same as budgets? A standard is the expected cost for one unit.A budget is the expected cost for all units.Standards vs. Budgets The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard Cost Variances
10、Product CostStandardThis variance is unfavorablebecause the actual costexceeds the standard cost. A standard cost variance is the amount by whichan actual cost differs from the standard cost. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard Cost VariancesI see that thereis an unfavorab
11、le variance. But why arevariances important to me?First, they point to causes ofproblems and directionsfor improvement.Second, they trigger investigations in departments having responsibility for incurring the costs. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillVariance Analysis CyclePrepar
12、e standard cost performance reportConduct next periods operationsAnalyze variancesIdentifyquestionsReceive explanationsTakecorrective actionsBegin The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard Cost VariancesPrice VarianceThe difference betweenthe actual price and thestandard priceSt
13、andard Cost VariancesQuantity VarianceThe difference betweenthe actual quantity andthe standard quantity The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillA General Model for Variance Analysis Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard PricePrice Varia
14、nceQuantity VarianceStandard price is the amount that should have been paid for the resources acquired. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillPrice VarianceQuantity Variance Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard PriceA General Model fo
15、r Variance Analysis Standard quantity is the quantity allowed for the actual good output. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillA General Model for Variance Analysis AQ(AP - SP) SP(AQ - SQ) AQ = Actual Quantity SP = Standard Price AP = Actual Price SQ = Standard Quantity Price Varian
16、ceQuantity Variance Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard Price The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillStandard CostsLets use the general model to calculate standard cost variances, starting withdirect material. The McGraw-Hill Companie
17、s, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hanson Inc. has the following direct material standard to manufacture one Zippy:1.5 pounds per Zippy at $4.00 per pound Last week 1,700 pounds of material were purchased and used to make 1,000 Zippies. The material cost a total of $6,630. Material Variances ExampleZipp
18、y The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill What is the actual price per poundpaid for the material? a. $4.00 per pound.b. $4.10 per pound.c. $3.90 per pound.d. $6.63 per pound.Material VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill What is the actual price per po
19、undpaid for the material? a. $4.00 per pound.b. $4.10 per pound.c. $3.90 per pound.d. $6.63 per pound.AP = $6,630 1,700 lbs.AP = $3.90 per lb. Material VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material price variance (MPV)for the week was:a. $170 unfavorable.b. $
20、170 favorable.c. $800 unfavorable.d. $800 favorable.Material VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material price variance (MPV)for the week was:a. $170 unfavorable.b. $170 favorable.c. $800 unfavorable.d. $800 favorable. MPV = AQ(AP - SP) MPV = 1,700 lbs. ($3
21、.90 - 4.00) MPV = $170 FavorableMaterial VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard quantity of material thatshould have been used to produce1,000 Zippies is:a. 1,700 pounds.b. 1,500 pounds.c. 2,550 pounds.d. 2,000 pounds.Material VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hil
22、l Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill The standard quantity of material thatshould have been used to produce1,000 Zippies is:a. 1,700 pounds.b. 1,500 pounds.c. 2,550 pounds.d. 2,000 pounds. SQ = 1,000 units 1.5 lbs per unit SQ = 1,500 lbsMaterial VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 20
23、00Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was:a. $170 unfavorable.b. $170 favorable.c. $800 unfavorable.d. $800 favorable.Material VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill Hansons material quantity variance (MQV)for the week was:a. $170 unf
24、avorable.b. $170 favorable.c. $800 unfavorable.d. $800 favorable. MQV = SP(AQ - SQ) MQV = $4.00(1,700 lbs - 1,500 lbs) MQV = $800 unfavorableMaterial VariancesZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-Hill 1,700 lbs. 1,700 lbs. 1,500 lbs. $3.90 per lb. $4.00 per lb. $4.00 per lb. = $6,
25、630 = $ 6,800 = $6,000 Price variance$170 favorableQuantity variance$800 unfavorable Actual Quantity Actual Quantity Standard Quantity Actual Price Standard Price Standard PriceMaterial Variances SummaryZippy The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000Irwin/McGraw-HillMaterial VariancesHanson purchased an
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